scholarly journals Mapping ‘wild zones’ of globalisation: on private actors and the rule of law

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Chantal Mak

While private corporations have become increasingly influential in the global economy, a comprehensive legal framework for their activities is missing. Although international and regional legal instruments may govern some aspects of, for instance, international investments and the supply of goods and services, there is no overarching structure for assessing the impact of large-scale private projects. In the absence of such a comprehensive framework, specific rules of private law allow profit-seeking companies to expand their activities on an economic basis, mostly without having to heed social concerns (Pistor, 2019). This is particularly problematic insofar as multinational companies have obtained power to set the rules for their engagement with states, organisations and individuals, for instance in the form of transnational investment contracts. Given the fragmented nature of the legal sphere in which such contracts are elaborated and performed, those who face the harmful consequences of such investments may not be able to participate in decision-making processes. The contracts remain in ‘wild zones’ of globalisation (Fraser, 2014, p. 150), where powerful private companies rule.

Author(s):  
Svitlana Bestuzheva ◽  
Viktoria Kozub

The paper proposes a scientific approach to determining the impact of globalization processes on the development of Ukraine’s economy based on the analysis of the dynamics and modeling of indicators of the degree of integration of Ukraine’s economy into the system of world economic relations. Globalization is seen as a modern trend in the world economy as a system of interconnected and interdependent economic entities, among which a significant place is occupied by countries. The authors determine the degree of Ukraine's integration into the world economic space by its place in the ratings of globalization and economic openness. Analysis of the dynamics of the degree of integration of Ukraine's economy into the global economy is based on GDP, export and import quotas during 2006 – 2020. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors developed an econometric model for assessing the impact of factors on the globalization index of Ukraine, identified the most significant positive factors, namely the volume of exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, GDP, the ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP, the share of innovative exports export of goods and services of the country. The import quota and the corporate income tax rate have been identified as negative factors. Based on the results obtained during the modeling, the authors have developed and proposed a sequence of measures to increase the level of openness of Ukraine's economy in the context of its globalization. Perspective forms of globalization in the context of forming a new perspective of the international community on changing the vector of world economy - from globalization to regionalization and nationalization which have materialized in increasing the volume and diversification of the structure of international trade, intensification of international financial transactions, the emergence of transnational business, a sharp increase in foreign direct investment and intensification of international labor migration.


Author(s):  
В.В. Перская ◽  
Л.И. Хомякова

Глобальные цепочки стоимости (ГЦС) стали результатом развития вертикальной кооперации, основными инициаторами которых являются международные, транснациональные компании (ТНК). Именно ТНК стали движущей силой развития экономической глобализации. В современных условиях пандемия стала поворотным моментом, оказавшим значительное влияние на ГЦС и, следовательно, на экономическую глобализацию. 90% мирового товарооборота по данным ЮНКТАД находятся под ограничения из-за пандемии. Закрытие границ странами потребовало от национальных хозяйств рассмотреть возможность восстановления внутреннего поступательного развития исходя из реально сложившихся условий. Вопрос формирования национальных источников развития внутри стран и перестраивания географии формирования ГЦС (преимущественно в рамках одного региона, сокращая плечи транспортировки продукта) стал практически для всех стран достаточно актуальным. Поскольку основным видом кооперационного взаимодействия в рамках ГЦС была вертикальная кооперация, то переформатирование географии формирования ГЦС, вполне ожидаемо, приведет к более активному использованию преимуществ горизонтальной кооперации между хозяйствующими субъектами разных территориально приближенных стран. Одновременно воздействие пандемии на экономическую глобализацию в целом обусловливает усиление межгосударственного согласованного регулирования, в т.ч. регионального масштаба. Симптоматично, что в современных условиях правила ВТО игнорируются достаточно большим количеством стран, что сопровождается политикой протекционизма и санкций, практически не легитимной с точки зрения международного права. Подписание Всеобъемлющего регионального экономического партнерства в ноябре с.г. странами АСЕАН представляет собой свидетельство регионализации в международном взаимодействии, обозначает развитие тренда формирования согласованного участниками регионального правового поля для развития экономического сотрудничества, включая вопросы регулирования электронной торговли, конкурентной политики, защиты интеллектуальной собственности и других актуальных вопросов, ранее не фигурировавших в имеющихся соглашениях, опираясь при этом на основные правовые нормы ВТО. На основании изложенного авторы приходят к выводу, что собственно экономическая регионализация, в т.ч. трансформирования процесса формирования ГЦС в направлении повышения удельного веса их региональной компоненты, являются имманентными чертами трансформирования мировой экономики в условиях реального полицентризма. Global value chains (GVC) are the result of the development of vertical cooperation, the main initiators of which are international, transnational companies (TNCs). It is TNCs that have become the driving force behind the development of economic globalization. In today's context, the pandemic has become a turning point that has had a significant impact on GVCs and therefore on economic globalization. 90% of world trade, according to UNCTAD, are under restrictions due to the pandemic. The closure of borders by countries demanded that national economies consider the possibility of restoring their internal progressive development based on the actual conditions. The issue of the formation of national sources of development within countries and the restructuring of the geography of the formation of GVCs (mainly within one region, reducing the shoulders of product transportation) has become quite relevant for almost all countries. Since the main type of cooperative interaction within the GVC was vertical cooperation, reformatting the geography of the formation of GVCs, quite expectedly, will lead to more active use of the advantages of horizontal cooperation between economic entities of different geographically close countries. At the same time, the impact of the pandemic on economic globalization as a whole determines the strengthening of interstate coordinated regulation, incl. regional scale. It is symptomatic that in modern conditions the WTO rules are ignored by a sufficiently large number of countries, which is accompanied by a policy of protectionism and sanctions, which is practically illegitimate from the point of view of international law. The signing of the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership in November this year ASEAN countries is evidence of regionalization in international interaction, denotes the development of a trend in the formation of a regional legal framework agreed by the participants for the development of economic cooperation, including issues of regulation of electronic commerce, competition policy, protection of intellectual property and other topical issues that have not previously appeared in existing agreements, relying on this on the basic legal norms of the WTO. Based on the above, the authors come to the conclusion that the actual economic regionalization, incl. transformation of the process of GVC formation in the direction of increasing the share of their regional component are immanent features of the transformation of the world economy in the context of real polycentrism.


mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Gutiérrez ◽  
Lucía Fernández ◽  
Ana Rodríguez ◽  
Pilar García

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most threatening microorganisms for global human health. The current strategies to reduce the impact of S. aureus include a restrictive control of worldwide antibiotic use, prophylactic measures to hinder contamination, and the search for novel antimicrobials to treat human and animal infections caused by this bacterium. The last strategy is currently the focus of considerable research. In this regard, phage lytic proteins (endolysins and virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases [VAPGHs]) have been proposed as suitable candidates. Indeed, these proteins display narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a virtual lack of bacterial-resistance development. Additionally, the therapeutic use of phage lytic proteins in S. aureus animal infection models is yielding promising results, showing good efficacy without apparent side effects. Nonetheless, human clinical trials are still in progress, and data are not available yet. This minireview also analyzes the main obstacles for introducing phage lytic proteins as human therapeutics against S. aureus infections. Besides the common technological problems derived from large-scale production of therapeutic proteins, a major setback is the lack of a proper legal framework regulating their use. In that sense, the relevant health authorities should urgently have a timely discussion about these new antimicrobials. On the other hand, the research community should provide data to dispel any doubts regarding their efficacy and safety. Overall, the appropriate scientific data and regulatory framework will encourage pharmaceutical companies to invest in these promising antimicrobials.


2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Eadie ◽  
Yvonne Su

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of disaster rehabilitation interventions on bonding social capital in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda. Design/methodology/approach The data from the project are drawn from eight barangays in Tacloban City, the Philippines. Local residents and politicians were surveyed and interviewed to examine perceptions of resilience and community self-help. Findings The evidence shows that haphazard or inequitable distribution of relief goods and services generated discontent within communities. However, whilst perceptions of community cooperation and self-help are relatively low, perceptions of resilience are relatively high. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted in urban communities after a sudden large-scale disaster. The findings are not necessarily applicable in the rural context or in relation to slow onset disasters. Practical implications Relief agencies should think more carefully about the social impact of the distribution of relief goods and services. Inequality can undermine community level cooperation. Social implications A better consideration of social as well as material capital in the aftermath of disaster could help community self-help, resilience and positive adaptation. Originality/value This study draws on evidence from local communities to contradict the overarching rhetoric of resilience in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Chiranjib Kumar

