Glucosinolate Production by Five Field-GrownBrassica napusCultivars Used as Green Manures

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte V. Eberlein ◽  
Matthew J. Morra ◽  
Mary J. Guttieri ◽  
Paul D. Brown ◽  
Jack Brown
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Glucosinolate Concentration

Winter rape (Brassica napusL.) green manures have shown potential for erosion control and suppression of weeds and other pests in potato cropping systems. However, little information on residue cover, biomass production, glucosinolate concentration, and glucosinolate production with winter rape grown as a green manure is available. In field trials in southern Idaho, ‘Aspen,’ ‘Bridger,’ ‘Cascade,’ ‘Dwarf Essex,’ and ‘Humus’ winter rape were planted in mid-August and incorporated the following spring in late April or early May. All five cultivars provided > 80% fall, winter, and early spring residue cover. Winter rape dry weight just before incorporation was 2,880 to 4,462 kg/ha in 1994 and 5,438 to 7,837 kg/ha in 1995. The major glucosinolate in roots of all five cultivars was phenylethyl glucosinolate; the major glucosinolates in shoots were 4-pentenyl, 2-hydroxybutenyl, 3-butenyl, and 2-hydroxypentenyl glucosinolate. Glucosinolate concentrations varied between years, but concentrations were higher in Dwarf Essex and Humus than in Aspen both years. Glucosinolate production per hectare also was highest in Dwarf Essex and Humus and lowest in Aspen. Dwarf Essex and Humus produced higher amounts of isothiocyanate (ITC) and oxazolidinethione (OZT)-producing glucosinolates than Aspen, Bridger, or Cascade, and therefore may be better biofumigants.

scholarly journals Performance of lettuce in sole cropping and intercropping with green manures

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Clarissa A Negrini ◽  
Paulo César T de Melo ◽  
Edmilson José Ambrosano ◽  
Rogério Haruo Sakai ◽  
Eliana Aparecida Schammass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The performance of lettuce in sole and intercropped with green manures was assessed under different establishment times. The lettuce fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per plant, diameter and length of head, and fresh and dry weight of green manure were evaluated. The intercropping design was additive and both cash and cover crops were planted in rows. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks in split plot scheme, with six replicates. The plots represented the green manure sowing days (0, 20, 40 and 60 before transplanting of lettuce), and the sub-plots were assigned by cropping systems (lettuce in sole crop and intercropped with black oat, cowpea or white lupin). Simultaneous planting in the intercropping did not affect the lettuce performance. However, when the green manures were sown before lettuce, they influenced it in a negative way. Among the green manures, cowpea increased biomass and had a higher negative effect on lettuce performance compared to white lupin, which appeared to produce less competition. The sole crop and the intercropping with simultaneous planting of the green manures resulted in a better lettuce performance.

Comparative Effect of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea l.) Genotypes on Yield and N Fixation in Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannahs of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Pod Yield

Recognition of high yielding and nitrogen (N) fixing groundnut genotypes and desegregating them in the cereal-based cropping systems common in savannah regions will enhance food security and reduce the need for high N fertilizers hence, minimize the high cost and associated environmental consequences. Field trials were conducted during the 2015 growing season at the Research Farms of Bayero University Kano (BUK) and Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria to assess the yield potential and Biolog- ical N fixation in 15 groundnut genotypes (ICG 4729, ICGV-IS 07823, ICGV-IS 07893, ICGV-IS 07908, ICGV- SM 07539, ICGV- SM 07599, ICGV-IS 09926, ICGV-IS 09932, ICGV-IS 09992, ICGV-IS 09994, SAMNUT-21, SAMNUT-22, SAMNUT-25, KAMPALA and KWANKWAS). The groundnut genotypes and reference Maize crop (SAMMAZ 29) were planted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. N difference method was used to estimate the amount of N fixed. The parameters determined were the number of nodules, nod- ule dry weight, shoot and root dry weights, pod, and haulm yield as well as N fixation. The nodule dry weight, BNF, haulm, and pod yield were statistically significant (P<0.01) concerning genotype and location. Similarly, their interac- tion effect was also highly significant. ICGV-IS 09926 recorded the highest nod- ule dry weight of 2.07mg /plant across the locations while ICGV-IS 09932 had the highest BNF value of 140.27Kg/ha. Additionally, KAMPALA had the high- est haulm yield, while ICGV-IS 07893 had the highest pod yield across the loca- tions with a significant interaction effect. The result shows that ICGV-IS 07893 and ICGV-IS 09932, as well as ICGV-IS 09994 and SAMNUT – 22, were the best genotypes concerning BNF, haulm and pod yield in the Northern Guinea and Sudan Savannahs of Nigeria respectively with the potential for a corresponding beneficial effect.

