Within-herd prevalence ofSalmonellaDublin in endemically infected dairy herds

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 2074-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Dynamics Models

SUMMARYIn this study within-herd prevalence ofSalmonellaDublin was investigated in three age groups (calves, young stock, adult cows) during five herd visits at 3-month intervals of 14 endemically infected dairy herds. A total of 10162 paired faecal cultures and antibody measurements were used to calculate the age and temporal dynamics of seroprevalence and prevalence of positive faecal cultures. Faecal culture-positive prevalence was generally low. It was highest (5·4%) in calves during December to February. Seroprevalence varied from 0% to 70% between herds, but was generally more stable in young stock and adult cows than in calves. Hierarchical mixed-model results showed that seroprevalence was associated with the bacteriological status in calves and cows, but not in young stock. These results can be used to develop and validate theoretical infection dynamics models and to design effective control programmes forSalmonellaDublin in dairy herds.

The average culling rate of Dutch dairy herds over the years 2007 to 2010 and its association with herd reproduction, performance and health

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhariani Mohd Nor ◽  
Wilma Steeneveld ◽  
Henk Hogeveen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Reproduction Performance

Optimising the number of replacement heifers needed will have positive economic and environmental consequences on herds that rear their own young stock. The number of heifers needed to be kept is closely related with the number of culled dairy cows in the herd. This study therefore looked at the variation that exists in culling rate and herd level factors associated with it. A dataset from 1903 dairy herds available included information at animal level (dates of culling, slaughter/death) and herd level (characteristics of reproduction, performance, health) over the years 2007 to 2010. The average culling rate for slaughter/death was used and was defined for each year as percentage of the herd size that died within 30 d after they were culled. The analysis of the association between average culling rate for slaughter/death and the characteristics of the herd was performed using a mixed model. The results showed that the average culling rate for slaughter/death was 25·4% and varied between 23% (2007) and 28% (2010). More than 70% of the herds have an average culling rate for slaughter/death of less than 30%, showing that there is room for lowering the average culling rate for slaughter/death. A higher average culling rate for slaughter/death is associated with a longer average calving interval, a higher average 305-d protein production, a higher average somatic cell count (SCC), a higher percentage of new high SCC, a more than 5% decrease in herd size, and herds that bought more than 1% of animals per year. A lower average culling rate for slaughter/death is associated with a longer average age, herds that bought less than 1% of animals per year and a more than 5% increase in herd size. In conclusion, the average culling rate for slaughter/death is associated with fertility, udder health and openness of the herd.

scholarly journals Bayesian spatial and spatio-temporal approaches to modelling dengue fever: a systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aswi ◽  
S. M. Cramb ◽  
P. Moraga ◽  
K. Mengersen
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractDengue fever (DF) is one of the world's most disabling mosquito-borne diseases, with a variety of approaches available to model its spatial and temporal dynamics. This paper aims to identify and compare the different spatial and spatio-temporal Bayesian modelling methods that have been applied to DF and examine influential covariates that have been reportedly associated with the risk of DF. A systematic search was performed in December 2017, using Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest and Medline (via Ebscohost) electronic databases. The search was restricted to refereed journal articles published in English from January 2000 to November 2017. Thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. Using a modified quality assessment tool, the median quality score across studies was 14/16. The most popular Bayesian statistical approach to dengue modelling was a generalised linear mixed model with spatial random effects described by a conditional autoregressive prior. A limited number of studies included spatio-temporal random effects. Temperature and precipitation were shown to often influence the risk of dengue. Developing spatio-temporal random-effect models, considering other priors, using a dataset that covers an extended time period, and investigating other covariates would help to better understand and control DF transmission.

scholarly journals Aspects of Tertiary Prevention in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Gabriel Zeno Munteanu ◽  
Zeno Virgiliu Ioan Munteanu ◽  
George Roiu ◽  
Cristian Marius Daina ◽  
Raluca Moraru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Glaucoma Patient ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tertiary Prevention ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Primary Glaucoma