The global economy has been facing a lot of challenges and crisis due to Interlinkage for exchanging goods and services. A race is going on among different nations to become a super powerful country. As a result of which global warming and climate change has been seen throughout the world. A new econometrics has taken over the charge of international politics and that could be seen in the recent developments took place in Korean Peninsula and some part of the world where powerful politicians of the world have been threatening to each other for deep consequences. The Key Questions are, Q.1. What happened in the Middle East?  Q.2. What is happening in Syria and others countries?  Ans. The impact would be more transparent and visible in the coming days. Q.3. What is OBOR (One Belt One Road) of China? Ans. Imposing their excess burdens on other countries on the name of globalization and peace building and making realize the participating countries that you are under my kindness with liabilities(indirect loan). The present paper has tried to find out answers of some questions and also suggests solutions at last. Qualitative thinking is always better than quantitative thinking


Sociologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-504
Author(s):  
Lilijana Cickaric

The impact of the EU on the implementation of the policy of equal opportunities for women can be seen from harmonization of legislation and construction of institutions for protection of women?s rights, and through participation of women in decision-making processes. The first part of the article discusses the theoretical framework for research the effects of institutionalization of gender equality in the EU. In the second section the institutional and legal framework are represented as a part of the global strategy aimed at achieving gender equality. The problems dealt with in the third part of the article concerning the presence of women at different levels of decision-making in the European Union. The newest data base from gender research for European Commission and European Parliament is used for this research. Index of Gender Equality (EIGE) shows that there are huge differences between Member States and that the EU is only halfway to achieving gender equality. Therefore, the integration of gender perspective in all fields and searching for measures to achieve higher level of gender equality are the focal points in EU gender politics.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Hadi Arnowo ◽  
Djudjuk Tri Handayani

Abstract : ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has the aims to transform ASEAN into a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive region through equitable economic development, poverty reduction and socio-economic disparities. As a consequence, since 2015, ASEAN becomes region with free trade of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor. The impact of the implementation of MEA is shown by the price and quality of goods and services that become competitive, affecting domestic products and services from Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), as well as farmers. The government has sought to support SMEs and farmers through direct and indirect assistance. Land is the sector that has the most influential effect among other sectors to provoke economic growth of SMEs and farmers, because land has the function as natural resource as well as work location. To optimize this, land policies are needed to regulate land use arrangement, land asset legalization, control of land utilization and community empowerment through access reform. Asset legalization for SMEs and farmers, as well as asset legalization for infrastructures. Land use and land utilization control was implemented to optimize large-scale agricultural area by set up cooperation scheme with local people. Community empowerment was implemented through access reform, prioritized to the regions that have leading commodities or products. Keywords : competition, land use arrangement, assets legalization, land utilization, community empowermentIntisari : Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) bertujuan untuk mentransformasikan ASEAN menjadi kawasan yang stabil, makmur, dan sangat kompetitif melalui ekonomi pembangunan yang adil, berkurangnya kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial-ekonomi. Sebagai konsekuensinya, ASEAN menjadi daerah dengan pergerakan bebas barang, jasa, investasi, tenaga kerja terampil, dan aliran modal sejak tahun 2015.Dampak pemberlakuan MEA adalah terjadinya persaingan harga dan kualitas barang dan jasa yang berpengaruh terhadap produk dan jasa domestik yang umumnya dilakukan oleh pelaku Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM) dan petani. Pemerintah telah berupaya membantu pelaku UKM dan petani melalui bantuan langsung dan tidak langsung. Sektor pertanahan adalah sektor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap tumbuhnya perekonomian pelaku UKM dan petani. Hal tersebut karena tanah merupakan sumberdaya alam sekaligus ruang tempat berusaha. Agar dapat membantu pelaku UKM dan petani diperlukan langkah–langkah kebijakan pertanahan berupa penatagunaan tanah, legalisasi aset, pengendalian pemanfaatan tanah, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui akses reform. Legalisasi aset bagi pelaku UKM dan petani serta legalisasi aset untuk infrastruktur. Pengendalian pemanfaatan tanah adalah untuk mengoptimalkan tanah pertanian berskala besar melalui kerjasama dengan penduduk sekitar. Pemberdayaan masyarakat dilaksanakan dengan menfasilitasi UKM dan petani untuk memperoleh akses permodalan dimana prioritas ditujukan pada lokasi–lokasi yang memiliki produk atau komoditi unggulan. Kata Kunci : kompetisi, penatagunaan tanah, legalisasi aset, pemanfaatan tanah, pemberdayaan masyarakat


2020 ◽  
pp. 106-117
Author(s):  
Сперчун О.В. ◽  
Кудрицька Ж.В.

