Application of an integrated outbreak management plan for the control of leptospirosis in dairy cattle herds

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. MUGHINI-GRAS ◽  
L. BONFANTI ◽  
A. NATALE ◽  
A. COMIN ◽  
A. FERRONATO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Leptospira Borgpetersenii ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Paired Serum

SUMMARYTwo outbreaks of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo infection in dairy cattle herds were managed through the application of enhanced biosecurity measures, whole-herd antibiotic treatment and vaccination. Micro-agglutination test antibody titres were determined in paired serum samples at 3 weeks (T1: n = 125, 97% seropositivity, median 800, range 100–12 800) and 24 weeks (T2: n = 110, 88% seropositivity, median 200, range 100–6400) after vaccination and studied in relation to cows' age, herd of origin and sampling time. From T1 to T2, vaccine-elicited antibody titres decreased by 84·7% (95% CI 76·2–90·1). Consistent with increasing immunocompetence in calves (aged <12 months) and immunosenescence in adult cows (aged >36 months) associated with ageing, antibody titres correlated positively with calves' age and negatively with adult cows' age. No cow had cultivable, (histo)pathologically detectable and/or PCR-detectable leptospires in urine or kidney samples after treatment and vaccination. Vaccination together with proper biosecurity measures and chemoprophylaxis are an affordable insurance to control bovine leptospirosis.

scholarly journals Antibodies against Bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy herds in the state of Espirito Santo, Brasil

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Rebouças Santos ◽  
Hanna Carolina Campos Ferreira ◽  
Marcos Antônio dos Santos ◽  
Giuliana Loreto Saraiva ◽  
Natália Filardi Tafuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
The State ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Espirito Santo

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) causes major losses in worldwide livestock, affecting the respiratory and reproductive tracts of bovine. In the past decades, the number of cases in Brazil has been gradually increasing. Therefore, it is important to assess the distribution of infection in different regions of the country. In the state of Espírito Santo (ES) the BoHV 1 infection rate in dairy cattle herds is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect neutralizing antibodies against BoHV-1 in serum samples from 1,161 non-vaccinated cows from 59 dairy cattle herds in 23 municipalities of the Metropolitan, North, Northwest and South macro-regions. The identification of seropositive cows was evaluated by the virus neutralization test. The results showed that of all serum samples evaluated 775 (66.75%) had neutralizing antibodies against BoHV-1. Moreover, all herds were found positive; however, the percentage of positive cows varied among regions; 49.06%, 62.15%, 67.21% and 80.04% for the Metropolitan, South, North and Northwest macro-regions, respectively. In this study, the results clearly indicate the dissemination of the viral agent in dairy cattle in the ES state, requiring the monitoring and control of diseases related to BoHV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Field Experience of Antibody Testing against Mycoplasma bovis in Adult Cows in Commercial Danish Dairy Cattle Herds

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Bisgaard Petersen ◽  
Lars Pedersen ◽  
Lone Møller Pedersen ◽  
Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Practice Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Paired Serum ◽  
Danish Dairy

Mycoplasma bovis in cattle is difficult to diagnose. Recently, the ID screen® mycoplasma bovis indirect ELISA (ID screen) was commercially released by IDVet. The objectives of this study were to: (1) gain and share experience of using the ID screen in adult dairy cows under field conditions; (2) determine the correlation between antibody levels in milk and serum and (3) compare the ID screen results with those of the Bio K 302 (BioX 302) ELISA from BioX Diagnostics. Paired serum and milk samples were collected from 270 cows from 12 Danish dairy herds with three categories of M. bovis disease history. The ID screen tested nearly all cows positive in all, but the three non-infected herds, while the BioX 302 tested very few cows positive. The ID screen is therefore a much more sensitive test than the BioX 302. However, cows in five exposed herds without signs of ongoing infection and two herds with no history of M. bovis infection also tested ID screen positive. Therefore, the performance and interpretation of the test must be investigated under field conditions in best practice test evaluation setups. A concordance correlation coefficient of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.59–0.72) between the ID screen serum and milk results indicates that milk samples can replace serum samples for the ID screen diagnosis of M. bovis in adult cows.

scholarly journals Prevalence and spatial analysis of antileptospiral agglutinins in dairy cattle - Microregion of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 2009/2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Nicolino ◽  
L.B. Lopes ◽  
R.O. Rodrigues ◽  
J.F.B. Teixeira ◽  
J.P.A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Lactating Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in the dairy herds from Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the years 2009 and 2010. A total of 2,915 serum samples were collected from the lactating cows of 151 properties in eleven municipalities located in the Sete Lagoas region. The Microscopic Agglutination Test was used to detect antileptospiral agglutinins. An individual animal prevalence of 20.7% (95% CI = 17.1% - 24.3%) and a herd prevalence of 80.8% (95% CI = 73.8% = 87.7%) were determined. The most prevalent serovars were hardjoprajitno at 19.4%; hardjoprajitnostrain Norma at 17.4%; and hardjo-bovis at 17.4%. These results show the significance of the hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis cases in Minas Gerais.

