scholarly journals Epidemiology of shigellosis in Teknaf, a coastal area of Bangladesh: a 10-year survey

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Anowar Hossain ◽  
M. John Albert ◽  
Kh. Zahid Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Monsoon Period

SUMMARYThe epidemiological data on shigellosis in Teknaf, a coastal area of Bangladesh, were reviewed for a 10-year period (1975–84). Certain similarities and differences were observed in the epidemiology of the disease in Teknaf when compared with urban Dhaka and rural Matlab. Similarities included: round-the-year infection with two peaks, one in the monsoon period and the other in the winter period; high male to female attendance ratio at the treatment centre: the predominance of infection in the under-15-year age group; high mortality rate in the under-5-year age group of both sexes and in females of all age groups; the multiple drug resistance of organisms. Differences included the higher isolation rate of organisms in Teknaf (42·1 % as against 11–12% in Dhaka and Matlab) and the preponderance of Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection in females in Teknaf. The unusually high isolation rate of shigella makes Teknaf the area with the highest incidence of shigellosis in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Childhood Hyperthyroidism in France: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2980-2987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Simon ◽  
Annabel Rigou ◽  
Joëlle Le Moal ◽  
Abdelkrim Zeghnoun ◽  
Alain Le Tertre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Hyperthyroidism affects all age groups, but epidemiological data for children are scarce. Objective To perform a nationwide epidemiological survey of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. Design A cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Identification of entries corresponding to reimbursements for antithyroid drugs in the French national insurance database. Participants All cases of childhood hyperthyroidism (6 months to 17 years of age) in 2015. Main Outcome Measures National incidence rate estimated with a nonlinear Poisson model and spatial distribution of cases. Results A total of 670 cases of childhood hyperthyroidism were identified. Twenty patients (3%) had associated autoimmune or genetic disease, with type 1 diabetes and Down syndrome the most frequent. The annual incidence for 2015 was 4.58/100,000 person-years (95% CI 3.00 to 6.99/100,000). Incidence increased with age, in both sexes. This increase accelerated after the age of 8 in girls and 10 in boys and was stronger in girls. About 10% of patients were affected before the age of 5 years (sex ratio 1.43). There was an interaction between age and sex, the effect of being female increasing with age: girls were 3.2 times more likely to be affected than boys in the 10 to 14 years age group and 5.7 times more likely to be affected in the 15 to 17 years age group. No conclusions about spatial pattern emerged. Conclusion These findings shed light on the incidence of hyperthyroidism and the impact of sex on this incidence during childhood and adolescence. The observed incidence was higher than expected from the results published for earlier studies in Northern European countries.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter: an underrated foodborne pathogen?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Maximo Batista de Amorim ◽  
Janaína dos Santos Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Raw Foods

The increasing prevalence of foodborne diseases observed in developing countries has been linked to a rise in the consumption of raw foods. However, unlike the classical pathogens that are commonly implicated in foodborne illnesses, members of the genus Acinetobacter are rarely associated with diarrheal disease, probably because of the difficulty in isolating these Gram-negative bacteria from food sources. Nevertheless, several species of Acinetobacter, especially A. baumannii, possess many of the characteristics associated with successful pathogens and exhibit a prodigious ability to acquire the multiple-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. In this mini-review, we summarize the epidemiological data relating to MDR Acinetobacter and consider evidence suggesting that contaminated dairy products, along with raw fruit and vegetables, constitute extra-hospital reservoirs of this underrated pathogen, and may represent an increased risk to immunocompromised individuals and young children in healthcare settings.

scholarly journals Patterns of Dermatological manifestation in patients attending Pediatric outpatient department

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Arjun Bhattarai ◽  
Bandana Shrestha ◽  
Ravi Raj Timasina ◽  
Nawaraj KC ◽  
Shankar Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Common Category ◽  
Children Health

Background: Dermatological manifestations in children contribute to significant morbidity and psychological distress. Children with dermatological problems constitute a major bulk of the patients presenting to the Outpatient department. The study was conducted with an objective to find out the pattern of skin disease among the various pediatric age group. Method: We analyzed epidemiological data of 612 patients, aged 1 months to 15 years, who were referred to the Dermatology outpatient from the Pediatric outpatient between 2nd Baisakh 2075 to 31 Chaitra 2076. Demographic data and the frequency of the various diagnoses in various age groups were studied. Result: The most common category of diagnosis was infection in 35.78%, followed by allergic reaction in 33.50% and infestations in 14.22%, other dermatosis in 13.07%, while multiple diagnosis was found in 3.43%. Among all diagnostic groups, Scabies was the most common (14.22%) followed by Urticaria (11.92%). Conclusion: Comparison of the common dermatosis with the age group showed a strongly significant effect on occurrence of common dermatosis. Their incidence can be brought down by improving nutrition and personal hygiene of children. Health and wellness of school going children reflects the health status of a community. Our study provides a preliminary baseline data for future epidemiological and clinical research.  

