scholarly journals The effect of dietary protein content and feeding level on the rate of protein deposition and energy utilization in growing Iberian pigs from 15 to 50kg body weight

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
A. Miranda ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) and on the rates of gain, protein and fat deposition have been studied in seventy-two Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg body weight (BW) by means of comparative slaughter experiments. The animals were fed on six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (N×6·25; CP)/kg DM and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ ME/kg DM respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95×ad libitum intake. Protein deposition (PD) increased significantly (P<0·01) with each decrease in dietary CP content and reached a maximum value (74·0 g) when the diet providing 129 g CP/kg DM (6·86 g digestible ideal protein/MJ ME) was offered at the highest feeding level. This feeding regimen resulted in average values for live-weight gain and retained energy (RE) of 559 g/d and 10·9 MJ/d respectively. RE increased significantly (P<0·001) from 480 to 626 kJ/kg BW0·75 with each decrease in dietary CP content from 192 to 129 g/kg DM. Raising the level of feed intake led to significant linear increases in PD and RE irrespective of the diet fed (P<0·001). When diets approaching an adequate supply of CP were given, the net efficiency of use of ME for growth (kw) and the maintenance energy requirements were 58·2 % and 422 kJ/kg BW0·75 per d respectively.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously or sequentially

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Expected Values

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out in Scotland 1984 to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed three diets: roughage (R) consisting of chopped dried grass; concentrate (C) containing 700 g whole barley, 225 g ground barley and 75 g fishmeal/kg dry matter (DM); and a mixed diet (M) containing 500 g of roughage and 500 g of concentrate/kg DM. The DM and organic matter digestibility coefficients of diet M were lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 4·0% lower than expected.In the second experiment, 40 lambs ofc. 20 kg live weight (LW) were offered 50 kg roughage DM (ME 9·74 MJ/kg DM) and 50 kg concentrate DM (ME 12·21 MJ/kg DM) either as a mixture (treatment M) or sequentially (treatment S). Lambs on treatment S took 33 days longer to consume their allocation of food than those on treatment M, but achieved a similar final empty body weight and empty body composition. This contrasts with results predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar LW offered diets of the same ME content. The longer feeding period, and hence greater overall maintenance requirement, of lambs on treatment S was partly offset by associated effects causing a reduction in the total ME available to lambs on treatment M, and partly to improved efficiency of energy utilization for gain and/or a lower daily maintenance requirement of lambs on treatment S. Allowing for associated effects and the adoption of a variable maintenance requirement in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

The tissue and dietary protein and amino acid requirements of pigs from 8.0 to 20.0 kg live weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
C. J. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

AbstractForty-three entire males were used to determine the pig's tissue requirements for protein and amino acids from 8·0 to 20·0 kg, and provide information on the capacity of diets formulated with conventional ingredients to contain the same levels and balances of amino acids as ideal protein to supply these nutrients. Seven diets with similar digestible energy (15·9 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and crude protein concentrations from 119 to 232 g/kg (8·7 to 17·3 g lysine per kg) were offered ad libitum between 8·0 and 200 kg live weight. The rate of protein deposition was determined by comparative slaughter. The composition of the protein deposited in the whole empty body was determined from amino acid analyses of pigs killed at 8·0 kg and from the two extreme dietary treatments at 20·0 kg. Growth performance and the rates at which protein and lysine were deposited in the empty body increased linearly with increasing dietary protein concentration up to 187 g/kg and remained relatively constant thereafter. The corresponding dietary protein and lysine intakes required to support maximal protein accretion were 178 g/day (11·7 g/MJ DE) and 13·0 g/day (0·84 g/MJ DE) respectively. Based on the maximal deposition rates for protein (91·8 g/day), and lysine (5·96 g/day) and endogenous protein loss (77middot;6 g/day) estimated from the linear component of the relationship determined between protein deposition and apparent digestible protein intake, the pig's tissue requirements for protein and lysine were only 99·4 g/day (6·5 g/MJ DE) and 6·46 g/day (0·43 g/MJ DE) respectively. This disparity between the pig's tissue protein and amino acid requirements and the dietary levels needed to support these was associated with the fact that the apparent digestibility and biological value of the dietary protein were 0·92 and 0·602 respectively. Apart from small differences in the lysine content of body protein and the methionine: lysine ratio, the average amino acid composition of pigs killed at 8·0 kg, and from the diet of highest protein concentration at 20 kg, was similar to that of ideal protein, indicating that the low utilizability of dietary protein for tissue growth and maintenance was probably associated with low amino acid digestibility and/or availability. The implications of the results with respect to expression of the growing pig's requirements for protein and amino acids are discussed.