scholarly journals Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Point of Care Devices in the Laboratory and Clinical Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty McCance ◽  
Helen Wise ◽  
Jennifer Simpson ◽  
Becky Bachelor ◽  
Harriet Hale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Paired Serum ◽  
Antibody Tests

SARS-CoV-2 Antibody tests have been marketed to diagnose previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and as a test of immune status. There is a lack of evidence on the performance and clinical utility of these tests. We aimed to carry out an evaluation of 14 point of care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests. Serum from participants with previous RT-PCR (Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and pre-pandemic controls were used to determine specificity and sensitivity of each POC device. Changes in sensitivity with increasing time from infection were determined on a cohort of participants. Corresponding neutralising antibody status was measured to establish whether the detection of antibodies by the POC device correlated with immune status. Paired capillary and serum samples were collected to ascertain whether POC devices performed comparably on capillary samples. Sensitivity and specificity varied between the POC devices and in general did not meet the manufacturers reported performance characteristics signifying the importance of independent evaluation of these tests. The sensitivity peaked at >20 days following symptoms onset however sensitivity of 3 POC devices evaluated at extended time points showed that sensitivity declined with time and this was particularly marked at >140 days post infection onset. This is relevant if the tests are to be used for sero-prevelence studies. Neutralising antibody data showed positive antibody results on POC devices did not necessarily confer high neutralising antibody titres and these POC devices cannot be used to determine immune status to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Comparison of paired serum and capillary results showed that there was a decline in sensitivity using capillary blood. This has implications in the utility of the test as they are designed to be used on capillary blood by the general population.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated to Neospora caninum in dairy cattle herds in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia

2013 ◽  
pp. 3311-3316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío Cedeño Q ◽  
Bibiana Benavides B
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cattle Herds

ABSTRACTObjective. To determine seroprevalence and risk factors associated to Neospora caninum in non-vaccinated dairy cattle against infectious agents of reproductive syndrome in the municipality of Pasto, Colombia. Materials and methods. Farms over 2527 meters over sea level were selected, a total of 238 serum samples of Holstein cows were collected and analyzed using the indirect ELISA test to determine N. caninum seropositivity. An epidemiological survey was realized in each herd which included variables related to health and management measures of cattle. A multivariate analysis of binary logistic regression was used with a confidence interval of 95% (p<0.05) using SPSS19® program. Results. The estimated prevalence of N. caninum was 76.9%. The risk factors associated to neosporosis infection in the analyzed farms are as follows: residues of abortions generally left outdoors and not buried (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.5 - 9.6); dogs fed with leftovers (OR 15.44 IC 95% 1.94-123.22) and bulls allowed to mate with cows (OR 19.68, 95% CI 2.34 - 165.52). Conclusions. The high prevalence of N. caninum and the low abortion rate in dairy herds of the municipality of Pasto corroborated no existence of the disease in all animals serologically positive, but it did suggest that at some point in their lives they were exposed to N. caninum. From the identified risk factors in this study, recommendations can be provided for an effective control of reproductive diseases like Neosporosis present in this region.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of Leptospira spp. infection in bovine herds in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e180127
Author(s):  
Renata Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Danila Fernanda Rodrigues Frias ◽  
Glaucenyra Cecília Pinheiro da Silva ◽  
Talita Ribeiro Silva ◽  
Nivaldo Aparecido de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Serological Diagnosis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

The epidemiological characteristics of bovine leptospirosis in animals and herds in Mato Grosso do Sul were investigated to determine parameters such as disease frequency and the serovars reactant in beef cattle herds. A total of 4,629 beef cattle herds were examined against 33 Leptospira spp. serovars. The serum samples were submitted to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. The MAT results showed that 3,814 (82.39%) of the 4,629 animals evaluated were seropositive for the bacterium, with serological reactions mainly to serogroup Sejroe, serovar Wolffi (36.49%). The observed high frequency of reactive animals demonstrates the relevance of the infection. Therefore, general and specific measures should be implemented to contain and/or prevent infection of the animals in the studied region.

scholarly journals Soroepidemiological survey of chlamydia abortus infection in bovine in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-240
Author(s):  
Adalberto Leite da Silva Neto ◽  
◽  
Bruno Pajeú e Silva ◽  
Érica Chaves Lúcio ◽  
Sérgio Alves do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
The State ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chlamydia Abortus ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
First Time ◽  
Intensive System

The objective of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological survey of Chlamydia abortus infection in dairy cattle herds. A total of 303 blood serum samples were collected from 24 property in Vale do Ipanema microregion in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. For the diagnosis of C. abortus infection, a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA) was used. A prevalence of 34.0% (103/303; 95% CI: 28.7%-39.7%) of infected animals was identified. In 79.8% (19/24) of the properties, at least one infected animal was detected. The risk factors identified were: semi-intensive system (OR = 3.47, p ≤ 0.000), extensive system (OR = 8.14; p ≤ 0.000), supply of water in troughs and directly at the fountain (OR = 2.29, p = 0.002), pasture rent (OR = 1.72, p = 0.041), use of artificial insemination (AI) (OR = 3.07, p = 0.002), and use of AI associated with natural mount (OR = 2.22, p = 0.003). The occurrence of C. abortus infection in dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, was recorded for the first time. It is concluded that the infection by this agent is present in the analyzed herds and that hygienic and sanitary management measures based on the identified risk factors should be implemented to avoid reproductive losses and losses to the producers.