scholarly journals Use of Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and Green Manures for Disease Suppression in Potato Cropping Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Rotation Crops

Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.

scholarly journals Produção de rabanete sob o efeito residual da adubação verde no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
A. K. Oliveira ◽  
J. S. S. Lima ◽  
A. M. A. Bezerra ◽  
G. S. O. Rodrigues ◽  
M. L. S. Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Promising Practice ◽  
Commercial Yield

<p>Sistemas de cultivo com incorporação de adubos verdes podem preservar a capacidade produtiva do solo em longo prazo, oferecendo resíduos que proporcionarão melhorias nas condições físicas, química e biológica do solo tornando-o propício para a implantação de uma cultura sucedente. Diante disso, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar produção de rabanete sob o efeito residual da adubação verde no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula. O delineamento experimental usado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram o efeito residual de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10, 25, 40 e 55 t ha-¹ em base seca). As características avaliadas na cultura do rabanete foram: altura e diâmetro de plantas, número de folhas, produtividade total e comercial de raízes, massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes. O efeito residual da incorporação de flor-de-seda ao solo na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ proporcionou a maior produtividade de raízes comerciais de rabanete, e assim podemos afirmar que a adubação verde com flor-de-seda apresenta-se como uma prática promissora para o produtor de hortaliças em cultivo sucessivo.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Radish production under the residual effect of green manure in the consortium beet and arugula</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Cropping systems in with incorporation of green manures can preserve the productive capacity of the soil over time providing waste to the soil improvement in the conditions physical, chemical and biological, making it suitable for the implementation of a succeeding crop. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the radish production under the residual effect of green manure in the consortium beet and arugula. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications. The treatments were the residual effect of four amounts of fleur-de-silk incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-¹ dry basis). The characteristics evaluated in the radish production were: plant height, diameter, total and commercial yield of roots, dry weight of shoots and roots. The residual effect of the fleur-de-silk incorporation into the soil in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ provided the highest yield of commercial radish roots.  The green manure with fleur-de-silk was presented as a promising practice for the producer of vegetables in succeeding crop.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Green Manure Type and Amendment Rate on Verticillium Wilt Severity and Yield of Russet Burbank Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ochiai ◽  
M. L. Powelson ◽  
R. P. Dick ◽  
F. J. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Russet Burbank Potato ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
Application Rates

Increasing restriction of agrochemicals is motivating development of ecology-based cropping systems, including green manures, to manage soilborne diseases. Green manures have shown promise in suppressing Verticillium dahliae, but information about effect of different green manures and optimal application rates remains limited. Therefore, we conducted two single-year field experiments comparing effects of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ‘Melrose’), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ‘Excelsior’), and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense ‘Monarch’), amended at 6, 12, or 24 Mg ha-1, on soil populations and root infection by V. dahliae, wilt severity, and yield of Russet Burbank potato. Inoculum density was reduced relative to the nonamended, infested control by all broccoli treatments, Austrian winter pea applied at 12 and 24 Mg ha-1, and Sudan grass applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Root infection was not reduced by any green manure treatment. Median wilt severity was reduced approximately 70% by all green manures applied at 24 Mg ha-1 and 74% by Austrian winter pea applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Tuber yield was reduced approximately 20% in nonamended, V. dahliae-infested controls relative to the noninfested controls. No green manure treatment improved yield relative to the nonamended, infested control.

