The effects of expander processing and by-product inclusion levels on performance of grower-finisher pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. O’Doherty ◽  
D. Murphy ◽  
S. G. McGlynn
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Kg Medium

AbstractSeventy-two entire male pigs (initially 28 kg body weight) were used to study the effects of by-product (pollard, rapeseed meal, peas and copra meal combined) inclusion level with or without expander processing, on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in a 3 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Productive performance and nutrient digestibility coefficients (no. = 6) were determined in individually fed pigs offered pelleted diets ad libitum containing a low by-product diet (350 g/kg), medium by-product diet (520 g/kg) and high by-product diet (752 g/ kg). The expanded diets were processed at 105ºC for 5 s at 35 bar pressure having been previously conditioned at 85ºC for 5 s. All diets were formulated using standard values for ingredients to have similar concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and ideal protein. Starch contents of 437, 401 and 314 g/kg and crude fibre contents of 48, 58 and 74 g/kg were recorded for the low, medium and high by-product diets respectively. No by-product level ✕ expander processing interactions (P > 0·05) were observed in growth criteria, carcass characteristics or nutrient digestibility. Expander processing decreased (P < 0·05) the apparent organic matter (OM), ash and energy digestibility of the diets, as well as the digestible energy content of the diets. The level of by-product in the diet had no statistically significant effect on the OM, protein and energy digestibility or the DE content of the diets. The increase in by-product inclusion levels decreased (P < 0·05) average daily gain (ADG) (0·899 v. 0·888 v. 0·854 (s.e. 0·014) kg/day) from 28 kg to slaughter and food intake (1·62 v 1·48 v 1·48 (s.e. 0·028) kg/day) in the 28 to 55 kg weight range. Expander processing had no effect on ADG, food intake or food conversion ratio. The increase in byproduct level decreased (P < 0·01) killing-out proportion (723 v 705 v 710 (s.e. 3·94) g/kg) and carcass ADG (0·684 v 0·651 v. 0·635 (s.e. 0·012) kg/day) (P < 0·05). Expander processing decreased (P < 0·05) killing out proportion (707 v. 718 (s.e. 3·22) g/kg). In conclusion, increasing the by-product content of the diet decreased ADG while expander processing had no effect on growth performance.

scholarly journals Influence of Treated Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profile in Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Bujňák ◽  
Pavel Naď ◽  
Iveta Maskaľová ◽  
František Zigo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Blood Profile

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of replacing part of soybean meal (SBM) with 15% treated rapeseed meal (tRSM) on growth performance, blood parametres and nutrient digestibility in young growing pigs. A total of 12 crossbred growing pigs (Slovakian White x Landrace) with an average initial body weight of 15.70 ± 1.83 kg were divided into two dietary treatments according to their body weight and sex (six pigs in each group). The experiment lasted 34 days. The rapeseed meal was treated with the product that neutralizes the negative effects of glucosinolates contained in rapeseed by-products for pigs feeding. In our study, we did not observe negative effects of tRSM on body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. In blood profile, serum urea, albumin, glucose and total chlosterol were not influenced by dietary tRSM treatment. Concentration of total proteins was decreased at the end of the experimental period in the experimental group (P<0.01). For apparent total tract digestibility acid-insoluble ash was used as marker. Partially replacing of SBM with tRSM had no significant negative effects on the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fat. Finally, the inclusion of 15% of treated RSM in growing pig diets had no negative effects on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and selected blood characteristics.

scholarly journals Effects of Rocket Seed Oil, Wheat Germ Oil, and Their Mixture on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Digestibility, Redox Status, and Meat Fatty Acid Profile of Growing Rabbits

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Sabrin Abdelrahman Morshedy ◽  
Ahmed M. Abdelmodather ◽  
Mohamed M. Basyony ◽  
Soliman A. Zahran ◽  
Mohamed A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil

