scholarly journals Organizational Structure and Operation of the Illinois Wine Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. V. Franken ◽  
Kevin J. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Vertical Coordination ◽  
Quality Matters ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Adequate Quality

This study examines vertical coordination in the wine industry emerging in Illinois. We find that quality matters as temporal issues related to grape perishability increase the probability of written contracts being used to procure grapes. Holdup concerns related to sourcing adequate quality grapes and at-risk investments in grape storage and winemaking equipment lead to vertical integration. In general, larger wineries must obtain some grapes from outside vineyards and sell wine predominantly through tasting rooms and distributors. Smaller wineries rely more on direct sales to retailers, festivals, and farmers' markets. Marketing outlet selection also reflects the types of wine produced.

scholarly journals Factor endowments, markets and vertical integration. The development of commercial wine production in Argentina, Australia and California, c1870-1914

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
New World ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Grape Quality

AbstractGrape quality and the nature of market demand played a major role in determining the organizational structure of the wine industry in the three decades prior to 1914. In contrast to Europe where grape growing and winemaking were specialist activities, in the New World winemaking and selling were often integrated. This encouraged the appearance of large industrial wineries producing wines that could be branded. Differences within the New World itself can be attributable to the nature of demand and, in particular, to whether wine was considered an article of primary consumption (Argentina), or whether it competed with other, more popular alcoholic beverages such as beer and spirits (Australia and California).

scholarly journals Bringing party organization back in: a comparative analysis of party representation in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-706
Author(s):  
Nathalie Giger ◽  
Gijs Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Party Organization

AbstractIn this study we focus on party organizational characteristics as key determinants of party congruence. We examine how the horizontal and vertical integration of parties is linked to representation in comparative perspective. We further focus on how congruence is achieved by detailing our expectation regarding effects on the uncertainty versus bias in the estimates of party constituents' opinion. Exploiting a comparative database on political parties and data from Comparative Studies of Electoral Systems, we show that having a complex organizational structure and being leadership dominated makes parties less representative of their constituencies. These findings carry important implications for the study of political representation but also for the literature on political parties in crisis.

scholarly journals Legal Instruments to Support Local Food Systems in Italian Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Anna Kapała
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Local Food Systems ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
Many Instruments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Final Consumer

AbstractThe purpose of the discussion is an attempt to determine in what forms, which meet the criteria of local food systems (LFS), it is possible under Italian law to sell agri-food products by the farmer who is their producer. These forms imply a direct sale, or with the participation of at most one intermediary, to the final consumer, in close geographical distance between the place of production and sale. The analysis showed that Italian legislator, national and regional, provides for many instruments that are crucial in creating LFS, such as direct sales of agri-food products, farmers’ markets reserved only for the local farmers; the sale of meals consisting of the farmer’s products at the agritourism; wine routes; regional designation “products from zero kilometres”, emphasizing the geographical proximity between the place of manufacture and the place of sale; as well as a support for the social initiatives such as Solidarity Purchasing Groups.

Abstract P118: County-Level Disparities in the Availability of Farmers Markets in the United States: An Ecological Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Singleton ◽  
Olivia Affuso ◽  
Bisakha Sen
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
County Level ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Recreation Centers ◽  
Per Capita

Introduction: Farmers markets (FM) have been hypothesized to be a potential community-level obesity prevention strategy for populations at risk for chronic diseases because they provide a mechanism for communities to purchase healthy locally grown produce. This study aimed to identify county-level factors associated with FM availability in an effort to determine if disparities in availability exist in the US. Hypothesis: Increased FM availability will be associated with higher median household income, lower % minority residents, lower % obese residents and a higher number of grocery stores and recreation centers per 100,000 residents. Methods: An ecological study was conducted using 2009 data from the USDA Food Environment Atlas on 3,135 US counties. Crude and multivariable adjusted logistic regression models where used to determine associations between having at least one FM available and county-level variables such as % African American (AA) residents, % Hispanic residents, median household income, % WIC participants, % adults obese, % adults with diabetes, per capita grocery stores, per capita supercenters and per capita recreation centers. All analyses were stratified by metro county status and adjusted to address data clustering at the state-level. Results: There were 1,088 and 2,047 counties labeled metro and non-metro respectively. Metro Results : Median household income (p = 0.002) and per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.008), per capita grocery stores (p = 0.02) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.0001) showed a negative association. Non-Metro Results: Median household income (p < 0.0001), per capita recreation centers (p < 0.0001) and per capita supercenters (p < 0.0001) were positively associated with FM availability while % WIC residents (p = 0.02), per capita grocery stores (p < 0.0001) and % adults with diabetes (p < 0.03) showed a negative association. The % AA residents appeared to be negatively associated with FM availability but did not achieve statistical significance. County obesity prevalence was not associated with FM availability in both metro and non-metro counties. Conclusion: Results showed that counties with more recreation centers and a higher median household income have increased FM availability while counties with more WIC participants and residents with diabetes have less availability. More information on the association between FM access, diet and obesity in at risk populations should be collected at the individual level.

