Roman Pestilence

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Hunter H. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
New Order ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
De Rerum Natura ◽  
The Social ◽  
Roman Epic ◽  
Medical Writers ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

This chapter addresses the tradition of plague writing in antiquity and outlines the innovations that Roman epic poets have made within the discourse. It observes a distinction between eyewitness accounts of plague and the relatively fictive representations of epidemic disease in Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura, Vergil’s Georgics, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The plague narrative experiences a revival in the late Roman Republic, prompting an investigation into the ideological work such narratives perform: why did the Romans of this period favor epidemic disease as a way of illustrating the collapse of the social order? How were epic accounts of plague informed not only by political rhetoric tethering the language of pestis (“plague”) to the chaos of the late Republic, but also by epidemic diseases discussed in medical writers, didactic treatises, and historical anecdotes? After identifying characteristics that accompany notices of “real” plague in the late Republic, the chapter examines twentieth-century theorists whose work addresses those characteristics: Artaud (1958), Foucault (2003), Sontag (1988), and Girard (1974). While no single theory explains the features of Latin plague, collectively these thinkers address bodily decay and liquefaction, the opportunities for state intervention in the context of an outbreak, and the friction between individual and collective concerns that define Roman treatments of epidemic disease. Perhaps most significantly, the work of these theorists underscores the alternatingly corrosive and purifying power of plague, which gestures toward a new order, while also dwelling on the aftermaths and remainders of the old.

scholarly journals Introduction: Moving Targets Risk, Security, and the Social in Twentieth-Century Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Moses ◽  
Eve Rosenhaft
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Agent Of Change

According to the sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, modern societies have become increasingly preoccupied with the future and safety and have mobilized themselves in order to manage systematically what they have perceived as “risks” (Beck 1992; Giddens 1991). This special section investigates how conceptions of risk evolved in Europe over the course of the twentieth century by focusing on the creation and evolution of social policy. The language of risk has, in the past twenty years, become a matter of course in conversations about social policy (Kemshall 2002). We seek to trace how “risk” has served as aheuristic toolfor understanding and treating “social problems.” A key aim of this collection is to explore the character of social policy (in the broadest sense) as an instrument (or technology) that both constructs its own objects as the consequences of “risks” and generates new “risks” in the process (Lupton 2004: 33). In this way, social policy typifies the paradox of security: by attempting literally to making one “carefree,” orsē(without)curitās(care), acts of (social) security spur new insecurities about what remains unprotected (Hamilton 2013: 3–5, 25–26). Against this semantic and philological context, we suggest that social policy poses an inherent dilemma: in aiming to stabilize or improve the existing social order, it also acts as an agent of change. This characteristic of social policy is what makes particularly valuable studies that allow for comparisons across time, place, and types of political regime. By examining a range of cases from across Europe over the course of the twentieth century, this collection seeks to pose new questions about the role of the state; ideas about risk and security; and conceptions of the “social” in its various forms.

The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 1898–1936

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Rossinow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Social Order

AbstractA vigorous Protestant left existed throughout the first half of the twentieth-century in the United States. That Protestant left was the left wing of the social gospel movement, which many historians restrict to the pre-1920 period and whose radical content is often underestimated. This article examines the career of one representative figure from this Protestant left, the Reverend Harry F. Ward, as a means of describing the evolving nature and limits of social gospel radicalism during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Ward, the main author of the 1908 Social Creed of the Churches, a longtime professor at Union Theological Seminary (UTS) in New York, and a dogged activist on behalf of labor and political prisoners through his leadership of the Methodist Federation for Social Service, sought a new social order from the early years of the century through the Great Depression of the 1930s. This new order would be the Kingdom of God on earth, and, in Ward's view, it would transcend the competitive and exploitative capitalism that dominated American society in his time. Before World War I, Ward worked to bring together labor activists and church people, and, after the war, he shifted his work toward less expressly religious efforts, while continuing to mentor clerical protégés through his teaching. Ward's leftward trajectory and ever-stronger Communist associations would eventually bring about his political downfall, but, in the mid- 1930s, he remained a respected figure, if one more radical than most, among American Protestant clergy. Organic links tied him and his politics to the broader terrain of social gospel reform, despite the politically driven historical amnesia that later would all but erase Ward from historical memory.