Effects of applied sulfur on glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seeds of rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Mailer
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Turnip Rape ◽  
Glucosinolate Concentration

The effect of sulfur availability on glucosinolate concentration in seed meal of glasshouse grown Brassica nupus cv. Wesbrook and Brassica rapa cv. Runyip was studied. In addition, field trials were evaluated to determine the degree of variability of glucosinolate concentrations in the seed and of sulfur in the plants of rapeseed grown at a number of sites throughout New South Wales.Glucosinolate concentration in seeds grown in the glasshouse increased (P < 0.01) in both cultivars with increasing sulfur application, ranging from an average of 5 8mol at 4 8g g-1 to 55 8mol at 100 8g g-1 sulfur. Bunyip containcd significantly higher concentrations (Pt0-01) than Wesbrook. Increased rates of sulfur application resulted in increased (P < 0.01) seed oil concentrations (from 28.7 to 37.6%), yield (3.1-27.1 g) and 1000-grain weights (2.1-2.9 g). Field trials showed site (P < 0.01) and cultivar (P<0.01) variation in glucosinolate levels. However, sulfur did not appear to be an independently limiting factor in field-grown plants.

scholarly journals Improving Fungicide-Based Management of Ray Blight Disease in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Pethybridge ◽  
Frank S. Hay ◽  
Tim Groom ◽  
Calum R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Ray Blight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Blight Disease

Ray blight disease, caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis, is a serious threat to the Tasmanian pyrethrum industry. The management of this disease relies upon the strategic application of fungicides in early spring. A range of fungicides were assessed for their efficacy in controlling ray blight disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields, and the primary objective of this study was to increase fungicide options available to growers in different resistance groups. Fungicides were assessed under in vitro conditions, within five replicated-plot field trials over three seasons (2004 to 2006) and in single-plot trials over eight fields in 2005. In each of the field trials, regular assessments of disease intensity (defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight), stem height, and the number of flowers produced on each stem were made using stems as the primary sampling unit. Canopy reflectance at 830 nm and the Difference Vegetative Index, measured using a handheld multispectral radiometer, also were used to compare fungicide effects on green leaf area. The effect of fungicides on the dry weight of flowers, pyrethrin content within the flowers, flower maturity, and pyrethrin yield were determined. Under in vitro conditions, boscalid reduced both conidial germination and mycelial growth at concentrations of at least 0.16 μg/ml. In field trials 1 and 2 (in 2004), the premixed formulation of pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) increased pyrethrin yield by an average of 79% compared with nontreated plots over the two locations. Furthermore, in single-plot trials, pyraclostrobin + boscalid increased pyrethrin yield by 134 and 60% compared with the industry-recommended protocol (single application of azoxystrobin at 150 g a.i./ha [Amistar WG] and two additional applications of a tank mixture of difenoconazole at 125 g a.i./ha [Score] and chlorothalonil at 1,008 liters a.i./ha [Bravo 720] at 14- to 21-day intervals) and nontreated plots, respectively. In field trials 3 (in 2005) and 4 and 5 (in 2006), similar yield benefits also were produced by applying pyraclostrobin (Cabrio SC) or boscalid (Filan) alone or in combination with chlorothalonil (Bravo 720) at 1.4 liters of product per hectare, regardless of the rates of pyraclostrobin (250 and 125 g a.i./ha) and boscalid (500 and 250 g a.i./ha) used. These data were used to recommend the incorporation of boscalid to improve the fungicide-based management of ray blight disease. This decreases the number of applications of both strobilurin and triazole fungicides which have been used extensively for the management of ray blight and other diseases in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields and are prone to fungicide resistance development.

scholarly journals BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND NODULATION OF GREEN MANURE LEGUMES IN COCONUT BASINS IN LATERITE SOIL AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOIL FERTILITY

CORD ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
G.V. Thomas ◽  
M.V. Shantaram
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Pueraria Phaseoloides ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Laterite Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Macroptilium Atropurpureum ◽  
Major Nutrients

