Innocent Children and Passive Pederasts: Sodomy, Age of Consent, and the Legal and Juridical Vulnerability of Boys in Buenos Aires, 1853–1912

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-274
Author(s):  
Julia Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Age Of Consent ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Modern Latin America

This article explores the legal and judicial vulnerability of male youth in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1853 and 1912, years that correspond to the codification of criminal law and the passage of the first age of consent laws. Using 65 sodomy and rape cases, it traces the courts' changing treatment of males who suffered sexual assault. It argues that a traditional revulsion of sodomy, a cultural preoccupation with female sexuality, official concern with the social order, and the preoccupations of classical and positivist criminologists ensured the liminality of male youth in both the law and the courts. Judicial authorities only started to regard prepubescent boys as innocent in the first decade of the twentieth century. By highlighting how age, innocence and gender were only mutually constituted in the twentieth century, this article makes a significant contribution to literature on the emergence of modern notions of childhood and innocence. Historians have shown how categories such as class, ethnicity, filiation and natal status worked to include or exclude certain groups from this classification in modern Latin America, this work reveals how central both age and gender norms and expectations were to the belated integration of boys.

Fictions of Containment in the Spanish Female Picaresque

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kuffner
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Conduct Manuals ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
The Social ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Sexuality And Space ◽  
Female Picaresque

This study examines the interdependence of gender, sexuality and space in the early modern period, which saw the inception of architecture as a discipline and gave rise to the first custodial institutions for women, including convents for reformed prostitutes. Meanwhile, conduct manuals established prescriptive mandates for female use of space, concentrating especially on the liminal spaces of the home. This work traces literary prostitution in the Spanish Mediterranean through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, from the rise of courtesan culture in several key areas through the shift from tolerance of prostitution toward repression. Kuffner’s analysis pairs canonical and noncanonical works of fiction with didactic writing, architectural treatises, and legal mandates, tying the literary practice of prostitution to increasing control over female sexuality during the Counter Reformation. By tracing erotic negotiations in the female picaresque novel from its origins through later manifestations, she demonstrates that even as societal attitudes towards prostitution shifted dramatically, a countervailing tendency to view prostitution as an essential part of the social fabric undergirds many representations of literary prostitutes. Kuffner’s analysis reveals that the semblance of domestic enclosure figures as a primary erotic strategy in female picaresque fiction, allowing readers to assess the variety of strategies used by authors to comment on the relationship between unruly female sexuality and social order.

scholarly journals Introduction: Moving Targets Risk, Security, and the Social in Twentieth-Century Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Moses ◽  
Eve Rosenhaft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Agent Of Change

According to the sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, modern societies have become increasingly preoccupied with the future and safety and have mobilized themselves in order to manage systematically what they have perceived as “risks” (Beck 1992; Giddens 1991). This special section investigates how conceptions of risk evolved in Europe over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on the creation and evolution of social policy. The language of risk has, in the past twenty years, become a matter of course in conversations about social policy (Kemshall 2002). We seek to trace how “risk” has served as aheuristic toolfor understanding and treating “social problems.” A key aim of this collection is to explore the character of social policy (in the broadest sense) as an instrument (or technology) that both constructs its own objects as the consequences of “risks” and generates new “risks” in the process (Lupton 2004: 33). In this way, social policy typifies the paradox of security: by attempting literally to making one “carefree,” orsē(without)curitās(care), acts of (social) security spur new insecurities about what remains unprotected (Hamilton 2013: 3–5, 25–26). Against this semantic and philological context, we suggest that social policy poses an inherent dilemma: in aiming to stabilize or improve the existing social order, it also acts as an agent of change. This characteristic of social policy is what makes particularly valuable studies that allow for comparisons across time, place, and types of political regime. By examining a range of cases from across Europe over the course of the twentieth century, this collection seeks to pose new questions about the role of the state; ideas about risk and security; and conceptions of the “social” in its various forms.