The Epidemiology of Māori Suicide in Aotearoa/New Zealand

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Coupe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand

AbstractSuicide is a Māori Public Health Issue. Suicide rates in Aotearoa/New Zealand are amongst the highest in OECD countries in the 15-24 year age group and second only to Hungary in other age groups (WHO, 1996; Disley & Coggan, 1996). Suicide is the leading cause of death for young people under the age of 25 years in Aotearoa/New Zealand and a major public health problem (Coggan, 1997). Approximatel, 540 New Zealanders kill themselves each year (Rose, Hatcher, & Koelmeyer, 1999). The total Māori suicide rate (per 100 000) increased to 17.5 in 1997, compared to non-Māori (13.1), and the Māori youth suicide rate (33.9) far exceeded the equivalent non-Māori rate (24.3), reflecting the disparity between Māori and non-Māori (Ministry of Health, 1997). This paper aims to present epidemiological data on Māori suicide and then use the existing literature to discuss possible reasons for the high Māori rate.

scholarly journals Vaccination Prioritization Strategies for COVID-19 in Korea: A Mathematical Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4240
Author(s):  
Yongin Choi ◽  
James Slghee Kim ◽  
Jung Eun Kim ◽  
Heejin Choi ◽  
Chang Hyeong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Effective Age ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Age Dependent

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has recently started worldwide. As the vaccine supply will be limited for a considerable period of time in many countries, it is important to devise the effective vaccination strategies that reduce the number of deaths and incidence of infection. One of the characteristics of COVID-19 is that the symptom, severity, and mortality of the disease differ by age. Thus, when the vaccination supply is limited, age-dependent vaccination priority strategy should be implemented to minimize the incidences and mortalities. In this study, we developed an age-structured model for describing the transmission dynamics of COVID-19, including vaccination. Using the model and actual epidemiological data in Korea, we estimated the infection probability for each age group under different levels of social distancing implemented in Korea and investigated the effective age-dependent vaccination strategies to reduce the confirmed cases and fatalities of COVID-19. We found that, in a lower level of social distancing, vaccination priority for the age groups with the highest transmission rates will reduce the incidence mostly, but, in higher levels of social distancing, prioritizing vaccination for the elderly age group reduces the infection incidences more effectively. To reduce mortalities, vaccination priority for the elderly age group is the best strategy in all scenarios of levels of social distancing. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of vaccine supply and efficacy on the reduction in incidence and mortality.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of COVID-19 outbreak on age groups and both the sexes of population from India and other countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Shweta Jakhmola ◽  
Budhadev Baral ◽  
Hem Chandra Jha
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Subsequent Rise ◽  
Age And Sex

Introduction: The study of epidemiological outcomes of COVID-19 in the affected countries needs to be conducted to implement an effective strategy. Methodology: Our study included age and sex-based analysis of epidemiological data of infected and deceased patients from various countries. The patient data was graphically depicted with the slope's calculation to describe a gradual or steep spread of the disease along with subsequent rise or fall in the death reports. Results: Population groups of 20-49 years of age and 50 years-above were highly vulnerable to infection. Interestingly, 20-49 years of age group was most affected in India. However, higher population of the deceased were reported in the 50 years-above in all countries. India and South Korea demonstrated a gradual appearance of COVID-19 positive cases than other countries illustrated by reduced slope %. Further the highest percentage of infected people and deaths were reported from the densely populated states of India. We observed a sex independent prevalence of COVID-19. The BCG and JE vaccine are unique in the vaccination regime of India and South Korea. Conclusions: Reduced ACE-2 expression in the children's nasal epithelium may be responsible for reduced SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Countries showed varying patterns in COVID-19 spread and associated mortality. It may be influenced by factors, such as screening strategy, countries demography, implementation of lockdown, etc. Due to limited evidence, it would be difficult to point to the influence of the virus on either sexes. Although vaccines may stimulate non-specific immunity, experimental proofs are needed to demonstrate the potential of any vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Cultural, serotyping and plasmid profile of Salmonellae in Lagos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Moro Dauphin Dighitoghi
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Problems associated with typhoid fever epidemic about its diagnosis in developing countries like Nigeria is a perennial healthcare challenge the healthcare sector grapples with. Improper diagnosis of clinical cases have also led to treatment failure and errors as diseases caused by other microorganisms are treated as typhoid fever especially as a result of inadequate reliable diagnostic laboratories. A total of 3,000 stool specimens from patients were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Of this, 1,391 Salmonella spp. were recovered, constituting 233 (88.14%) S. typhi while 158 (11.36%) were non-typhoidal Salmonella. S. typhi was recovered from more females, 685(55.6%), than males, 548 (44.4%). The 41 and above age group had the highest incidence of S. typhi of 220(17.8%) in females as against 280 (22.7%) in males within the 21-30 age group. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method by Kirby Bauer showed high multiple resistance to most of the 15 different antibiotics tested but susceptible to the first line typhoid fever drugs (chloramphenicol 85%, cotrimoxazole 86.7%, ampicillin 88.3% and amoxicillin 90%) and highly susceptible to third generation cephalosporins and fourth generation fluoroquinolones. The S. typhi tested showed four different resistance patterns. Plasmid profile analysis of 200 multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella isolates identified culturally and biochemically as S. typhi but by serotyping showed Salmonella other than S. typhi were erroneously classified as S. typhi. Majority of the S. typhi harbored mostly small sized plasmids which ranged from 2.2 Kb to 55.5 Kb. It can be deduced from this study that multiple drug resistance in S. typhi is likely to be plasmid mediated. The eleven antibiotic resistance patterns were reduced to eight plasmid clones indicating the diagnostic efficacy of plasmid profiling over the former method.