Vegetable oils are a source of natural antioxidants, including tocopherols, sterols, phenolic compounds, coenzymes, and polyunsaturated fatty acids that provide nutritional value, organoleptic properties, and significantly delay or prevent lipid oxidation. Eighty-four V-line rabbits at 5 weeks of age with an initial body weight (BW) of 535.60 ± 13.48 g were assigned randomly to four experimental groups (seven replicates in each group with three rabbits each). The first group served as a control and received 0.3 mL/kg BW of distilled water (CON), while the second and third groups received 0.3 mL/kg BW of rocket seed oil (RSO) and wheat germ oil (WGO), respectively. The fourth group received a mixture of oils consisting of 0.15 mL of RSO and 0.15 mL of WGO/kg BW (MOs). The experiment lasted 7 weeks. The study investigated the effects of RSO, WGO, and their mixture on growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant status, and immune response of growing rabbits. The results indicated that the rabbits that were administered orally with RSO and WGO or their mixture had higher (p ≤ 0.05) final BW, weight gain, and average daily gain when compared to the control group. In addition, the feed conversion ratio improved significantly with RSO, WGO, and MOs treatments. Different oil treatments improved nutrient digestibility, nutritive value, and nitrogen balance. Moreover, the rabbits that received RSO, WGO, and their mixture had an improvement the meat fatty acid composition compared to the control rabbits. Oral administration of RSO, WGO, and their mixture significantly improved serum protein fractions, decreased blood urea nitrogen, and had a positive effect on serum total lipids, HDL-c, and LDL-c. Furthermore, the treatments of RSO, WGO, and MOs had a significant improvement in the antioxidative status and immune response.

PSV-19 Effect of Low Nutrient Density Diet with Probiotic Mixture (B. Subtilis ms1, B. Licheniformis SF5-1, and S. Cerevisiae) Supplementation on Performance of Weaner Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Vetriselvi Sampath ◽  
Hyun Ju Park ◽  
Yong min Kim ◽  
Je Min Ahn ◽  
Inho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Abstract BACKGROUND: A total of one hundred and forty, 28 d-old weaner pigs [Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace)] with initial body weight (BW) of 6.56±1.25kg were used in a six-week treatment (7 replicate pens per treatment; barrows, and 2 gilts/pen) to evaluate the effect of low nutrient density diet supplement with probiotic mixture supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and gas emission of weaner pigs. RESULTS: Pigs fed low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had linearly increased (P = 0.028, 0.014) the body weight (BW) at weeks 3, and 6. Moreover, average daily gain (ADG) was linearly improved (P=0.018, 0.014, 0.014) at week 3, 6, and overall experiment. However, there were no interactive effects found on the nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy (E) throughout the experiment. Dietary inclusion of low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation has improved the fecal lactobacillus counts linearly, but E. coli was unaffected during the trail. On day 42, Ammonium gas emission was significantly decrease in pigs fed a low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation. However, H2S, acetic acid, and CO2 were not significantly affected by the probiotic mixture supplementation diet. CONCLUSION: Low-density diet with probiotic mixture supplementation had positively affected the growth performance, fecal microbial, and fecal gas emission on weaner pigs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profile, Fecal Gas Emission, and Fecal Microbiota in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
In-ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Weaning Pigs