The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 1898–1936

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Rossinow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Social Order

AbstractA vigorous Protestant left existed throughout the first half of the twentieth-century in the United States. That Protestant left was the left wing of the social gospel movement, which many historians restrict to the pre-1920 period and whose radical content is often underestimated. This article examines the career of one representative figure from this Protestant left, the Reverend Harry F. Ward, as a means of describing the evolving nature and limits of social gospel radicalism during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Ward, the main author of the 1908 Social Creed of the Churches, a longtime professor at Union Theological Seminary (UTS) in New York, and a dogged activist on behalf of labor and political prisoners through his leadership of the Methodist Federation for Social Service, sought a new social order from the early years of the century through the Great Depression of the 1930s. This new order would be the Kingdom of God on earth, and, in Ward's view, it would transcend the competitive and exploitative capitalism that dominated American society in his time. Before World War I, Ward worked to bring together labor activists and church people, and, after the war, he shifted his work toward less expressly religious efforts, while continuing to mentor clerical protégés through his teaching. Ward's leftward trajectory and ever-stronger Communist associations would eventually bring about his political downfall, but, in the mid- 1930s, he remained a respected figure, if one more radical than most, among American Protestant clergy. Organic links tied him and his politics to the broader terrain of social gospel reform, despite the politically driven historical amnesia that later would all but erase Ward from historical memory.

scholarly journals ‘This is Not the Holy Land’: Gendered Filipino Migrants in Israel and the Intersectional Diversity of Religious Belonging

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Vivienne Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The Social ◽  
Filipino Migrants ◽  
Gendered Patterns ◽  
And Gender

Social research has highlighted the positive outcomes of religious faith and practice for integration and belonging amongst migrants of different genders. However narratives of Filipino migrants in Israel suggest that religion, gender and belonging may not go hand-in-hand. By applying Anthias’ intersectional framework of ‘translocational positionality’, a wider range of religious faith can be taken into account beyond gendered patterns amongst participants and activists in religious communities. Religious belief and gender intersect with other social locations, leading to the expression of complex orientations to belonging: where people believe they fit into the social order. Going beyond the categories of religion and gender to take in other intersections is essential in understanding the experiences of “non-organised” believers – and non-believers – as well as active religious participants.

Bioethical Matriarchy: Race, Gender, and the Gift in Genomic Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
James Doucet-Battle
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Diaspora Studies ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Status Inequality ◽  
And Gender

Abstract: The 2013 sequencing of the epigenome and genome from Henrietta Lacks’s HeLa cell line illuminates the bioethical intersections of genomics, race, and gender. Subsequent announcements by Francis Collins and reports in the scientific media referring to Henrietta Lacks as a matriarch, expose the missing political and resource allocations alluded to by the quasi-viral matriarchal designation, an assemblage I term Bioethical Matriarchy. Drawing from field, media, biomedical archival research, I am concerned with the ways African-descent and matriarchal status reproduce the social order, reflecting racialized and gendered histories of kinship, desire, and status inequality. I address these concerns through an anthropological engagement with African American/Diaspora studies and Feminist technoscientific scholarship in both the social sciences and humanities. I build on Richard Hyland (2014), by arguing that unequal and gendered forms of exchange (re)produce wealth and obligations to give, but not necessarily to reciprocate. I discuss why the bioethical, intellectual property, and legal implications of these asymmetrical relationships necessarily take our discussion beyond issues of consent and inclusion to engaging larger questions of reparative and restorative justice. 