scholarly journals The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
F. Berschauer ◽  
R. P. Heavens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rate Of Increase

1. The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (initial body-weight 18–30 kg) were measured over 7 d periods, when they were fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The rations also contained 16·29, 16·96 and 17·24 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM so that the CP:ME values were 9·4, 11·8 and 15·0 g CP/MJ ME respectively. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body-weight per d, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The experiments were carried out at an environmental temperature of 22 (±1)°.2. Heat loss (H) increased significantly (P < 0·01) with increase in ME intake. The rate of increase in H was not, however, influenced by the protein content of the ration. Thus, energy retention (ER) at any given level of ME intake was independent of the ration offered. From the relationship between ER and ME, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and the partial efficiency of energy utilization (k) were determined. MEm varied within the range 494–568 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d, while k varied from 0·70 to 0·76.3. Both energy and protein intakes had a significant influence upon the rates of protein (P) and fat (F) deposition, and hence body-weight gain. At any given level of feed intake P was higher and F lower the higher the protein content of the ration. However, when compared at similar levels of protein intake, both P and F were reduced the higher the protein content of the ration.4. From the multiple regression equations relating P and F to ME, individual estimates of MEm and the energetic efficiencies of protein (kp) and fat (kF) depositions were determined. Using an overall mean kF value of 0·86, it was calculated that MEm ranged from 462 to 525 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d while kp varied from 0·48 to 0·55. The significance of these estimates of kp are discussed in the light of their derivations and in relation to theoretical values.

Effects of dietary protein content and feeding level on carcass characteristics and organ weights of Iberian pigs growing between 50 and 100 kg live weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barea ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
M.A. García ◽  
M.A. Vílchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractThe effects of dietary protein content and level of feeding on carcass characteristics and organ weights were studied in castrated male Iberian pigs growing from 50 to 100 kg live weight (LW). Animals were offered four diets providing 145, 120, 95 and 70 g ideal crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 13·94, 14·29, 14·56 and 14·83 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg DM, respectively. Three levels of feeding were assayed: 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95 of ad libitum intake. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg LW. Daily gain in carcass (carcass gain, g/day) and protein deposition (PD, g/day) in this component attained 76·2% and 78·8% of whole-body average daily gain and PD, respectively. Carcass gain improved with each decrease in dietary CP from 145 up to 120 g/kg DM and then levelled off. A small but significant effect of dietary CP on carcass composition was observed, due to an enhanced fat deposition in pigs fed the lowest protein content diet. Mean values of protein, fat, ash and water contents in the carcass were 101·8, 522·7, 27·6 and 353·7 g/kg respectively. PD in the eviscerated carcass was not affected significantly by dietary protein level but tended to reach a maximum value with the diet that provided 95 g CP per kg DM: 55·7 g/day at the highest feeding level assayed. Carcass energy retention (MJ/day) increased significantly (P<0·001) with decreasing dietary protein supply and on increasing level of feeding. Raising feed intake resulted in a significant decrease for carcass and a concomitant increase for viscera, as proportions of empty body weight (P<0·05 andP<0·001, respectively). Proportional weights of shoulder and ham were not affected either by dietary CP content or feeding level. Proportionate weights of dissectable fat in the shoulder and intermuscular and subcutaneous fat in the ham were not affected by CP content of the diet. In contrast, intermuscular fat content of ham was increased by feeding level (P<0·05), likely with implications for the quality of the cured meat product.