A total of 180, 4-week-old crossbred weaning piglets ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc; 6.67 ± 1.40 kg) were used in a 42 day experiment to evaluate the effect of dietary probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, fecal microbiota, and noxious gas emission. All pigs were randomly allotted to one of four treatment diets in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment had nine replicates with five pigs/pen (mixed sex) Designated dietary treatments were as: (1) basal diet (NC), (2) NC + 0.2% antibiotics (chlortetracycline) (PC), (3) NC + 0.1% L. plantarum BG0001 (Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) (NC1), (4) NC + 0.2% L. plantarum BG0001 (NC2). On d 42, BW and G:F were lower (p < 0.05) in pigs fed NC diet compared with PC diet and probiotic diets. Throughout this experiment, the average daily gain increased (p < 0.05) in pigs when fed with PC and probiotic diets than the NC diet. The average daily feed intake was higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed PC diet during day 0–7 and 22–42, and probiotic diets during day 0–7 compared with NC diet, respectively. The Lactobacillus count was increased and Escherichia coli count was decreased (p < 0.05) in the fecal microbiota of pigs fed probiotic diets, and E. coli were decreased (p < 0.05) when fed a PC diet compared with the NC diet on day 21. Moreover, the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and the concentration of noxious gas emission had no negative effects by the probiotic treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L. plantarum BG0001 significantly improved the growth performance, increased fecal Lactobacillus, and decreased E. coli counts in weaning pigs.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF ISOLATION, OR VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN, HIGH FIBRE HULL FRACTION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEALS ON RAT OR PIG PERFORMANCE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
A. J. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty-eight crossbred pigs of average initial weight 21 kg were fed 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and 10% Candle RSM as partial replacements for soybean meal (SBM). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed the SBM diet consumed less feed, gained significantly (P < 0.01) faster and were more efficient at converting feed to gain than those fed the RSM diets. Performance of pigs fed Candle RSM was not significantly different to that obtained with Tower RSM. In a second experiment, dehulled Tower RSM and Tower RSM hulls were mixed in amounts to produce RSM with crude fibre levels of 6.8, 10.8, 13.5 and 15.8%. The simulated RSM and Tower and Candle RSM were used to completely replace SBM in the diets of weanling (75 g) Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed SBM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Tower or Candle RSM, or diets containing the rapeseed meats. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in ADG, feed intake or feed to gain ratio of rats fed either Tower or Candle RSM. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations increased while average daily gain decreased with increasing level of hulls in simulated RSM diets. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in thyroid weight between rats fed SBM, Tower RSM or Candle RSM.

Effect of Yeast Type and Dose on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Rabbits Fed Maize or Barley

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr M.A. Elmasry ◽  
Luis A. Miranda ◽  
Germán Mendoza ◽  
Fernando X. Plata
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Yeast Concentration

Background: The effects of the probiotics vary with the doses and strains used for this reason, a study was conducted over 35 days to determine the effect of live yeast supplementation in the diet of growing rabbits on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility.Methods: A total of 60 New Zealand and California rabbits (5 weeks old, average body weight 0.881±0.015 kg) were housed in 30 cages. They were fed with a control diet based on alfalfa and maize or barley grains and supplemented with Procreatin®7 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I 1077) or Biosaf® SC47 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47) at three doses, namely 0, 6.4, or 12.8 ×109 CFU per kg basal diet.Result: The higher yeast concentration had a positive effect (P less than 0.01) on final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight (CW). However, there were no significant differences in dry matter intake. As a result of this, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P less than 0.01). Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) were observed with both grains. The use of yeast in maize and barley-based diets of rabbits has positive effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

Effects of Quillaja saponin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Xin Dang ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Quillaja Saponin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Quillaja saponin (QS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 50 crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight of 23.83 ± 1.95 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments for a 56-day trial with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs (2 barrows and 3 gilts) per pen. Dietary treatments including control diet and control diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg QS. The average daily gain was significantly increased during days 0-56, while the fecal ammonia emission on day 56 and fecal coliform bacteria counts on day 28 were significantly decreased in pigs fed with QS containing diet. However, dietary supplementation of QS had no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg QS had beneficial effects on growth performance, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Considering the carry-over effects, the adaption period should be at least 28 days when supplementing 200 mg/kg QS to the diet of growing pigs for improving the growth performance.

Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agbee L Kpogo ◽  
Jismol Jose ◽  
Josiane C Panisson ◽  
Atta K Agyekum ◽  
Bernardo Z Predicala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P &lt; 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P &gt; 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P &gt; 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P &gt; 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P &gt; 0.10).