The purpose of the study is to assess the health of patients in the activity of tertiary prevention dedicated to preventing blindness caused by POAG (primary glaucoma with open angle and high tension) and NTG (primary glaucoma with open-angle and statistically normal tension—particular form of glaucoma with open angle) and preservation of the remaining visual function. The design of the study is epidemiological, observational, descriptive and retrospective, and uses only the data recorded in the existing records in the archives of the Ophthalmology office within the Integrated Outpatient Clinic of the Emergency Clinical Hospital of Oradea (IOCECHO) during the years 1999–2019 (anamnestic data; objective examination and paraclinical examination: intraocular pressure—IOP and visual field—VF). The methods of the study included the standardized protocol: anamnesis, physical ophthalmological examination, IOP determination, and computerized perimetry with the “Fast Threshold” strategy performed with the “Opto AP-300” perimeter. The obtained results were statistically processed with a specialized software (S.P.S.S.—I.B.M. Statistics version 22). The study examined the available data of 522 patients of which 140 were men (26.8%) and 382 were women (73.2%). The gender ratio was 0.37. In the period 1999–2019, 150,844 people with ophthalmic pathology were consulted in the Ophthalmology office of IOCECHO out of which 522 patients (0.35%) were diagnosed with primitive open-angle glaucoma, 184 people (35.2%) presented high IOP (POAG), and 338 people (64.8%) had statistically normal IOP (NTG). The annual proportion of cases diagnosed with glaucoma in the total number of patients examined was between 0.1% (2005; 2008; 2010) and 2.4% in 2012, when 101 people were detected. In the studied records, no cases of uni- and/or bilateral blindness were mentioned. The mean age of glaucoma patients at the first consultation was 60.81 ± 12.14 years with high frequencies in the 55–69 age groups and at the last consultation it was 66.10 ± 12.47 years with high frequencies in the age groups between 60–74 years. Monitoring and treatment of glaucoma patients was beneficial; IOP decreased statistically significantly: in patients with POAG by 46.16%, from 30.50 ± 7.98 mmHg to 16.42 ± 3.01 mmHg (p = 0.000) and in those with NTG by 17.44%, at 16.39 ± 3.66 mmHg at 13.53 ± 1.92 mmHG (p = 0.000). The duration of treatment and monitoring was on average 5.1 ± 3.4 years, for 184 patients (35.2%) with POAG and 5.1 ± 3.8 years for 338 patients (64.8%) with NTG. Tertiary prevention of glaucoma, by providing specialized care, ensures effective control of IOP and implicitly of the long-term evolution of the disease. IOP is the only modifiable risk factor in patients with POAG and NTG and its decrease prevents the progression of the disease and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. The management of the glaucoma patient consisted of: complete ophthalmological examination (subjective and objective), paraclinical examination with IOP, and VF measurement (valuable ophthalmological diagnostic tool) for disease detection and effective assessment of disease progression in order to improve the process of therapeutic decision making.

Wideband Absorbance in Young Infants (0–6 months): A Cross-Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 471-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreedevi Aithal ◽  
Joseph Kei ◽  
Carlie Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distortion Product ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Data Points

Background: Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) studies on infants have shown changes in WAI measures with age. These changes are attributed, at least in part, to developmental effects. However, developmental effects in young infants (0–6 mo) on WAI have not been systematically investigated. Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare wideband absorbance (WBA) in healthy neonates and infants aged 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo. Research Design: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. All participants were assessed by using 1-kHz tympanometry, distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests, and WBA tests. Study Sample: Participants included 35 newborns (35 ears), 16 infants aged 1 mo (29 ears), 16 infants aged 2 mo (29 ears), 15 infants aged 4 mo (28 ears), and 14 infants aged 6 mo (27 ears). For each participant, the ears that passed both high-frequency (1-kHz) tympanometry and DPOAE tests were included for analysis. Data Collection and Analysis: WBA was recorded at ambient pressure conditions, and the response consisted of 16 data points at 1/3-octave frequencies from 0.25 to 8 kHz. A mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data in each age group to evaluate the effects of sex, ear, and frequency on WBA. WBA was compared between various age groups. In addition, a separate mixed-model ANOVA was applied to WBA data, and post hoc analyses with the Bonferroni correction were performed at each of the 16 data points at 1/3-octave frequencies across age groups to examine the effect of age on WBA. Results: For all age groups, WBA was highest between 1.5 and 5 kHz and lowest at frequencies of less than 1.5 kHz and greater than 5 kHz. A developmental trend was evident, with both the 0- and 6-mo-old infants being significantly different from other age groups at most frequencies. The WBA results exhibited a multipeaked pattern for infants aged 0 to 2 mo, whereas a single broad peaked pattern for 4- and 6-mo-old infants was observed. The difference in WBA between 0- and 6-mo-old infants was statistically significant across most frequencies. In contrast, the WBA results for 1- and 2-mo-old infants were comparable. There were no significant sex or ear effects on WBA for all age groups. Conclusions: Developmental effects of WBA were evident for infants during the first 6 mo of life. The WBA data can be used as a reference for detecting disorders in the sound-conductive pathways (outer and middle ear) in young infants. Further development of age-specific normative WBA data in young infants is warranted.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., spatial clustering and patterns of shedding in dairy calves from Córdoba, Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Tiranti ◽  
Alejandro Larriestra ◽  
Claudina Vissio ◽  
Natalia Picco ◽  
Fabrisio Alustiza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Variable Clustering ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Primary Cluster

