scholarly journals Sociodemographic and geographical inequalities in under- and overnutrition among children and mothers in Bangladesh: a spatial modelling approach to a nationally representative survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 2471-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nahid Mia ◽  
M Shafiqur Rahman ◽  
Paritosh K Roy
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Simple Logistic ◽  
Bayesian Spatial Models

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the sociodemographic and geographical variation in under- and overnutrition prevalence among children and mothers.DesignData from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were analysed. Stunting and wasting for children and BMI<18·5 kg/m2for mothers were considered as undernutrition; overweight was considered as overnutrition for both children and mothers. We estimated the prevalence and performed simple logistic regression analyses to assess the associations between outcome variables and predictors. Bayesian spatial models were applied to estimate region-level prevalence to identify the regions (districts) prone to under- and overnutrition.Settings/SubjectsChildren aged<5 years and their mothers aged 15–49 years in Bangladesh.ResultsA significant difference (P<0·001) was observed in both under- and overnutrition prevalence between poor and rich. A notable regional variation was also observed in under- and overnutrition prevalence. Stunting prevalence ranged from 20·3 % in Jessore to 56·2 % in Sunamgonj, wasting from 10·6 % in Dhaka to 19·2 % in Bhola, and overweight from 0·8 % in Shariatpur to 2·6 % in Dhaka. Of the sixty-four districts, twelve had prevalence of stunting and thirty-two districts had prevalence of wasting higher than the WHO critical threshold levels. Similarly, fifty-three districts had prevalence of maternal underweight higher than the national level. In contrast, the prevalence of overweight was comparatively high in the industrially equipped metropolitan districts.ConclusionsObserved sociodemographic and geographical inequalities imply slow progress in the overall improvement of both under- and overnutrition. Therefore, effective intervention programmes and policies need to be designed urgently targeting the grass-roots level of such regions.

scholarly journals Geographical inequalities in energy poverty in a Mediterranean city: Using small-area Bayesian spatial models

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1249-1259
Author(s):  
Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo ◽  
Laura Oliveras ◽  
Carlos Vergara-Hernández ◽  
Lucia Artazcoz ◽  
Carme Borrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
Bayesian Spatial Models ◽  
Mediterranean City

scholarly journals Socio-economic characteristics, living conditions and diet quality are associated with food insecurity in France

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 2952-2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Bocquier ◽  
Florent Vieux ◽  
Sandrine Lioret ◽  
Carine Dubuisson ◽  
France Caillavet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diet Cost ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of household food insecurity (FI) in France and to describe its associations with socio-economic factors, health behaviours, diet quality and cost (estimated using mean food prices).DesignCross-sectional nationally representative survey. FI was assessed using an adapted version of the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Insufficiency Indicator; dietary intake was assessed using a 7 d open-ended food record; and individual demographic, socio-economic and behavioural variables were assessed using self-administered questionnaires and interviews. Individuals experiencing FI were compared with food-secure individuals, the latter being divided into four categories according to quartiles of their income per consumption unit (FS1 to FS4). Differences among categories were analysed usingχ2tests, ANOVA and tests for trend.SettingIndividual and National Dietary Survey (INCA2), 2006–2007.SubjectsAdults aged 18–79 years (n2624).ResultsIndividuals experiencing FI represented 12·2 % of the population. They were on average younger, more frequently women and single parents with children compared with those in the other four categories. Their mean income per consumption unit was higher than that in the FS1 category, but they reported poorer material and housing conditions. The prevalence of smoking and the mean daily time spent watching television were also higher in the FI category. No significant difference among categories was found for energy intake, but mean intakes of fruits, vegetables and fish were lower, and diet quality was slightly but significantly poorer in the FI category. Daily diet cost was also lower in the FI category.ConclusionsFrance is not spared by FI. FI should be routinely monitored at the national level and research should be promoted to identify effective strategies to reduce nutrition inequalities in France.

scholarly journals Inter-Limb Jump Asymmetries and Their Association with Sport-Specific Performance in Young Male and Female Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7324
Author(s):  
Max I. Phukan ◽  
Rohit K. Thapa ◽  
Gopal Kumar ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level Of Agreement

This study aimed to examine inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young swimmers. Thirty-eight (male, n = 19; female, n = 19) regional/national level young swimmers (age: 12.3 ± 1.2 years; height: 159.6 ± 8.2 cm; body mass: 52.5 ± 9.2 kg) participated in this study. Inter-limb asymmetries were assessed for single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) and single-leg standing long jump (SLSLJ). Sport-specific performance was evaluated using front crawl (i.e., 50 m and 25 m) and front crawl kick (i.e., 50 m and 25 m). The kappa coefficient revealed a “slight” level of agreement (Κ = 0.156, 0.184, and 0.197 for female, male, and all, respectively) between the direction of asymmetry for SLCMJ and SLSLJ, indicating that asymmetries rarely favored the same limb during both tests. A paired sample t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.025) between asymmetry scores obtained in SLCMJ and SLSLJ. No significant difference was found in asymmetry scores between males and females (p = 0.099 to 0.977). Additionally, no association between asymmetry scores and sport-specific performance was observed (p > 0.05). Our findings highlight the independent nature of inter-limb asymmetries derived from SLCMJ and SLSLJ among young male and female swimmers. Further, our results suggest no association between jumping asymmetries and sport-specific performance.