PSVI-10 Effects of dietary spray-dried plasma protein on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pig

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 395-396
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy, standardized ileal digestibility of AA, and growth performance of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, dried whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the US; 78.2% CP and 4,862 kcal GE/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% CP and 4,636 kcal GE/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (4,799 vs. 4,469 kcal/kg as-is; P &lt; 0.05), but less (P &lt; 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and threonine compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5% and 3%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 sources of SDPP. Overall, 2 sources of SDPP have different energy concentrations and AA digestibility, but similar growth promoting effects in nursery pigs.

Adaptive changes in the appetite, growth and feeding behaviour of pony mares offered ad libitum access to a complete diet in either a pelleted or chaff-based form

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McG. Argo ◽  
J. E. Cox ◽  
C. Lockyer ◽  
Z. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractSeven, 3-year-old pony mares (~230 kg) were used in a cross-over study to compare the appetite, energy and nutrient digestibilities, growth rate and feeding behaviour, when a complete diet was offered ad libitum in either the original loose-chaff mix (C), or as a more convenient, milled and pelleted preparation (P). Ad libitum access to the study diet (gross energy = 17·2 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was attained over 2 weeks. In the following 4 weeks, groups 1 (no. = 3) and 2 (no. = 4) received pelleted and chaff-based diets respectively. Dietary forms were exchanged during week 5 and ad libitum provision continued for a further 4 weeks. Behaviour and apparent nutrient digestibilities were assessed in weeks 3 and 4 of each period. Pelleted food had a lower proportion of water (P, 0·12; C, 0·22), but relative proportions of oil (0·04), crude protein (0·08), crude fibre (0·29), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF; 0·53) and gross energy (GE) were neither altered by food processing nor time. Apparent digestibilities (DM, 0·49; GE, 0·50; NDF, 0·40 in period 1) of the pelleted and chaff-based diets were similar within periods but decreased (P 0·01) to a similar extent for both diet types (proportional changes: DM, –0·14; GE, –0·16; NDF, –0·28) in period 2. Overall, mean intakes of digestible energy (DE) for chaff-fed animals during period 1 were 0·73 (P 0·001) of pellet DE intake (DEI). Mean DEI of pellets increased (P 0·001) during period 1 to attain 1·76 (s.e. 0·25) MJ/kg M0·75 on day 25. Following transfer from pellets to chaff, DEI decreased (P 0·001) to 0·68 (s.e. 0·07) MJ/kg M0·75 by the end of period 2. In contrast, DEI of animals which progressed from chaff to pellets remained relatively constant between periods. Oestrous behaviour caused no detectable change in the appetite of individual mares. Irrespective of differences in DEI, average daily gain (ADG) in body weight and condition score (CS) did not differ between groups. Overall, mean ADG decreased (P 0·01) from 1·54 (s.e. 0·17) kg/day in period 1 to 0·26 (s.e.0·08) kg/day in period 2. Changes in body weight were associated with CS (R2 = 0·72). Each CS point represented a 53·4 (s.e. 4·8) kg gain in body weight. Chaff meals were longer (30·6 (s.e. 1·6) min, P 0·001), less frequent (23·8 (s.e. 1·4) per day, P 0·001) and associated with a lower bite rate (3·8 (s.e.0·2) per min, P 0·001) and increased chewing requirement (23 (s.e. 1·2) per bite, P 0·001), which decreased the rate of DM intake (17·0 (s.e. 0·9) g/min, P 0·0.01). Overall, chaff-fed animals spent more time feeding (0·50 (s.e. 1·3) of the time; P 0·0.01), primarily at the expense of non-feeding activity and rest. The ad libitum feeding regime enabled stabled ponies to re-establish natural feeding patterns and offers a viable alternative to meal and forage feeding. The more slowly ingested chaff form maximized time spent feeding and limited changes in DEI during the introductory period. Although CS and ADG increased over the first 4 weeks, growth and appetite returned to near maintenance values within 9 weeks in association with a decrease in dietary energy intake and nutrient digestibility.

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