scholarly journals Documenting the absence of bovine brucellosis in dairy cattle herds in the southern region of Malawi and the associated knowledge, attitudes and practices of farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Kothowa ◽  
Ruth L. Mfune ◽  
Jacques Godfroid ◽  
Bernard M. Hang'Ombe ◽  
Martin Simuunza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

There is paucity of Brucella prevalence data in Malawi. For this reason, a cross-sectional study was conducted, from 06 January 2020 to 27 February 2020, to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cattle herds amongst smallholder farmers, government and private dairy farms in the southern region. A total of 529 serum samples were screened for anti-Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). A pre-tested electronic (Epicollect tool, Wellcome Sanger Institute, United Kingdom) questionnaire was administered to 378 smallholder farmers to assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards brucellosis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data in Microsoft Excel® and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 21. No animal tested positive for presence of anti-Brucella antibodies, indicating 0% prevalence (individual and herd levels). The majority (94.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 91.8–96.5) of smallholder farmers had never heard about brucellosis. Furthermore, assisting during parturition without protective equipment (41.3%; 95% CI: 36.3–46.2) and using bulls for breeding (75%; 95% CI: 70.2–78.9) were amongst the common risk practices that were identified. We could not detect brucellosis in this study that indicates the disease could be very rare or even absent in the dairy cattle herds of the southern region of Malawi. However, further Brucella studies need to be conducted in cattle, small livestock, wildlife and humans to document the true status of brucellosis in the country. Brucellosis surveillance, monitoring, awareness and preventive measures are required to maintain this favourable situation.

Reduction of Milk Contamination with Aflatoxin-M1 through Vaccination of Dairy Cattle with Aflatoxin-B1 Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Before And After

Aflatoxin M1 is one of mycotoxin derivatives, which is secreted in milk of dairy cattle fed on feed contaminated with Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). The current study was designed to prepare a vaccine against AFB1and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing or preventing secretion of AFM1 in milk. Aflatoxin-B1 was prepared, purified and transformed into oxime, then it was fixed on bovine serum albumins. The AFB1-BSA conjugate was adjuvanted with Gold Nano particles then Montanide ISA 206. The prepared vaccine was used for immunization of rabbits by S/c routes as 100 µg/dose and dairy cattle by I/M routes as 500 µg/dose. The vaccinated animals were boosted at 3 weeks post primary immunization. Serum samples were collected and examined for the anti-AFB1 using AGPT. A mean titer of 15.2 AGPU/ml was detected at 2 weeks post primary vaccination then significantly increased till reached to 76.8 AGPU/ml at 6 weeks post Booster vaccination. All vaccinated rabbits were challenged with dose of 0.3 mg AFB1 toxin/Kg. The vaccinated rabbit showed 100% protection and no AFB1 toxin residue was detected in their livers. Milk samples were collected from non-vaccinated and AFB1-immunized dairy cattle then examined with ELISA for quantitation of AFM1 residues before and after vaccination. The results showed that the prepared AFB1 vaccine was safe, potent and able to reduce AFM1 release in milk of vaccinated heifers by 70%. So the vaccination of lactating animals with the AFB1vaccine might represent a valid tool for the prevention of AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products.

scholarly journals Serum BCMA levels predict outcomes in MGUS and smoldering myeloma patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Visram ◽  
C. Soof ◽  
S. V. Rajkumar ◽  
S. K. Kumar ◽  
S. Bujarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Gammopathy ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Independent Validation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Paired Serum ◽  
Smoldering Myeloma ◽  
Undetermined Significance

AbstractSoluble BCMA (sBCMA) levels are elevated in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). However, the association between sBCMA levels and prognosis in MGUS and SMM has not been studied. We retrospectively analyzed sBCMA levels in stored samples from 99 MGUS and 184 SMM patients. Baseline sBCMA levels were significantly higher in MGUS and SMM patients progressing to MM during clinical follow up. When stratified according to the median baseline sBCMA level for each cohort, higher levels were associated with a shorter PFS for MGUS (HR 3.44 comparing sBCMA ≥77 vs <77 ng/mL [95% CI 2.07–5.73, p < 0.001] and SMM (HR 2.0 comparing sBCMA ≥128 vs <128 ng/mL, 95% 1.45–2.76, p < 0.001) patients. The effect of sBCMA on PFS was similar even after adjusting for the baseline MGUS or SMM risk stratification. We evaluated paired serum samples and found that sBCMA increased significantly in MGUS and SMM patients who eventually progressed to MM, whereas among MGUS non-progressors the sBCMA level remained stable. While our results require independent validation, they suggest that sBCMA may be a useful biomarker to identify MGUS and SMM patients at increased risk of progression to MM independent of the established risk models.

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