Effects of dietary protein content and food intake on carcass characteristics and organ weights of growing Iberian pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
M. A. Vílchez ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractThe effects of dietary protein content and level of feeding on carcass characteristics and organs weight were evaluated in 72 male castrated Iberian pigs growing from 15 to 50 kg live weight. Animals were offered six diets providing 223, 192, 175, 156, 129 and 101 g crude ideal protein (CP) (N × 6·25) per kg dry matter (DM) and 14·64, 14·14, 14·37, 14·80, 15·36 and 15·53 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg DM, respectively. Each diet was offered at three levels of feeding : 0·60, 0·80 and 0·95 × ad libitum intake. Mean values of protein, fat, ash and water contents in the carcass determined at 50 kg live weight were 130, 378, 28·2 and 458 g/kg, respectively, with a small but significant effect of CP content of the diet on carcass composition (P <0·001 to P <0·01) favouring both protein and fat content on decreasing dietary protein level. Protein deposition (PD) in the eviscerated carcass reached a maximum value when the diet containing 129 g CP per kg DM was offered (54·6 g/day at the highest feeding level). Nitrogen (N) retention in the carcass represented 70·9% of whole-body N retention and the efficiency of this process (carcass N retention : N intake) increased with declining dietary protein content (P <0·001). Carcass energy retention increased significantly with decreasing dietary CP content (P <0·001) and with feeding level (P <0·001). Raising energy intake resulted in a significant increase on total weight of viscera as proportion of empty body weight (P <0·001). Decreasing the CP content in the diet resulted in a lower proportional shoulder weight (P <0·01) meanwhile the proportion of ham decreased significantly (P <0·05) with increase in feeding level. The proportionate weights of dissectable fat in the shoulder and of intermuscular and subcutaneous fat in the ham increased significantly (P <0·05 and P <0·001) in response to decreasing dietary CP content meanwhile only ham intermuscular fat content increased with feeding level (P <0·001). Thus, decreasing dietary protein concentration from well in excess of requirements and increasing energy intake enhance N and fat retention in the carcass but also increases intermuscular fat content in the ham of the Iberian pig with possible implications for meat quality.

Comparative energy and protein utilization in kids and lambs

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Alam ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Free Body

SUMMARYTwenty-eight male castrate kids and 28 male castrate lambs were assigned to a comparative slaughter experiment to compare energy and protein utilization. The experiment was conducted from January to March at Lincoln, New Zealand. Ten animals of each species comprised the initial slaughter group while the remaining 18 animals were randomly allocated to five feeding regimes. Animals were offered high-quality meadow hay for 13 weeks and then slaughtered. The energy retained in the body was regressed against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) to obtain estimates of maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for growth (kg).Kids tended to have a higher MEm (0·44 v. 0·37 MJ ME/kg W0·75 per day in kids and lambs, respectively) and a higher kg (0·28v. 0·22) though these differences were not significant. There was no difference between the species in the composition of gain of the fleece or hair-free body with a protein energy to gross energy ratio in the gain of 0·20. The fleece or hair-free body composition was similar for both species (initial 0·51v. 0·48; final 0·36 v. 0·32; protein energy:gross energy, kids and lambs, respectively). Overall, the values for kg in both species were low and could not be explained solely by the composition of the gain.The efficiency of use of apparently absorbed amino acid (AA) for fleece or hair-free body protein deposition was higher for kids (0·52 v. 0·29) and, when the fleece or hair was included, the value increased markedly for lambs (0·50 v. 0·41, kids v. lambs, respectively). The protein energy apparently absorbed in the small intestine/MEI was not high or different between species (mean 0·18). The efficiency values for both species are low and not explained by the supply of protein relative to energy, which was not high.It was concluded that, with high-quality forage used to promote live weight gain, there was little difference between kids and lambs in the utilization of forage energy, and that the efficiency of utilization of absorbed protein for protein deposition was lower than expected in both species.

