Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1227-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. RÄSÄNEN ◽  
S. LAPPALAINEN ◽  
S. KAIKKONEN ◽  
M. HÄMÄLÄINEN ◽  
M. SALMINEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Stool Specimens

SUMMARYWe examined stool specimens for viral pathogens from 50 children referred to hospital due to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) resulting from consuming drinking water contaminated with sewage in a Finnish community using PCR methods. Rotavirus was detected in 33 (66%), human calicivirus in 31 (62%), and both in 40% of cases. Of the caliciviruses, 20/31 (65%) were noroviruses and 11 (35%) sapoviruses. Furthermore, Aichi virus was detected in 25 (50%), adenovirus in six (12%) and bocavirus in four (8%) cases.Campylobacter jejuniwas present in 20 (61%) andSalmonellain four (12%) of the 33 stools cultured for bacteria. On a 20-point scale median severity score of AGE in the 28 hospitalized children was 17; the severity was similar regardless of viruses detected. Bloody diarrhoea occurred only whenC. jejuniwas present. To conclude, massive exposure to several AGE viruses caused mixed infections and severe AGE regardless of the aetiological agents.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections in Hospitalized Children Less Than 5 Years of Age With Acute Gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Arashkia ◽  
Behrooz Nejat ◽  
Mahsa Farsi ◽  
Somayeh Jalilvand ◽  
Alireza Nateghian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most important causes of death in children in developing countries which cause by different enteropathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Among these, most of the acute gastroenteritis in children are caused by viral infections mainly by rotavirus and norovirus. This study aimed to study the epidemiological and clinical status of acute gastroenteritis resulting from rotavirus and norovirus in children between June 2015 and June 2016 in Iran. A total of 211 stool specimens were collected from Ali Asghar Children's Hospital and Bahrami Children's Hospital in Tehran, from June 2015 to June 2016. The samples were screened by commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Ridascreen kit and real time RT-PCR to detect rotavirus and norovirus genogroups I and II, respectively. The information on demographic and clinical manifestations was collected, and data analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22. Overall, the detection rate of rotavirus was 25.6 %, and for norovirus infection, it was 17.5%. All norovirus positive specimens belonged to genogroup II. Higher rates of rotavirus infections were observed in children from 7 to 24 months, and higher rates of norovirus infections were detected in children from 1 to 12 months. Clinical symptoms were not different between rotavirus and norovirus case-patients. The present study not only highlights the importance of rotavirus and norovirus infections in Iran but also verifies the relevance of norovirus as the cause of severe gastroenteritis in children.

scholarly journals 1112. Detection of Enteric Viruses in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S333-S334
Author(s):  
Lubna Hamdan ◽  
Einas Batarseh ◽  
Bhinnata Piya ◽  
Laura Stewart ◽  
Chris Fonnesbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Outpatient Settings

Abstract Background Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity in children. Viral pathogens are the most common infectious agents. Differences in illness characteristics of AGE with and without virus detection are poorly defined. We compared AGE illness characteristics between children with and without any-virus detected, and with single vs. multiple viruses detected. Methods Children between 15 days and 17 years with AGE defined as diarrhea (>3 loose stools/24 hours) or any vomiting within 10 days duration were enrolled in Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital inpatient, ED, and outpatient settings from December 2012 to November 2015. Stool specimens were tested by RT-qPCR for norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus and by ELISA (VP6 antigen [Rotaclone®]) for rotavirus. Results Of 3,705 children enrolled, 2,892 (78%) specimens were collected. A single virus was detected in 1,109 (38%) stools [51% norovirus, 20% rotavirus, 21% sapovirus, and 8% astrovirus], viral co-detections were found in 115 (4%) stools, and 1,665 (58%) had no detected viruses. Table 1 compares children with and without any-virus detected. Children with a single-virus detected were older than those with >1 virus detected (1.8 vs. 1.5 years [P < 0.05]) with no other significant differences. Conclusion Children with any-virus detected had more severe symptoms, higher MVS, and more frequently reported sick contacts compared with no-virus detected. Children with no-virus detected were more likely to present with fever and higher temperatures, which may be due to bacterial organisms. These data highlight the importance of infection-prevention precautions in the community and the need for additional testing to define the etiologic spectrum of AGE in children. Disclosures N. Halasa, sanofi pasteur: Investigator, Research support. GSK: Consultant, Consulting fee. Moderna: Consultant, Consulting fee.