Does Neighborhood Cohesion Moderate the Association between Cancer and Psychological Distress?

2021 ◽  
pp. 193672442110430
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Reynolds ◽  
Manacy Pai
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Neighborhood Cohesion ◽  
Breast And Cervical Cancer ◽  
Neighborhood Social Cohesion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative

The purpose of this study is to examine (a) the association between cancer diagnosis and psychological distress and (b) the extent to which this association is moderated by perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion. Data are drawn from the 2013 wave of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey on broad health topics. We employ ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to examine the links between cancer, neighborhood cohesion, and distress. Findings reveal no statistically significant difference in psychological distress between women with breast and cervical cancer. However, neighborhood social cohesion does moderate the effect of cancer on distress. While perceptions of neighborhood cohesion do not affect levels of psychological distress among women with breast cancer, perceived connectedness with neighbors translates into significantly lower levels of mental distress among women diagnosed with cervical cancer.

Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Individual, Community, and National Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110426
Author(s):  
Brittany E. Hayes ◽  
Michelle E. Protas
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
National Level ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative

Despite being a human rights violation, child marriage still takes place across the globe. Prior scholarship has shown early marriage to be associated with an increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). Drawing on data from the nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys—conducted in developing and transitional nations where rates of child marriage tend to be higher—the current study provides a cross-national examination of individual-, community-, and national-level predictors of child marriage and their association with physical and emotional IPV. The sample of ever married women includes 281,674 respondents across 46 developing and transitional nations. Findings reveal the prevalence of child marriage was largely consistent with worldwide estimates. Over half of the sample (59.97%) were over the age of 18 when they married and about 1 in 10 women were married at age 14 or younger. A later age at marriage, measured continuously, was associated with lower odds of physical and emotional IPV. When considering the 18 and over cutoff traditionally used to operationalize child marriage, the odds of physical and emotional IPV were lower for women who married over the age of 18 than women who were 14 and younger when they married. However, there was a confounding effect when considering age at marriage as 18 and over when community-level predictors were not included in the model estimating physical abuse. This underscores the need to consider the nested nature of respondents’ experiences. Further, national legislation that protects against child marriage was not associated with risk of physical or emotional IPV. However, population size increased the odds of physical IPV and lowered the odds of emotional IPV. Such findings can be interpreted in light of opportunity theory and provide direction for prevention and intervention programming.

Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Susan Cherian ◽  
Ashok Sainoji ◽  
Balakrishna Nagalla ◽  
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

scholarly journals Virological and Epidemiological Features of Norovirus Infections in Brazil, 2017–2018

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
Marize Pereira Miagostovich ◽  
Tulio Machado Fumian
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Median Viral Load ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Partial Rdrp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
First Time

Noroviruses are considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. Here, we investigated the incidence of norovirus, genotypes circulation, and norovirus shedding in AGE stool samples from outpatients in Brazil. During a two-year period, 1546 AGE stool samples from ten Brazilian states were analyzed by RT-qPCR to detect and quantify GI and GII noroviruses. Positive samples were genotyped by dual sequencing using the ORF1/2 junction region. Overall, we detected norovirus in 32.1% of samples, with a massive predominance of GII viruses (89.1%). We also observed a significant difference between the median viral load of norovirus GI (3.4×105 GC/g of stool) and GII (1.9×107 GC/g). The most affected age group was children aged between 6 and 24 m old, and norovirus infection was detected throughout the year without marked seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp and VP1 regions identified six and 11 genotype combinations of GI and GII, respectively. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was by far the predominant genotype (47.6%), followed by GII.2[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P31], and GII.6[P7]. We detected, for the first time in Brazil, the intergenogroup recombinant genotype GIX.1[GII.P15]. Our study contributes to the knowledge of norovirus genotypes circulation at the national level, reinforcing the importance of molecular surveillance programs for future vaccine designs.

scholarly journals Learning Motivation of Visually Impaired Student During Pandemic Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Gina Solihat ◽  
Munawir Yusuf ◽  
Subagya Subagya
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Motivation Scale ◽  
Visually Impaired Students ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Data Collection Technique

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the special education system. This study aims to (1) determine the differences in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on gender; (2) knowing the differences in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on the SMPLB/SMALB level; and (3) knowing the differences in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on the ownership of facilities and infrastructure. This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research.The sampling uses the Purposive Sampling Technique, and the subjects in this study were 30 visually impaired students at the SMPLB and SMALB levels at SLB A National Level Trustees who were carrying out learning. The data collection technique is using a learning motivation scale (rxx = 0.809). The data analysis technique was using the independent sample t-test with the help of SPSS. The researchers analyzed learning motivation based on gender, SMPLB/SMALB level, and ownership of facilities and infrastructure. The results of this study indicate that: (1) there is no significant difference in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on gender; (2) there is no significant difference in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on the SMPLB/SMALB level; and (3) there is a significant difference in the learning motivation of visually impaired students during the pandemic based on ownership of facilities and infrastructure.

