Environmental variability and the transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Changsha, People's Republic of China

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
pp. 1867-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. XIAO ◽  
L. D. GAO ◽  
X. J. LI ◽  
X. L. LIN ◽  
X. Y. DAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Rodent Host ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Disease Epidemics

SUMMARYThe transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is influenced by climatic, reservoir and environmental variables. The epidemiology of the disease was studied over a 6-year period in Changsha. Variables relating to climate, environment, rodent host distribution and disease occurrence were collected monthly and analysed using a time-series adjusted Poisson regression model. It was found that the density of the rodent host and multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation index had the greatest effect on the transmission of HFRS with lags of 2–6 months. However, a number of climatic and environmental factors played important roles in affecting the density and transmission potential of the rodent host population. It was concluded that the measurement of a number of these variables could be used in disease surveillance to give useful advance warning of potential disease epidemics.

Hantavirus infection in rodents and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shaanxi province, China, 1984–2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. YU ◽  
H. Y. TIAN ◽  
C. F. MA ◽  
C. A. MA ◽  
J. WEI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rodent Abundance

SUMMARYThe transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is deeply influenced by the reservoir and hantavirus prevalence rate. In this study, a surveillance on human HFRS cases, relative rodent abundance, and hantavirus infection prevalence was conducted in Shaanxi province, China, during 1984–2012. A generalized linear model with Poisson-distributed residuals and a log link was used to quantify the relationship between reservoir, virus and HFRS cases. The result indicated that there was a significant association of HFRS incidence with relative rodent density and the prevalence rate. This research provides evidence that the changes of infection prevalence in the reservoir could lead directly to the emergence of a new epidemic. It was concluded that the measurement of a number of these variables could be used in disease surveillance to give useful advance warning of potential disease epidemics.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal associations of albacore CPUEs in the Northeastern Pacific with regional SST and climate environmental variables

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1717-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jason Phillips ◽  
Lorenzo Ciannelli ◽  
Richard D. Brodeur ◽  
William G. Pearcy ◽  
John Childers
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
Additive Mixed Models

Abstract This study investigated the spatial distribution of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in relation to local environmental variability [i.e. sea surface temperature (SST)], and two large-scale indices of climate variability, [the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index (MEI)]. Changes in local and climate variables were correlated with 48 years of albacore troll catch per unit effort (CPUE) in 1° latitude/longitude cells, using threshold Generalized Additive Mixed Models (tGAMMs). Model terms were included to account for non-stationary and spatially variable effects of the intervening covariates on albacore CPUE. Results indicate that SST had a positive and spatially variable effect on albacore CPUE, with increasingly positive effects to the North, while PDO had an overall negative effect. Although albacore CPUE increased with SST both before and after a threshold year of 1986, such effect geographically shifted north after 1986. This is the first study to demonstrate the non-stationary spatial dynamics of albacore tuna, linked with a major shift of the North Pacific. Results imply that if ocean temperatures continue to increase, US west coast fisher communities reliant on commercial albacore fisheries are likely to be negatively affected in the southern areas but positively affected in the northern areas, where current albacore landings are highest.

scholarly journals 677. Using a Multisectoral One Health Approach to Prioritize Zoonotic Diseases in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S244-S244
Author(s):  
Vikram Krishnasamy ◽  
Casey Barton Behravesh ◽  
Kate Varela ◽  
Grace Goryoka ◽  
Nadia Oussayef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
One Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Health Systems Strengthening ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Us Government

Abstract Background Emerging and endemic zoonoses continue to have adverse global impacts. One Health approaches promoting multisectoral, transdisciplinary collaboration are important methods to address zoonoses threats through disease surveillance, prevention, control, and response. We conducted a One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization (OHZDP) workshop in the United States (US) to identify zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern that should be jointly addressed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of the Interior, and partners. Methods We used CDC’s OHZDP tool to prioritize zoonoses. Workshop participants selected criteria for prioritization, and developed questions and weights for each criterion. Questions were answered using available literature and expert opinion with subsequent scoring resulting in a ranked zoonotic disease list. After agreeing on a final prioritized disease list, participants used components of the One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, developed by USDA and University of Minnesota, to review multidisciplinary coordination processes for the prioritized zoonotic diseases. Results Participants selected epidemic or pandemic potential, disease severity, economic impact, introduction or increased transmission potential, and national security as criteria to prioritize 56 zoonoses. The eight prioritized zoonotic diseases for the US were zoonotic influenzas, salmonellosis, West Nile virus, plague, emerging coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), rabies, brucellosis, and Lyme disease. Agencies then discussed recommendations to enhance One Health approaches to surveillance, response, prevention, and control of the prioritized zoonoses. Key themes and next steps for further implementation of One Health approaches were identified. Conclusion This OHZDP workshop represents the first use of a One Health approach to zoonotic disease prioritization in the United States. It is a critical step forward in US government agency collaboration using One Health approaches. Further, the workshop created a foundation for future US government One Health systems strengthening for the prioritized zoonoses. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Decline of notified dengue infections in Indonesia in 2017: Discussion of the possible determinants