scholarly journals The evolving epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigida Stanyevic ◽  
Margherita Sepich ◽  
Samanta Biondi ◽  
Giampiero Igli Baroncelli ◽  
Diego Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Rotavirus Infections

AbstractFew data are available on the prevalence and features of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in hospitalized children in Italy, where specific rotavirus vaccines were introduced into the national vaccination plan in 2017. To evaluate vaccination effects on AGE epidemiology, we analysed data from children aged ≤ 18 years admitted for AGE at the University Hospital of Pisa in 2019, comparing them with those recorded in 2012. Demographical, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment data were collected reviewing medical records and were therefore compared. In 2019 and 2012, 86 (median age 2.5 years [IQR 1.4–5.9]) and 85 children (median age 2.3 years [IQR 1.3–5.1]) were respectively admitted with AGE. The most common symptoms were diarrhoea and vomiting; decreased skin turgor was more frequent in 2019 (54% and 34% respectively, p = 0.01). Viral infections were more common than bacterial ones; in 2019, a decrease in rotavirus infections (67% and 22%, p = 0.003) and an increase in adenovirus infections (50% and 10%, p = 0.002) and in the number of patients with negative stool testing (58% and 39%, p = 0.04) were found.Conclusions: Viral infections are the leading cause of AGE in hospitalized children in Italy. The introduction of rotavirus vaccines did not reduce the number of hospitalizations per year. Adenovirus and other non-routinely screened viruses may be undergoing a selection process making them common causative agents for AGE. What is Known:• Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, especially < 5 years of age.• The introduction of specific vaccines may be changing its epidemiology.• Few data are available on acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy. What is New:• Viral infections are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Italy.• Specific vaccines are reducing rotavirus infections, but adenovirus and other non-routinely screened viruses may be undergoing a selection process making them common causative agents for gastroenteritis.

Circulation of Aichi virus genotype B strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (11) ◽  
pp. 1687-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. VERMA ◽  
S. D. CHITAMBAR ◽  
V. GOPALKRISHNA
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Western India ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Junction Region ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Stool Specimens

SUMMARYAcute gastroenteritis (AG) is considered as one of the major health problems affecting humans of all ages. A number of viruses have been recognized as important causes of this disease. Recently, Aichi virus has been shown to play an aetiological role in sporadic infections and outbreaks of AG. A study on surveillance of enteric viruses was conducted during 2004–2008 in three cities in Maharashtra state, western India. A total of 1240 stool specimens from children aged ⩽8 years hospitalized for AG were screened for the presence of Aichi virus by RT–PCR of the 3C–3D junction region followed by sequencing for the identification of genotype. Aichi virus was detected at a prevalence of 1·1% in the <5 years age group and characterized as genotype B. This is the first report on the circulation of Aichi virus genotype B in India.

scholarly journals Viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis among Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals and adjacent host population in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Enayet Hossian ◽  
Md Muzahidul Islam ◽  
Mojnu Miah ◽  
Warda Haque ◽  
Jan Vinjé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Significant Health

Abstract Background Since August 2017 Myanmar nationals from Rakhine state have crossed the border into Bangladesh and settled in Cox’s Bazar, the World's largest refugee camp. Due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and hygienic practices they have been under significant health risks including diarrheal diseases. Objective To determine the viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN) and adjacent Bangladeshi local host population (AHP). Methods From April 2018 to April 2019, we collected stool specimens from 764 FDMN and 1159 AHP of all ages. We tested 100 randomly selected specimens from each group for the most common acute gastroenteritis viruses. Results Among 200 diarrhea patients, 55% and 64% of FDMN and AHP patients respectively had viral infections; the most common viruses were rotavirus (29% vs 44%), adenovirus (24% vs 31%) and norovirus (14% vs 10%). In both populations, viral infections were significantly higher in children less than five years; compared to bacterial infections which were higher in patients older than five years of age (p=&lt;0.05). Conclusion Disparities in viral and bacterial prevalence among various age groups warrant careful antibiotic usage, especially in children less than five years.

scholarly journals Molecular and epidemiologyical analysis of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in China, 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1086-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Qu ◽  
Maojun Zhang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Lei Jia ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathogen ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Campylobacter Spp ◽  
Close Contacts