scholarly journals Spatial models to support the management of coastal marine ecosystems: a short review of the best practices in Liguria, Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VACCHI ◽  
M. MONTEFALCONE ◽  
V. PARRAVICINI ◽  
A. ROVERE ◽  
P. VASSALLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Status

Spatial modelling is an emerging approach to the management of coastal marine habitats, as it helps understanding and predicting the results of global change. This paper reviews critically two recent examples developed in Liguria, an administrative region of NW Italy. The first example, aiming at predicting habitat status depending on pressures, provides managers with the opportunity of envisaging different scenarios for the consequences of coastal development choices. The second example defines the status of an important Mediterranean coastal marine habitat (Posidonia oceanica meadows) under natural conditions, allowing for quantifying human impacts on regressed meadows. Both modelling approaches are useful to define the targets of coastal management, and may help choosing the best management option. Well-planned and sustained monitoring is essential to model validation and improvement.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues and Barriers for Multi-National Paediatric Clinical Trials: The Challenging Experience of the DEEP Project

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 4820-4820
Author(s):  
Viviana Giannuzzi ◽  
Mariagrazia Felisi ◽  
Hugo Devlieger ◽  
Aurelio Maggio ◽  
George Papanikolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Comparative Trial ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Paediatric Trial ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Eu

Introduction: The procedures and requirements for the clinical trial application (CTA) to Ethics Committees (ECs) and/or Competent Authorities (CAs) are not fully harmonised, and this is even more evident when non-EU countries are involved. This lack of harmonisation makes more difficult the approach in the case of 'small populations', such as children and patients affected by rare diseases. A phase III efficacy-safety comparative trial (DEEP-2) involving paediatric patients affected by transfusion dependent haemoglobinopathies from seven European and non-European countries (Albania, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, United Kingdom, Egypt, Tunisia) was carried out in the context of a FP7 project (HEALTH-F4-2010-G.A. n. 261483) and included in an agreed Paediatric Investigation Plan. Aims: The aims of this paper are to describe in a complex multi-national/multi-ethnic framework the different provisions and procedures to authorise a paediatric trial in EU/non-EU countries and to evaluate the possible impact of the following key indicators on the timing of ECs approval and CAs authorisation: complexity of the national/local provisions and procedures to authorise a paediatric trial, including the number of ECs and CAs to be addressed; number and type of additional local/national documentation; number of queries from CAs and ECs; geographic setting (EU and non-EU). Methods: The following information was collected from official websites and through a survey addressed to Principal Investigators: The regulatory and legal frameworks in force at the time of the submission of DEEP-2 in each involved country;The procedures required at local/national level (i.e. number of ECs and CAs to be addressed, parallel or subsequent submission to the CA and the EC, preparation of the CTA form and documents required from CAs and ECs);The timing of ECs approval and CAs authorisation, including number and types of queries, were collected from DEEP-2 Trial Master File. Descriptive analysis, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and General Linear Model (GLM) analysis were used to describe results and to analyse significance of the considered indicators. Results: In the EU countries, relevant legislative acts apply and include GCP and specific procedures for paediatric trials, in non-EU countries GCP guidelines apply but have not been implemented in the national laws regulating clinical trials. Moreover, within the 4 EU Member States a different approach was in place, even if under the same rules (i.e. Directive 2001/20/EC as implemented in the national law) with distinctive documents required for the CTA in almost all the EU countries compared with the EC provisions. The CTAs were performed in the period June 2012 - September 2015 in 23 trial sites. The EC approvals and CA authorisations were issued between January 2013 - September 2015. In the EU countries, the authorisation process was completed within 7,3 to 33,8 months (median = 15 months), while in non-EU countries, the authorisation process was completed by 7 months (median = 4 months) (figure 1). In particular, the comparison of the CA time authorisation shows a significant difference between EU and non-EU clusters (p = 0.001); however, if the statistical model is adjusted for the number of EC requests as covariate, the difference is not significant. Thus, it seems that the main factor influencing the time for EC approval is the number of requests for changes/clarifications (mainly on informed consent/assent, study protocol, insurance) (figure 2). Conclusion: Delays in completion of the authorisation phase in many countries seems to be a relevant issue and the timeframes for the authorisation in EU countries are not compliant with the European requirements (60 days for single opinion release and 30 days for its acceptance, as stated in Directive 2001/20/EC). The main reasons for delay is the complexity of the procedures and the requests from the ECs/CAs. In non-EU countries, procedures are different and faster with less requests from ECs and CAs. The upcoming application of a stronger set of rules, CT-Regulation (EU) 536/2014, is expected to harmonise practices in Europe and possibly outside Europe. The final aim of this change should be to assure a good balance between a timely approval and a high-level of children protection. Disclosures Reggiardo: CVBF: Consultancy. Tricta:ApoPharma: Employment.

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