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Cynantia Rachmijati ◽  
Sri Supiah Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
And Gender

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled  “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

Invoking ‘Hindu’ Ayurveda: Communalisation of the late colonial Ayurvedic discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-426
Author(s):  
Saurav Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North India ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Healing System ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cow Protection

The late nineteenth and early twentieth century in India witnessed a tremendous growth of vernacular Ayurvedic tracts, journals, pamphlets and public polemics. Incidentally, the consequent Ayurvedic discourse was not merely about the medical aspects of the Ayurvedic healing system. Rather, a careful reading of these published materials on Ayurveda throws immense light on the ongoing debates about sociocultural and religious processes. Interestingly, the social culture manifested by the early twentieth century Ayurvedic discourse was highly communalist, casteist, and gender-and class-biased in its content. In this regard, the present article explores how, in the era of communal polarisation, healing systems acquired religious identities. For example, from the 1920s onwards the cause of Ayurveda was promulgated by many vaids (Ayurvedic practitioners) and publicists by linking it with the broader agenda of ‘Hindu’ revivalism and the consolidation of a ‘Hindu’ religious, cultural and national identity. That is why issues like ‘Hindi prachar’, ‘cow protection’ and the cause of ‘Hindu education’ often formed the subject of vaid campaigns throughout North India. Related to this was the demonisation of ‘Muslim rule’ in India from the apparent perspective of health in the Ayurvedic discourse of the time. Simultaneously, this article argues that this communalisation of the Ayurvedic discourse, besides creating external religious boundaries, also unleashed hegemonic upper-caste and -class ideas that served to homogenise the community internally as well.

Roman Pestilence

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Hunter H. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
New Order ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
De Rerum Natura ◽  
The Social ◽  
Roman Epic ◽  
Medical Writers ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

This chapter addresses the tradition of plague writing in antiquity and outlines the innovations that Roman epic poets have made within the discourse. It observes a distinction between eyewitness accounts of plague and the relatively fictive representations of epidemic disease in Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura, Vergil’s Georgics, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The plague narrative experiences a revival in the late Roman Republic, prompting an investigation into the ideological work such narratives perform: why did the Romans of this period favor epidemic disease as a way of illustrating the collapse of the social order? How were epic accounts of plague informed not only by political rhetoric tethering the language of pestis (“plague”) to the chaos of the late Republic, but also by epidemic diseases discussed in medical writers, didactic treatises, and historical anecdotes? After identifying characteristics that accompany notices of “real” plague in the late Republic, the chapter examines twentieth-century theorists whose work addresses those characteristics: Artaud (1958), Foucault (2003), Sontag (1988), and Girard (1974). While no single theory explains the features of Latin plague, collectively these thinkers address bodily decay and liquefaction, the opportunities for state intervention in the context of an outbreak, and the friction between individual and collective concerns that define Roman treatments of epidemic disease. Perhaps most significantly, the work of these theorists underscores the alternatingly corrosive and purifying power of plague, which gestures toward a new order, while also dwelling on the aftermaths and remainders of the old.

Feminism and Gender Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Juschka
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Queer Studies ◽  
Feminist Poststructuralism ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This chapter examines gender as a category and concept and its deployment in the study of systems of belief and practice in the last decades of the twentieth century. It charts four theoretical developments that have extended the study of gender in significant ways: that is, intersectionality (analysis of interrelations between race, class, and gender), feminist poststructuralism, gender studies and performance (performance as a central aspect of the social construction of gender, e.g. in rites of passage), and sexuality and queer studies (e.g. recognizing that there is no single normative or universal sexuality). It then examines the application of these theoretical developments in the study of religion.

The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Carl Schmitt ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Constitutive Relationships ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
Heuristic Device

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the thought of Carl Schmitt that incorporates insights from law, the social sciences, and the humanities. It is also an intervention in its own right, seeking to decenter the study of this most hyped thinker of the twentieth century by advancing two interconnected arguments. First, we argue that the motif of order is a powerful yet insufficiently utilized heuristic device for making sense of Schmitt’s thought. By placing the motif of order at its heart, we contradict the popular belief that no unifying thread runs through the jurist’s oeuvre. Second, we argue that a trinity of thought is discernable in Schmitt’s writings comprising his political, legal, and cultural thought. We establish intellectual connections across these three bodies of thought and trace the mutually constitutive relationships that exist among them. Schmitt’s thought, we find, amounted to a network of ideas about the sources of social order, the cement of society.

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