Biomass production, nitrogen yield and nodulation by ten species of green manure legumes were compared in coconut basins in a root (wilt) affected garden under laterite soil type. Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides and Mimosa invisa were superior to others and yielded 28.45, 27.21 and 24.97 kg of biomass and 196.2, 186.5 and 187.6 g of nitrogen basin-1, respectively. The performance of Mucuna bracteata Crotalaria juncea and Macroptilium atropurpureum were also better with a biomass production of 16‑21 Kg basin-1 and nitrogen yield of 108‑140 g basin-1. Incorporation of green manures obtained from C. mucunoides, P. phaseoloides and M. invisa resulted in an increase in the level of major nutrients viz. N, P and K in coconut basin soils. Mineralisation of carbon was also greater in green manured coconut basin soils when compared to that in control. The increase in nutrient levels and mineralisation of carbon was more in treated basins at 30 days of incorporation of green manures when compared to the levels before the harvest of the legumes and at 60 days of incorporation.

scholarly journals Impact of Wheat on Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Density in Double-Cropping Soybean Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo F. Rocha ◽  
Mirian F. Pimentel ◽  
John Bailey ◽  
Terry Wyciskalla ◽  
Dan Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Nematode Population Density ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering

Double-cropping is defined as producing more than one crop on the same parcel of land in a single growing season. It is reported to have many benefits when incorporated in cropping systems, including improving soil health. In some double-cropping systems, soybean is planted following winter wheat. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major soybean pathogen, and several reports suggest suppressive effects of wheat on SCN populations. Field trials were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to investigate the effect of wheat on SCN populations in double-cropping soybean. Nine fields with three levels of initial SCN populations (low, moderate, and high) were selected in Illinois. Wheat was planted in strips alternating with strips-maintained weed-free and under fallow over winter and early spring. Soybean was planted in all strips after wheat harvest. SCN egg densities were acquired at four time points: wheat establishment, post-wheat/pre-soybean, mid-soybean (R1 growth stage or beginning of flowering), and post-soybean harvest. Wheat strips reduced SCN egg densities compared with fallow strips at the R1 stage (−31.8%) and after soybean harvest (−32.7%). Double-cropping soybean with wheat has the potential to suppress SCN field populations and is a system with the potential to provide additional farm income. This study is meant to be a first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the suppression of SCN by wheat.

Exploring the use of residues from the invasive Acacia sp. for weed control

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Souza-Alonso ◽  
Carolina G. Puig ◽  
Nuria Pedrol ◽  
Helena Freitas ◽  
Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Profile ◽  
Acacia Dealbata ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractA sustainable practice for weed control and crop protection is the incorporation of green manures with phytotoxic potential. It is gaining attention as a way to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture and so pot experiments and field trials were conducted to explore the possible use of residues of Acacia species to alleviate weed emergence. We assessed, under greenhouse conditions, the herbicidal effect of phytotoxic manures from Acacia dealbata and Acacia longifolia applied to soil at different doses (1.5 and 3% w/w) on maize growth, some accompanying weeds, and the physiological profile of soil microbes. Applied at a higher dose, A. dealbata residues reduced the emergence of dicotyledons in the short-term (P < 0.05) and, after 30 days, there was a decrease in total weed emergence (P < 0.005) and a mild effect on weed composition, while total weed biomass remained unaffected. Regardless of the inclusion of Acacia residues, the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community did not show significant alterations. Additionally, we tested A. dealbata residues as a mulch or a green manure at the field scale. Although the effects of manures were site-dependent and affected monocot and dicot weeds differentially, dicots were more sensitive. The herbicide potential of acacia residues was only evident for dicots at sites with low-weed density in the seed bank. Nevertheless, due to the absence of phytotoxic effects on maize and minor modifications in the functional profile of bacterial communities, residues of acacia could be used as a complementary tool used together with other practices to reduce the reliance on synthetic herbicides in maize-based cropping systems.

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