The objectives of this study were to estimate calf and herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., the herd prevalence clustering, spatial distribution according to soil type and shedding patterns in dairy calves from Cordoba, Argentina. Six hundred twenty calves younger than 7 weeks of age from 43 dairy herds were sampled. Samples were processed with the formol-ether and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Univariate analysis and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used. Factors associated were subjected to multivariate analysis with calf shedding intensity as the response variable. Clustering of herd prevalence was assessed by a scan method, and spatial analysis was applied to explore the overlapping of high prevalence herds and soil type. Overall calf prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts were 19.35% (95% CI: 16.14; 22.54) and 34.50% (95% CI: 30.69; 38.34), respectively. Calves younger than two weeks of age were almost four times more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium, in comparison to older ones (RR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.27; 6.26). Giardia spp. shedding showed a similar age pattern (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02; 1.75). A primary cluster of high Cryptosporidium prevalence was found, and high prevalence herds were located in areas with poor drained soil.

scholarly journals Nextgen Vector Surveillance Tools: sensitive, specific, cost-effective and epidemiologically relevant

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Farlow ◽  
Tanya L. Russell ◽  
Thomas R. Burkot
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Vector Data ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Current Vector ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Background Vector surveillance provides critical data for decision-making to ensure that malaria control programmes remain effective and responsive to any threats to a successful control and elimination programme. The quality and quantity of data collected is dependent on the sampling tools and laboratory techniques used which may lack the sensitivity required to collect relevant data for decision-making. Here, 40 vector control experts were interviewed to assess the benefits and limitations of the current vector surveillance tools and techniques. In addition, experts shared ideas on “blue sky” indicators which encompassed ideas for novel methods to monitor presently used indicators, or to measure novel vector behaviours not presently measured. Algorithms for deploying surveillance tools and priorities for understanding vector behaviours are also needed for collecting and interpreting vector data. Results The available tools for sampling and analysing vectors are often hampered by high labour and resource requirements (human and supplies) coupled with high outlay and operating costs and variable tool performance across species and geographic regions. The next generation of surveillance tools needs to address the limitations of present tools by being more sensitive, specific and less costly to deploy to enable the collection and use of epidemiologically relevant vector data to facilitate more proactive vector control guidance. Ideas and attributes for Target Product Profiles (TPPs) generated from this analysis provide targets for research and funding to develop next generation tools. Conclusions More efficient surveillance tools and a more complete understanding of vector behaviours and populations will provide a basis for more cost effective and successful malaria control. Understanding the vectors’ behaviours will allow interventions to be deployed that target vulnerabilities in vector behaviours and thus enable more effective control. Through defining the strengths and weaknesses of the current vector surveillance methods, a foundation and initial framework was provided to define the TPPs for the next generation of vector surveillance methods. The draft TTPs presented here aim to ensure that the next generation tools and technologies are not encumbered by the limitations of present surveillance methods and can be readily deployed in low resource settings.

scholarly journals Modelling control measures to reduce the impact of pandemic influenza among schoolchildren

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1035-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-C. CHEN ◽  
C.-M. LIAO
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccination Coverage Rate ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYWe coupled the Wells–Riley equation and the susceptible–exposed–infected–recovery (SEIR) model to quantify the impact of the combination of indoor air-based control measures of enhanced ventilation and respiratory masking in containing pandemic influenza within an elementary school. We integrated indoor environmental factors of a real elementary school and aetiological characteristics of influenza to estimate the age-specific risk of infection (P) and basic reproduction number (R0). We combined the enhanced ventilation rates of 0·5, 1, 1·5, and 2/h and respiratory masking with 60%, 70%, 80%, and 95% efficacies, respectively, to predict the reducing level of R0. We also took into account the critical vaccination coverage rate among schoolchildren. Age-specific P and R0 were estimated respectively to be 0·29 and 16·90; 0·56 and 16·11; 0·59 and 12·88; 0·64 and 16·09; and 0·07 and 2·80 for five age groups 4–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11–12, and 25–45 years, indicating pre-schoolchildren have the highest transmission potential. We conclude that our integrated approach, employing the mechanism of transmission of indoor respiratory infection, population-dynamic transmission model, and the impact of infectious control programmes, is a powerful tool for risk profiling prediction of pandemic influenza among schoolchildren.

scholarly journals Prevalence and spatial analysis of antileptospiral agglutinins in dairy cattle - Microregion of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 2009/2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Nicolino ◽  
L.B. Lopes ◽  
R.O. Rodrigues ◽  
J.F.B. Teixeira ◽  
J.P.A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Lactating Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in the dairy herds from Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the years 2009 and 2010. A total of 2,915 serum samples were collected from the lactating cows of 151 properties in eleven municipalities located in the Sete Lagoas region. The Microscopic Agglutination Test was used to detect antileptospiral agglutinins. An individual animal prevalence of 20.7% (95% CI = 17.1% - 24.3%) and a herd prevalence of 80.8% (95% CI = 73.8% = 87.7%) were determined. The most prevalent serovars were hardjoprajitno at 19.4%; hardjoprajitnostrain Norma at 17.4%; and hardjo-bovis at 17.4%. These results show the significance of the hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis cases in Minas Gerais.

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