Estimation of Some Immunological Factors in Patients with Appendicitis in Babylon Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsahel H AL.Dulaimi ◽  
Zainab A Tolaifeh ◽  
Hawraa Kadhim ◽  
Nisreen Kaddim Radi ◽  
Israa Adnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
General Education ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Age Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Immunological Factors ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial causes of appendicitis in patients referred to Hilla General Education Hospital of both genders and for all ages. The aim of the study was to diagnose positive and negative gram bacteria and to estimate someof immunological factors. The results of the current study,which examined the contents of 80 surgical removed appendix, Half of samples were positive for bacterialcultivation. The gram negativewere isolated by 81.25%,which included E. coli (43.75%),Shigella dysenteriae (37.5%) and positive gram bacteria (18.75%),which included Enterococcus faecalis (12.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.25%). Women accounted for the highest percentage (55%),while the percentage of males (45%) was the highest age group (18-27) compared to other age groups (35%). The higher concentration of IgA, C3and C4 at age group (18-27) about 559.86±27.6, 177.3±8.77 and 55.5±2.53 respectively.

Antibiotic-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Children with Congenital Abnormalities of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
S. Suadkia ◽  
I. V. Podoprigora ◽  
N. V. Yashina ◽  
L. E. Sarukhanova ◽  
E. G. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a serious health problem worldwide. UPEC's multiple drug resistance combined with virulence factors is a cause of serious concern. In childhood, urinary tract infections are of particular importance, since they can occur against the background of long-term unrecognized congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. Of the 106 UPEC clinical isolates, 63.2% of cultures were isolated from girls' urine samples and 36.8% from boys' urine samples, which corresponds to a 1.7: 1 ratio. The antibiotic resistance of the isolated UPEC cultures was assessed in relation to 12 antimicrobial drugs. Among the tested cultures, 49% were multidrug-resistant and 20.75% were found to be resistant to imipenem. Phenotypic analysis of antibiotic susceptibility spectrum of uropathogenic E.coli (n=106) indicates a high percentage of occurrence of multi-resistant UPEC strains (49%) and imipenem-resistant UPEC strains (20.75%) among children of all age groups.

scholarly journals A longitudinal household study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HUSSAIN ◽  
A. MELEGARO ◽  
R. G. PEBODY ◽  
R. GEORGE ◽  
W. J. EDMUNDS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
The Impact

A 10-month longitudinal household study of pre-school children and their families was undertaken with monthly visits collecting epidemiological data and nasopharyngeal swabs in Hertfordshire, England from 2001 to 2002. Pneumococcal culture was with standard methods. In total, 121 families (489 individuals) took part. Mean prevalence of carriage ranged from 52% for age groups 0–2 years, 45% for 3–4 years, 21% for 5–17 years and 8% for [ges ]18 years. Carriage occurred more than once in 86% of children aged 0–2 years compared to 36% of those aged [ges ]18 years. The most prevalent serotypes in the 0–2 years age group were 6B followed by 19F, 23F, 6A and 14. Young children were responsible for the majority of introductions of new serotypes into a household. Erythromycin resistance (alone or in combination) occurred in 10% of samples and penicillin non-susceptibility in 3·7%. Overall the recently licensed 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) would protect against 64% of serotypes with no intra-serogroup cross protection and 82% with such protection. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae is common in a UK setting in the pre-conjugate vaccine era. PCV would protect against a large proportion of carriage isolates. However, the impact of vaccination on non-vaccine serotypes will need to be monitored.

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