Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. SILVERLÅS ◽  
I. BLANCO-PENEDO
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples

SUMMARYA cohort study was performed to investigate cryptosporidial prevalence and species distribution in 13 organic and 13 conventional dairy herds. Faecal samples were collected from 221 calves and 259 cows. Management routines were recorded at farm inspection and through a questionnaire. Samples were concentrated using sodium chloride flotation and cryptosporidial oocysts were detected by epifluorescence microscopy. Molecular analysis was used to determine species and subtypes. A multivariable model for factors associated with calves being Cryptosporidium spp. positive was built. Cryptosporidium spp.-positive animals were identified in all herds. Prevalences were similar in organic and conventional calves (44·7% vs. 52·3%), as well as in cows (3·1% vs. 3·8%), P > 0·05. Cryptosporidium bovis, C. ryanae and C. parvum were identified. C. ryanae was identified in a calf younger than the described prepatent period. The multivariable model included four significant variables; calf age, cleanliness of bedding, cleaning routines for group pens and farmers' attitudes towards biosecurity.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Jana Ježková ◽  
Zlata Limpouchová ◽  
Jitka Prediger ◽  
Nikola Holubová ◽  
Bohumil Sak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Myocastor Coypus ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples

Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8–5.2 × 4.7–5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5–6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. on dairy farms in Bogor

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Arifin Budiman Nugraha ◽  
Umi Cahyaningsih ◽  
Etih Sudarnika
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Area Data

Cryptosporidial infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans and livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors associated with shedding of oocysts in Bogor. A total of 308 faecal samples were collected from 136 calves less than 6 months, 44 from those 6-12 months and 128 from those than 12 months. Data of factors potentially associated with the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection were recorded (i.e., enviromental status, size of herd, and herd management). Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst was identified by using modified acid fast (Ziehl Neelsen) staining technique and microscopically examined under 400x magnifition. Results showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Bogor was 21.1% (CI 95%; 16.5%-25.6%). The highest prevalence was 29% (CI 95%; 26.8%-31.7%) in cattle aged less than 6 months. The oocysts abundance were around <5 oocysts per microscopy visual area. Data was analyzed using logistic regression models.  Statistical analysis showed that there were association between cryptosporidiosis and calves aged less than 6 months with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 (CI 95%; 1.5-5.2) times compared with cattle aged more than 12 months.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Infection and Colonization: Ongoing Prospective Cohort Study in a French University Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7528
Author(s):  
Nagham Khanafer ◽  
Philippe Vanhems ◽  
Sabrina Bennia ◽  
Géraldine Martin-Gaujard ◽  
Laurent Juillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Introduction: Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile can be isolated from stool in 3% of healthy adults and in at least 10% of asymptomatic hospitalized patients. C. difficile, the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea in the developed world, has re-emerged in recent years with increasing incidence and severity. In an effort to reduce the spread of the pathogen, published recommendations suggest isolation and contact precautions for patients suffering from C. difficile infection (CDI). However, asymptomatic colonized patients are not targeted by infection control policies, and active surveillance for colonization is not routinely performed. Moreover, given the current changes in the epidemiology of CDI, particularly the emergence of new virulent strains either in the hospital or community settings, there is a need for identification of factors associated with colonization by C. difficile and CDI. Methods and analysis: We are carrying out a prospective, observational, cohort study in Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, a 900-bed university hospital in Lyon, France. All consecutive adult patients admitted on selected units are eligible to participate in the study. Stool samples or rectal swabs for C. difficile testing are obtained on admission, every 3–5 days during hospitalization, at the onset of diarrhea (if applicable), and at discharge. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses will be completed to mainly estimate the proportion of asymptomatic colonization at admission, and to evaluate differences between factors associated with colonization and those related to CDI. Ethics: The study is conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, French law, and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The study protocol design was approved by the participating units, the ethics committee and the hospital institutional review board (Comité de protection des personnes et Comission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés; N°: 00009118). Dissemination: The results of this study will be disseminated by presenting the findings locally at each participating ward, as well as national and international scientific meetings. Findings will be shared with interested national societies crafting guidelines in CDI.

scholarly journals Characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for mortality of 522 167 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e049089
Author(s):  
Marcia C Castro ◽  
Susie Gurzenda ◽  
Eduardo Marques Macário ◽  
Giovanny Vinícius A França
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Hospitalised Patients

ObjectiveTo provide a comprehensive description of demographic, clinical and radiographic characteristics; treatment and case outcomes; and risk factors associated with in-hospital death of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil.DesignRetrospective cohort study of hospitalised patients diagnosed with COVID-19.SettingData from all hospitals across Brazil.Participants522 167 hospitalised patients in Brazil by 14 December 2020 with severe acute respiratory illness, and a confirmed diagnosis for COVID-19.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence of symptoms and comorbidities was compared by clinical outcomes and intensive care unit (ICU) admission status. Survival was assessed using Kaplan Meier survival estimates. Risk factors associated with in-hospital death were evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsOf the 522 167 patients included in this study, 56.7% were discharged, 0.002% died of other causes, 30.7% died of causes associated with COVID-19 and 10.2% remained hospitalised. The median age of patients was 61 years (IQR, 47–73), and of non-survivors 71 years (IQR, 60–80); 292 570 patients (56.0%) were men. At least one comorbidity was present in 64.5% of patients and in 76.8% of non-survivors. From illness onset, the median times to hospital and ICU admission were 6 days (IQR, 3–9) and 7 days (IQR, 3–10), respectively; 15 days (IQR, 9–24) to death and 15 days (IQR, 11–20) to hospital discharge. Risk factors for in-hospital death included old age, Black/Brown ethnoracial self-classification, ICU admission, being male, living in the North and Northeast regions and various comorbidities. Age had the highest HRs of 5.51 (95% CI: 4.91 to 6.18) for patients≥80, compared with those ≤20.ConclusionsCharacteristics of patients and risk factors for in-hospital mortality highlight inequities of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil. As the pandemic continues to unfold, targeted policies that address those inequities are needed to mitigate the unequal burden of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Racial Differences in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Factors among a Low Socioeconomic Population

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3710
Author(s):  
Sylvie Muhimpundu ◽  
Rebecca Baqiyyah N. Conway ◽  
Shaneda Warren Andersen ◽  
Loren Lipworth ◽  
Mark D. Steinwandel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Southeastern Us

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among White and African Americans from low socioeconomic backgrounds in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). The SCCS is a prospective cohort study with participants from the southeastern US. HCC incidence rates were calculated. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate HCC-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) associated with known baseline HCC risk factors for White and African Americans, separately. There were 294 incident HCC. The incidence rate ratio for HCC was higher (IRR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.9) in African Americans compared to White Americans. White Americans saw a stronger association between self-reported hepatitis C virus (aHR = 19.24, 95%CI: 10.58–35.00) and diabetes (aHR = 3.55, 95%CI: 1.96–6.43) for the development of HCC compared to African Americans (aHR = 7.73, 95%CI: 5.71–10.47 and aHR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.06–2.06, respectively) even though the prevalence of these risk factors was similar between races. Smoking (aHR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.87–4.52) and heavy alcohol consumption (aHR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.19–2.11) were significantly associated with HCC risk among African Americans only. In this large prospective cohort, we observed racial differences in HCC incidence and risk factors associated with HCC among White and African Americans.

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