The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Carl Schmitt ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Constitutive Relationships ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
Heuristic Device

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the thought of Carl Schmitt that incorporates insights from law, the social sciences, and the humanities. It is also an intervention in its own right, seeking to decenter the study of this most hyped thinker of the twentieth century by advancing two interconnected arguments. First, we argue that the motif of order is a powerful yet insufficiently utilized heuristic device for making sense of Schmitt’s thought. By placing the motif of order at its heart, we contradict the popular belief that no unifying thread runs through the jurist’s oeuvre. Second, we argue that a trinity of thought is discernable in Schmitt’s writings comprising his political, legal, and cultural thought. We establish intellectual connections across these three bodies of thought and trace the mutually constitutive relationships that exist among them. Schmitt’s thought, we find, amounted to a network of ideas about the sources of social order, the cement of society.

scholarly journals Ideology and moral: relationship of norm and ideal in the light of synergetic philosophy of history

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16031
Author(s):  
Sergey Busov ◽  
Mariya Zobova ◽  
Alexey Rodukov
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
New Order ◽  
Main Function ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

The formation of notions about the mechanism of transition from the social order to the chaos and vice versa - from the chaos to a new order, represented by the synergetic philosophy of history, which is entirely based on the ideas of V.P. Branskiy, allows us to take a fresh look at the process of changing value systems in society. It is based on the process of changing ideals. The social ideal aims to overcome the contradictions of life. However, when its main function is implemented, some contradictions disappear, but others appear. The selection of viable ideals leads us only to a temporary softening of social contradictions: the implementation of new ideals deduces the society from the deadlock, but at the same time, it forms the conditions for new contradictions and new crisis in the new system of values. The study of the process of self-organization of ideals and values allowed the St. Petersburg school of social synergetics to discover the operation of law of correlation of the standards of behavioral stereotype to the standards of ethical ideal. The study of this law serves as a system-forming element in the study of the ideology of society, it allows us to understand why an adequate form of existence of such cultural universals as freedom, goodness, beauty, truth, besides the ideal, is also the norm - as value and the regulator of relations.

scholarly journals Gerakan penegakan syariah: studi gerakan sosial Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia di DIY

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Illya Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Order ◽  
New Order ◽  
Life Aspect ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Political Opportunities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Radical Movement ◽  
New System

After the new order (ORBA) has collapsed, HTI is the most solid and has the widest network among the other new Islamic movements that always struggle to implement the Sharia. Furthermore, HTI is the most radical movement because HTI does not only have aims to implement the Sharia but to build Islamic caliphate as well. How the Sharia concept in caliphate frame and the HTI effort in realizing the aims is the focus of this qualitative research. To answer this question, the researcher interviews some HTI activists and attends in some HTI activities in Yogyakarta. According to HTI, the Sharia encompasses every life aspect; such as worship, ethic, food, drink, dress or mu’amalah (government, economy, education, justness. Etc). The Sharia can only be applied perfectly (kaffah) in the Islamic caliphate system. The efforts of HTI in implementing the Sharia in the system of caliphate country are explained by using the Doug Macadam’s theories of social movement; those are 1) political opportunities 2) mobilizing structures; either internal, by tathqif, or external, by tathqif jama’i and talab al-nusrah, 3) framing process by sira’ al-fikri, kifah siyasi and tabanni masalih al-‘ummah. Refering to the social movement, HTI is a revolutionary movement which aims to replace the old social order at all by a new system. This movement tries to save and free the ummah from the broken and kufr system along with social critics to some social troubles which create crisis in life. Therefore, HTI will grow widely in social order which is full of poverty, injustice, corruption and all arbitrariness. Otherwise, HTI will be difficult to be big movement in the prosperous and just countries.

The Social Market Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-44
Author(s):  
Peter C. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Free Market ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Market

The social market economy was a first key term used in the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, firstly to describe how a market economy (i.e. capitalism) could contribute to social order, and secondly to suggest that the market alone could not preserve social order but required social supplements. The term was initially associated with the self-described neoliberals (now known as ordoliberals), and justified a return to the free market. Even within this group, however, there were differences about how a market economy could be “social” and what kinds of measures were necessary to make capitalism compatible with social order and democracy. Beyond this group, Social Democrats also adopted similar ideas at the same time. Despite the intentions of the most economically liberal of the ordoliberals, the idea of a social market economy came to include extensive state intervention to preserve social order.