Introduction: Campylobacter spp. is the most common gastrointestinal pathogen worldwide with a very low reported incidence in China. In April 2018, one 36 cases of diarrhea outbreak occurred in a high school in Beijing after a trip to another province in Southern China. The investigation for the enteric pathogen infection was conducted to identify the cause. Methodology: Eighteen stool specimens from 11 diarrheal patients and 3 close contacts were collected and tested for 16 enteric bacterial and viral pathogens using real-time PCR methods. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were applied to C. jejuni isolates in this outbreak in order to characterize the incident. Results: Ten (90.9%) of 11 stool specimens from diarrheal patients were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, confirmed as the cause of outbreak. Eight C. jejuni strains were obtained and produced 2 sequence types (STs) and 3 PFGE patterns. Six of them had the same ST (ST2274) and PFGE pattern (SMA001). The dominant outbreak strain with an identical subtyping profile was clustered with most chicken isolates from national MLST and PulseNet Campylobacter database. The entire 8 isolates were multi-drug resistant, with the dominant resistance pattern of nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin combined, except for 2 isolates resistant to florfenicol. Conclusion: Molecular typing confirmed that most of the cases belonged to a clonal cluster supporting the hypothesis of a common source; however, the source was not identified. This was the first recognized Campylobacteriosis outbreak in China among 20 years.

Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1166-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KAIKKONEN ◽  
S. RÄSÄNEN ◽  
M. RÄMET ◽  
T. VESIKARI
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Efficacy Trial ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain

SUMMARYAichi virus has been proposed as a novel causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. In addition to several Asian countries, South America and Africa, Aichi virus has also recently been found in Europe. Our objective was to study the causative role of Aichi virus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland. We analysed 595 stool specimens from infants in an efficacy trial of rotavirus vaccine and 468 stool specimens from children in a hospital-based epidemiological and aetiological study of acute gastroenteritis. The screening was done by nested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction amplifying a 519-bp segment and a 223-bp segment in the 3CD junction region of non-structural proteins. Aichi virus was detected in five stool samples (0·5%), of which four were co-infections with other gastroenteritis viruses. Two Aichi virus genotypes, A and B, were found. Aichi virus appears to be rare in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland.

The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

scholarly journals Sapoviruses detected from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and hospitalized children in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang-Tzy Wu ◽  
Tomoichiro Oka ◽  
Ting-Yu Kuo ◽  
Yen Hai Doan ◽  
Luke Tzu-Chi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Hospitalized Children

scholarly journals Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3 Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan T. Peterson ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kennedy ◽  
Pamela H. Brigleb ◽  
Gwen M. Taylor ◽  
Kelly Urbanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Receptor Interactions ◽  
Type Iii Ifn ◽  
Type Iii Interferon

ABSTRACT Type III interferon (IFN), or IFN lambda (IFN-λ), is an essential component of the innate immune response to mucosal viral infections. In both the intestine and the lung, signaling via the IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR) controls clinically important viral pathogens, including influenza virus, norovirus, and rotavirus. While it is thought that IFN-λ cytokines are the exclusive ligands for signaling through IFNLR, it is not known whether genetic ablation of these cytokines phenotypically recapitulates disruption of the receptor. Here, we report the serendipitous establishment of Ifnl2−/− Ifnl3−/− mice, which lack all known functional murine IFN-λ cytokines. We demonstrate that, like Ifnlr1−/− mice lacking IFNLR signaling, these mice display defective control of murine norovirus, reovirus, and influenza virus and therefore genocopy Ifnlr1−/− mice. Thus, for regulation of viral infections at mucosal sites of both the intestine and lung, signaling via IFNLR can be fully explained by the activity of known cytokines IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3. Our results confirm the current understanding of ligand-receptor interactions for type III IFN signaling and highlight the importance of this pathway in regulation of mucosal viral pathogens. IMPORTANCE Type III interferons are potent antiviral cytokines important for regulation of viruses that infect at mucosal surfaces. Studies using mice lacking the Ifnlr1 gene encoding the type III interferon receptor have demonstrated that signaling through this receptor is critical for protection against influenza virus, norovirus, and reovirus. Using a genetic approach to disrupt murine type III interferon cytokine genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3, we found that mice lacking these cytokines fully recapitulate the impaired control of viruses observed in mice lacking Ifnlr1. Our results support the idea of an exclusive role for known type III interferon cytokines in signaling via IFNLR to mediate antiviral effects at mucosal surfaces. These findings emphasize the importance of type III interferons in regulation of a variety of viral pathogens and provide important genetic evidence to support our understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions in this pathway.

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