Narra J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara ◽  
Kurnia F. Jamil ◽  
Jonny Karunia Fajar ◽  
Panji Probo Saktianggi ◽  
Roy Nusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Notification Data

This study was conducted to quantify the trend in dengue notifications in the country in 2017 and to explore the possible determinants. Annual nation-wide dengue notification data were obtained from the National Disease Surveillance of Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Annual incidence rate (IR) and case fatality rate (CFR) in 2017 and the previous years were quantified and compared. Correlations between annual larva free index (LFI), implementation coverage of integrated vector management (IVM), El Niño Southern Oscillation (Niño3.4), Dipole Mode Index (DMI), Zika virus seropositivity and the percent change in IR and CFR of dengue were examined. The change of dengue IR and CFRs were mapped. In 2017, dengue IR was declined by 71% (22.55 per 100,000 population) compared to 2016 (77.96 per 100,000 population) while the CFR was slightly reduced from 0.79% to 0.75%. Reduction in IR and CFR occurred in 94.1% and 70.1% out of 34 provinces, respectively. The trend of dengue IR seems to be influenced by Niño3.4 but there is no clear evidence that Niño3.4 is the main reason for dengue reduction in 2017. It is difficult to elucidate that the reduction of dengue in 2017 was associated with previous Zika outbreaks. In conclusion, there was a significant reduction on dengue notifications in Indonesia in 2017. Further investigation is needed to look at the role of climate on the decline of dengue IR at finer temporal scale. In addition, study on the role of cross-protective immunity generated by Zika infection on dengue incidence is also warranted.

scholarly journals An entomological study of onchocerciasis vectors, Simulium damnosum s.l., in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude MAKENGA BOF ◽  
Paul MANSIANGI ◽  
Josué ZANGA ◽  
Félicien ILUNGA ◽  
Yves COPPIETERS
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Biting Rate

Abstract Background Onchocerciasis, a parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through the bite of Simulium (black flies), is a cause of global concern, with the African population being majorly affected. This study focused on the bite rates, bite cycle, and transmission potential of Simulium damnosum s.l. in two sites with river blindness outbreaks in Kinshasa, DRC: Gombe (S1) and Mont-Ngafula at Kimwenza (S2). Methods From August 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020, we captured adult female black flies near breeding sites along the Congo River at S1 and Lukaya Valley at S2. Collections using human baits at the two sites were conducted for five days/month. Results A total of 6082 black flies of species Simulium squamosum (classified based on other entomological surveys) were captured during the study period. The daily cycle of aggression revealed two peaks: one between 8 and 9 a.m. and the other between 4 and 5 p.m. Low bite rates were observed between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The annual biting rate/person reached 13,463 in S1 and 23,638 in S2, with a total of 37,101 bites/person. The average daily biting rate, 37 ± 10 and 69 ± 23 bites/day/person in S1 and S2, respectively, did not differ significantly (P = 0.8901). The high density of the host population can disrupt the transmission of vector-borne diseases by diluting the transmission indices. There was no evidence of onchocerciasis transmission at the study sites because of inadequate laboratory facilities in the DRC. Various larval supports have been identified: at Gombe: aquatic plants, plastic bags, dead leaves, and rocks; at Kimwenza: Ledermaniella ledermanii (the most abundant species at the site), plastic bags, artificial waste, and aquatic plants. Conclusions The study provides further evidence for the need for alternative strategies to eliminate the parasite in the formerly hyper-endemic foci.

scholarly journals A32 Genomic surveillance of Zika virus transmission in the Amazonas State, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Jaqueline Goes de Jesus ◽  
Quick Joshua ◽  
Ingra Morales Claro ◽  
Joilson Xavier Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Amazonas State

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused an unprecedented epidemic linked to severe congenital syndromes. Transmission of ZIKV in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil, though the virus was likely introduced 1–2 years prior to its detection. Manaus, the capital city of the Amazonas State, the largest territory of any state in Brazil and the main economic center in the northern region, reported between 2016 and 2017 more than 2,327 suspected cases of ZIKV infection. To gain insights into the timing, source, and likely route(s) of ZIKV introduction in the Amazonas State, we tracked the virus by sequencing ZIKV genomes from infected patients. Using nanopore sequencing technology, we generated 56 Brazilian ZIKV genomes from Manaus city in the Amazonas state, sampled from human cases. On the basis of available sequences of isolates from the Americas, the Manaus sequences, we analyzed fell within a single strongly supported monophyletic clade (bootstrap support = 99%, posterior support = 1.00) that belongs to the Asian genotype. Genetic analysis suggests the outbreak most likely originated from transmission cycles not previously identified in North Brazil and not from a separate introduction into the Americas. Molecular dating analysis indicates that the outbreak was caused by a single founder strain that is estimated to have arrived in Manaus around February 2015. By analyzing surveillance and genetic data, we discovered that ZIKV moved among transmission zones in Manaus. Geographical analysis further indicates that the Northern part of the Manaus regions has a high transmission potential for ZIKV. Our work illustrates that near-real time genomics in the field can augment traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from the north region indicate the persistence of the virus transmission in recipient regions. Our study provides an understanding of how ZIKV initiates transmission in new regions.

Equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (16) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
List Type ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Surveillance Report ◽  
Health Trust

Summary of surveillance testing, April to June 2017International disease occurrence in the second quarter of 2017These are among matters discussed in the most recent quarterly equine disease surveillance report, prepared by Defra, the Animal Health Trust and the British Equine Veterinary Association

Environment: the key to understanding the South African chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) life cycle and fishery?

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Roberts ◽  
W.H.H. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The South ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Loligo Vulgaris ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This paper explores effects of environmental variability on the life cycle of the chokka squid, Loligo vulgaris reynaudii in South Africa, particularly the effect of physical and chemical influences on adult distribution, and the availability of spawning aggregations to the local jig fishery. The following hypotheses are presented: 1) temperature, dissolved oxygen and currents have a direct effect on the demersal distribution of adult chokka on the feeding grounds, but this is restricted to the west coast where environmental conditions are more extreme relative to the south coast, 2) chokka catches increase in proportion to the extent of coastal upwelling, 3) spawning behavior along the inshore regions (<50m) is strongly influenced by turbidity near the seabed. High turbidity forces the spawning popuation to lay their eggs in deeper waters, and are thus not available to the jig fishery. 4) El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are linked with large fluctuations in the availability of spawning squid aggregations to the inshore jig fishery.

scholarly journals Novel methods reveal shifts in migration phenology of barn swallows in South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1733) ◽  
pp. 1485-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Res Altwegg ◽  
Kristin Broms ◽  
Birgit Erni ◽  
Phoebe Barnard ◽  
Guy F. Midgley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Barn Swallows

Many migratory bird species, including the barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ), have advanced their arrival date at Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds, showing a clear biotic response to recent climate change. Earlier arrival helps maintain their synchrony with earlier springs, but little is known about the associated changes in phenology at their non-breeding grounds. Here, we examine the phenology of barn swallows in South Africa, where a large proportion of the northern European breeding population spends its non-breeding season. Using novel analytical methods based on bird atlas data, we show that swallows first arrive in the northern parts of the country and gradually appear further south. On their north-bound journey, they leave South Africa rapidly, resulting in mean stopover durations of 140 days in the south and 180 days in the north. We found that swallows are now leaving northern parts of South Africa 8 days earlier than they did 20 years ago, and so shortened their stay in areas where they previously stayed the longest. By contrast, they did not shorten their stopover in other parts of South Africa, leading to a more synchronized departure across the country. Departure was related to environmental variability, measured through the Southern Oscillation Index. Our results suggest that these birds gain their extended breeding season in Europe partly by leaving South Africa earlier, and thus add to scarce evidence for phenology shifts in the Southern Hemisphere.

scholarly journals Tropical glaciers, recorders and indicators of climate change, are disappearing globally

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (59) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonnie G. Thompson ◽  
Ellen Mosley-Thompson ◽  
Mary E. Davis ◽  
Henry H. Brecher
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Glacier Retreat ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Tropical Glaciers

AbstractIn this paper we review the interaction of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and warming trends recorded in ice-core records from high-altitude tropical glaciers, discuss the implications of the warming trends for the glaciers and consider the societal implications of glacier retreat. ENSO has strong impacts on meteorological phenomena that directly or indirectly affect most regions on the planet and their populations. Many tropical ice fields have provided continuous annually resolved proxy records of climatic and environmental variability preserved in measurable parameters, especially oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios (δ18O, δD) and the net mass balance (accumulation). These records present an opportunity to examine the nature of tropical climate variability in greater detail and to extract new information on linkages between rising temperatures on tropical glaciers and equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures in critical ENSO indicator regions. The long-term climate records from a collection of high-altitude tropical ice cores provide the longer-term context essential for assessing the significance of the magnitude and rate of current climate changes that are in large measure driving glacier retreat. The well-documented ice loss on Quelccaya in the Peruvian Andes, Naimona’nyi in the Himalaya, Kilimanjaro in eastern Africa and the ice fields near Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia, presents a grim future for low-latitude glaciers. The ongoing melting of these ice fields (response) is consistent with model predictions for a vertical amplification of temperature in the tropics (driver) and has serious implications for the people who live in these areas.

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