Nowadays in the world economy, there is a tendency to invest in alternative, digital assets. Currently, the problem of integration of cryptocurrencies into the international financial system and the spread of the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment for goods and services is relevant. The following scientists have considered the development of the cryptocurrency economy: Beck K., M. Carney, M. Chea, E. Fry, J. Chung A., Roca E., Cooper M. and others. However, changes in the global economy caused by the coronavirus pandemic have significantly affected the cryptocurrency market and require more careful study and analysis. The article is devoted to the study of the current state of the cryptocurrency market and the changes that have taken place under the influence of the coronavirus. The price characteristics of the main cryptocurrencies over the last few months, their state, and reaction to changes in the world economy are considered. The article presents statistics of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin for the last few months, as well as other traditional financial assets. The technological characteristics of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, the mechanisms of its functioning, and the possibilities of its application in related economic spheres are also considered. The impact of traditional financial assets on the cryptocurrency economy and the role of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin as a protective financial asset are analyzed. The terms of the functioning of the decentralized financial platform Bitcoin on the basis of Blockchain technology are considered. Perspective for the development of the cryptocurrency economy and key economic indicators of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin is also analyzed. The purpose of this work is to analyze the dynamics of prices for major cryptocurrency assets in the cryptocurrency market, due to global economic changes caused by the coronavirus pandemic and further prospects for the digital economy. It also described the influence of certain factors on the pricing of Bitcoin cryptocurrency.


Author(s):  
L. N. Pavlova

The article analyses global experience dealing with attaining competitiveness of companies of small and medium business, studies forms, methods, specific features, goals of the new stage of shaping demand and supply on the basis of achievements of the 4th industrial revolution. The author highlights the role and place of certain countries in the development of global competition through figures of economic growth, export of goods and services and proportion of the population. The forecast of global economy growth rate in the post-pandemic period is important for researching changes in the global economy structure and trends of the global competition development. Characteristic features and indications of the new stage of the industrial revolution were analyzed as they have serious impact on small business by providing opportunities for fast growth in competitiveness. The author distinguishes different groups of risks typical of the 4th industrial revolution, which could influence seriously small entrepreneurship in the world. The impact of external global factors on shaping entrepreneurial psychology and behavior was revealed, as well as on forms and methods of managing small and medium business by integrated criteria approach. The role of state regulation in global competition and its influence on small business segment were investigated. Special attention was paid to state regulation and measures of supporting small and medium business in China. Information about finance and credit tools for supporting small and medium business in different countries was analyzed. Concrete recommendations were given dealing with best world practices of using achievements of the 4th industrial revolution in operation of companies of small and medium business and with infrastructure development, which could solve problems of capital raising. The problem was researched in view of goals set within the frames of national projects, including labour productivity and business profitability increase. The situation in the field of finance support of small entrepreneurship was studied in connection with pandemic conditions within the frames of effective infrastructure, new programs and accumulated experience. For comparison information about Russia and the US was used.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
rancesco Di Tommaso

The economic challenges of recent years have been accompanied by numerous and complex economic and social crises, the last of which is caused by the spread of coronavirus COVID-19 – and is convergent in nature, the effects of which are felt in all spheres of society. The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious challenges for politicians and preconditions for an empirical analysis of the direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic for the development of the global economy. As part of the business crisis, Italian legislation is based on the principles of the 2019 EU legal framework, which include legal regulation for the management of economic entities, which allows to anticipate the business crisis, avoiding bankruptcy and improving the market. Legal regulation of the financial crisis contributes to the preservation of production capacity and employment, reduces the possibility of creating non-performing loans, which can negatively affect the balance sheets of banking institutions. A study by the Bank of Italy demonstrates the possibilities of avoiding insolvency if companies anticipate a business crisis by following bankruptcy deflation procedures, such as debt restructuring agreements and agreements with creditors. COVID-19 has led to a significant reduction in world GDP. Governments have different financial means to reduce the negative effects of the pandemic, but all consider the current economic moment exceptional, trying to postpone and mitigate the implementation of bankruptcy of many companies and enterprises in case of failure of legal systems. The results of the study show that the global recession will continue, and no country will avoid strengthening the legal regulation of administrative and accounting management, regardless of the strategy to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. The paper forms the opinion that today’s events require a coordinated multinational political response to the pandemic. Keywords: corporate governance, financial markets.


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