Brokers as Experts in the French Wine Industry

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M'hand Fares
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Coordination Mechanism ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Vertical Coordination ◽  
Pareto Improving ◽  
Quality Process

AbstractThe increasing industrialization of the wine supply chain is often associated with a greater vertical coordination. Our paper shows that a spot market institutional arrangement like brokerage can still be a relevant coordination mechanism to mitigate the contractual hazards due to quality problems. Indeed, a broker can be viewed as an expert that can help the merchant to monitor the grower's wine quality process. More precisely, if the merchant cannot credibly monitor the wine making process, it is Pareto improving to delegate this task to a broker. (JEL Classification: D82, L80, M12)

scholarly journals Evaluating the Economic Impact of Farmers' Markets Using an Opportunity Cost Framework

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Hughes ◽  
Cheryl Brown ◽  
Stacy Miller ◽  
Tom McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
The West ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Gross State Product ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Impact

Farmers' markets presumably benefit local economies through enhanced retention of local dollars. Unlike other studies, the net impact of farmers' markets on the West Virginia economy is examined. Producer survey results are used in estimating annual direct sales ($1,725 million). Using an IMPLAN-based input-output model, gross impacts are 119 jobs (69 full-time equivalent jobs) and $2,389 million in output including $1.48 million in gross state product (GSP). When the effect of direct revenue losses are included (primarily for grocery stores), the impact is reduced to 82 jobs (43 full-time equivalent jobs), $1,075 million in output, and $0,653 million in GSP.

Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and Their Counterparts in Ontario

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pruysers
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canadian Politics ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Multiple Levels

AbstractThis paper reconsiders whether federal and provincial parties are as independent and separate as the literature would suggest. Examining five different types of party personnel (party members, activists, riding presidents, candidates and legislators) this paper explores how federal parties and their counterparts in Ontario have responded to multi-level governance. Rather than embracing “two political worlds,” party personnel have responded to the federal nature of Canadian politics by engaging with parties at multiple levels. Additionally, the paper examines two competing explanations of party integration and seeks to uncover whether differences organizational design or ideological consistency best explain divergent levels of party integration. The experience of the Conservatives demonstrates that vertical integration is not a result of a party's organizational design alone and that a coherent ideology can help to offset a truncated organizational structure.

Hedonic analysis of US fresh produce prices at direct-to-consumer sales outlets versus competing retailers

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Price Differences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare prices for fresh tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, and apples at direct-to-consumer sales outlets (e.g. farmers markets, roadside stands, on-farm stores) in the USA to grocery stores and supercenters, while controlling for other attributes. Design/methodology/approach – The author estimates a hedonic regression model to determine price differences at direct sales outlets, grocery stores, and supercenters in various regions and seasons of the year. The analysis is conducted using 2006 Nielsen Homescan data. Other product and market attributes are also considered, along with characteristics of the household sample. Findings – Prices at direct sales outlets are lower than grocery store prices throughout the year and across the USA. Prices at direct sales outlets for some product/location/season combinations were higher than or comparable to supercenter prices. Research limitations/implications – Future research is needed to examine how price differences may vary across the various types of direct marketing outlets. Originality/value – Few studies have examined price differences between direct sales outlets and conventional retail stores. No studies have used nationally representative data to analyze these price differences across produce type, season, and geographic areas.

Are strategic orientations and managerial characteristics drivers of performance in the US wine industry?

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand Gilinsky ◽  
Sandra Newton ◽  
Robert Eyler
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Firm Age ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Profit Growth

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of strategic orientations and managerial characteristics on the performance of wine businesses in the US wine industry. Also considered is the power of firm size as measured by production and firm age since founding, as moderating variables that could attenuate or heighten their impact. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered via an online survey, where 306 representatives of the US wineries responded. Data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, cross-tabulations and Pearson chi-square (χ2) analysis. Findings Wine businesses that reported increased sales and profits over the previous three years made significant changes to organizational structure and staffing levels. Wineries that reported flat or decreasing sales and profits were less apt to make changes in organizational structure or staffing levels. Firm age was found to mediate performance in terms of incremental sales and profit growth; firm size was found to mediate only incremental profit growth. Practical implications Developing skills in marketing, strategic planning and entrepreneurial thinking to build a defensible industry position and to create the staffing and structure to support that position appear to be of great importance to wine businesses. Originality/value This study develops and tests a model investigating how firm size and age impact strategic orientations and managerial characteristics on the performance of the US wine businesses. This study investigates which strategic orientations and managerial characteristics wine businesses need to be successful in the future.

Are Cattle Markets the Last Frontier? Vertical Coordination in Animal-Based Procurement Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Crespi ◽  
Tina L. Saitone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Vertical Coordination ◽  
Cattle Markets ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Over Time

Vertical integration and contracting have been documented as important developments in enhancing the efficiency of supply chains in agriculture. Despite the efficiency gains, movement toward greater integration remains controversial. Meanwhile, the diffusion of these alternative procurement mechanisms has been heterogeneous over time and across commodities. In this review we compare and contrast the livestock and poultry industries in the United States to provide insights into the future of integration and coordination throughout the beef cattle supply chain. While similarities exist across livestock and poultry industries, there are significant differences that placed the beef industry on a different trajectory, with a variety of structural and biological factors that have limited the industry's progression toward greater integration.

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