scholarly journals The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the experiment was to define the form of the relationship between varying levels of protein and energy intake and the performance of young pigs. Forty-four young pigs were assigned at 12 kg live weight for 6 weeks either to an initial slaughter group (n 8) or to one of the nine feeding treatments (n 4); three allowances of a high-protein food with 355 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP)/kg (P1, P2, P3) at three levels of feeding (L, M and H). Each feeding level was met by supplementing the allowance of feed P with the appropriate amount of starch and each treatment had two males and two females. The rate of protein deposition was not affected by feeding level at the two lowest allowances of basal feed P (P1 and P2), but it increased with increasing the feeding level for the pigs on treatment P3. Males deposited more protein than females, but this effect was more pronounced with treatment P3. The rate of lipid deposition increased with each increase in the level of feeding and decreased with increasing the allowance of feed P. The calculated efficiency of protein utilization (ep) was expressed as a function of the energy: protein ratio in the feed (MJ metabolizable energy/kg digestible CP). The best model to describe the relationship was a linear-plateau model, with the maximum value for ep of 0.814 at 73 MJ/kg. This relationship provided the basis of a model that could predict the response of a growing pig to its diet as rates of protein and lipid retention

scholarly journals Studies on the energy metabolism of the pregnant sow

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
R. P. Heavens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Reproductive Tissue ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
And Control

1. The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of pregnant gilts, and of their non-pregnant litter sisters (controls), were measured for periods of 7 d at feed intakes of 1.8 or 2 3 kg/d (20 or 30 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) respectively) at an environmental temperature of 20°. The measurements were made within three separate periods of gestation; 40–60 d (early), 60–80 d (mid) and 90–110 d (late). Values for ME intake, heat loss, energy retention (ER), protein deposition and fat deposition were determined for both the pregnant and control animals on each treatment.2. When expressed per kg body-Weight 0.75 per d, there was little difference in heat loss between pregnant and non-pregnant animals and between pregnant animals at the different stages of gestation at any given ME intake. However, heat loss was higher at the higher ME intake.3. ER vaned inversely with heat loss. The decrease in ME intake (kJ/kg body-Weight 0.75 per d) during pregnancy resulted in a decrease in ER so that the pregnant animals were in negative energy balance at the low feed intake during late gestation. From the relation between ER and ME intake, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) of 411 and 401 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d were calculated, with corresponding partial efficiencies of energy utilization (k) of 0.74 and 0.68 for the pregnant and non-pregnant animals respectively.4. For the pregnant animals, protein deposition was highest during mid-pregnancy and was relatively independent of level of feeding during mid- and late pregnancy. There was little difference in protein deposition between pregnant and non-pregnant animals at the high feed intake. At the low feed intake, the pregnant animals generally had a higher protein deposition than their non-pregnant litter sisters and this was entirely associated with the accretion in reproductive tissue.5. Fat deposition depended on the level of feeding, and at any given ME intake was similar for pregnant and control animals. In late gestation the low level of feeding was insufficient to prevent the pregnant animals losing fat. It was calculated that at term these animals lost 140 g fat/d from maternal stores.6. From the relation between ME intake and protein and fat deposition, estimates of ME, and the energetic efficiencies of protein (k,) and fat (k,) deposition were determined. There was little difference in ME, (422 and 420 kJ/kg body-weight 0.5 per d) and k, (0.88 and 0.90) between pregnant and non-pregnant animals respectively. However, the pregnant animals had a higher k, (0.69 compared with 0.49 for controls) and this reflected the higher rates of protein deposition associated with pregnancy.7. The efficiency of energy deposition in the reproductive tissue was calculated to be 0.72.

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