Demokrasi Radikal Menurut Jacques Rancière

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Sri Indiyastutik
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Order ◽  
Jacques Ranciere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Jacques Rancière ◽  
Order Equality

Abstrak: Jacques Rancière, pemikir Prancis kelahiran Aljazair (1940-sekarang), konsisten dengan gagasannya tentang kesetaraan bagi setiap orang dan semua orang. Baginya, demokrasi bukanlah bentuk pemerintahan atau tatanan sosial. Kesetaraan yang kontingen dalam tatanan sosial, menurut Rancière, menjadikan demokrasi dapat terjadi kapan saja dan di mana saja, tidak dapat diprediksi. Rancière mengajak kita untuk terbuka pada gangguan-gangguan demos dan kemunculan subyek-subyek baru di masa datang sebagai dinamika dalam tatanan sosial yang tidak perlu ditumpas atau dihambat. Politik demokrasi adalah sebuah perselisihan. Namun perselisihan tersebut bukan tindakan revolusi untuk menghancurkan tatanan sosial yang telah ada menjadi tatanan yang sama sekali baru. Demokrasi adalah subyektivasi politik yang mengganggu tatanan sosial dominan yang dilakukan oleh demos untuk memverifikasi kesetaraan. Kemunculan demos mentransformasi tatanan sosial menjadi bentuk yang berbeda, yang mengakomodasi keberadaan mereka yang tidak terhitung (the wrong, yang salah). Kata-kata Kunci: Demokrasi, kesetaraan, demos, perselisihan, subyektivikasi, yang salah. Abstract: Jacques Rancière, a French philosopher born in Algeria (1940-present), affirms the equality of anyone and everyone. He analyzes the so-called democracy not as a kind of state or social order. Equality which is contingent in the social order, for Rancière, shows that democracy could occurs everytime and everywhere, democracy could not be predicted. Rancière brings us to have an open eye in front of dispute of the demos and the subjectification of any new subjects. This is an inherent and a dynamic of the social order that should not be repressed or stopped. The democratic politics is a dispute. But the dispute is not an act of revolution to destroy the existing social order to create an entirely new order. Democracy is the political subjectification that disrupts the police order by the demos to verify the equality of anyone and everyone. The emergence of the demos transforms the social order into a different form when this order accommodates the existence of the wrong. Keywords: Democracy, equality, demos, dispute, subjectification, the wrong.

Innocent Children and Passive Pederasts: Sodomy, Age of Consent, and the Legal and Juridical Vulnerability of Boys in Buenos Aires, 1853–1912

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-274
Author(s):  
Julia Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Age Of Consent ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Modern Latin America

This article explores the legal and judicial vulnerability of male youth in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1853 and 1912, years that correspond to the codification of criminal law and the passage of the first age of consent laws. Using 65 sodomy and rape cases, it traces the courts' changing treatment of males who suffered sexual assault. It argues that a traditional revulsion of sodomy, a cultural preoccupation with female sexuality, official concern with the social order, and the preoccupations of classical and positivist criminologists ensured the liminality of male youth in both the law and the courts. Judicial authorities only started to regard prepubescent boys as innocent in the first decade of the twentieth century. By highlighting how age, innocence and gender were only mutually constituted in the twentieth century, this article makes a significant contribution to literature on the emergence of modern notions of childhood and innocence. Historians have shown how categories such as class, ethnicity, filiation and natal status worked to include or exclude certain groups from this classification in modern Latin America, this work reveals how central both age and gender norms and expectations were to the belated integration of boys.

An Experiential Study of ‘Conditional Agency’ of Bengali Widows with Reference to the Autobiographies of Saradasundari Devi and Rassundari Devi

Ensemble ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Ananya Chatterjee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Bare Minimum

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Bengal emerged a new batch of educated widows who were distinguishable from the traditional Bengali Hindu widows because of their remarkable self-consciousness about their peripherality within the social order. The intention of my article is that of disputing the prevalent assumption of the homogeneity of the widowed experience in Bengal society by drawing attention to the heterogeneous individualities resulting from stratifications within these emergent widow populations, owing to different lifestyles, varying degree of access to education, diverse social standings, and various forms of suppression. Rassundari Devi’s Amar Jibon (1876) and Saradasundari Devi’s Atmakatha (1913) are accounts of the experience of widows who were marginalized by society, handed the bare minimum necessities for their existence, and deprived of the pleasures of the traditional experiences of motherhood. I propose the term ‘New Widows’ to highlight how the effects of education modified their individuality in unconventional directions, as reflected in the fictional narratives by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Close attention to the texts shows that the disparity between the aspirations of the New Widow, and her limited reach and frustration results in an acute self-awareness.

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