Age and Moral Foundations: A Meta-Analytic Approach

Significant Percentage ◽

Total Variability ◽

Abstract Several meta-analytic analyses are carried out to analyzed the relationship between age and different moral constructs based on the Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) framework. Pearson’s correlation estimates between age and any of the moral construcs were available for a total of 239 independent samples out of 122 studies. Correlation coefficients were meta-analyzed, heterogeneity was examined by searching for moderators when there were more than 30 estimates available, and a predictive model to estimate the expected correlation was proposed when several moderators showed a significant effect. The correlation between age and all the moral constructs analyzed exhibited pooled estimates of null or not relevant magnitude, ranging from –.02 to .08. The moderator analyses led to a predictive model in which participant’s mean age and ideology explained 40.80% of the total variability among the correlation between age and the Loyalty/Betrayal foundation, whereas participant’s mean age explained a significant percentage of variability (8.85 – 25.12%) for the correlations between age and the rest of moral foundations and the Individualizing group. Results show a quite stable moral matrix over the lifespan, but future research is needed for examine a possible non-linear relationship between age and moral foundations.

What is the relationship between morals and politics?

10.31219/osf.io/d7ugb ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oliver Scott Curry

Keyword(s):

Future Research ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Substantial Body ◽

Moral Decisions ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Way

What’s the relationship between morals and politics? According to Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), people rely on multiple evolved intuitive “foundations” when making moral decisions, including: Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Purity. A substantial body of previous research has found that, when making moral decisions, political liberals place more emphasis on Care and Fairness, whereas political conservatives place more emphasis on Loyalty, Authority, and Purity. However: the way that this research has conceptualised moral and politics has been criticised; there have been some anomalous and contradictory empirical findings; and it remains unclear whether the relationship between morals and politics is causal as opposed to merely correlational. Here I review the literature and make suggestions for future research.

Does Moral Foundations Theory Reveal that Teens Aren’t Entirely Split on P.C. Culture in Higher Education?

10.31234/osf.io/5dfvh ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joaquín M Lara Midkiff

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Political Ideology ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Attitude Assessment ◽

Political Issue ◽

Psychometric Tool ◽

The rise of Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) as a psychometric tool aimed at formalizing the study of political and moral psychology has led to many empirical studies and surveys over the last fifteen years. This present study documents the relationship between self-reported political identities, Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ)-determined political ideology, and a novel attitude assessment concerning political correctness (PC) in academia among randomly sampled high schoolers at a demographically representative and statistically unremarkable high school in the American Pacific Northwest. Contrary to the emerging consensus in this recent field of MFT psychology, evidence here suggests that teenagers of varying political allegiances may be in general agreement when it concerns a political issue that has predominated headlines in the United States: PC culture (and censorship broadly) found in American universities. Though largely a vindication of antecedent MFT surveys, does this unanticipated alignment indicate a possible acquiescence in the zeitgeist of an up-and-coming generation?

Exploring the Relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and Continuance Usage of a Mobile Terminal: Mobility as a Moderator

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11041128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1128 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aoshuang Li ◽

Yongqiang Sun ◽

Xiaodong Yang ◽

Jinyu Guo

Keyword(s):

Linear Relationship ◽

Mobile Application ◽

Mobile Terminal ◽

Mobile Internet ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Future Research ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

Perceived Ease Of Use ◽

Continuance Usage ◽

As the number of mobile terminal users has increased worldwide, research on continuance usage of a mobile terminal (CUMT) has received wide attention to facilitate the sustainability of development of mobile application providers. However, different results of the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEU) and continuance usage toward information technology were found in prior studies, and studies that mainly focus on their linear relationship cannot provide an explanation of the different results. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between PEU and CUMT to examine the intriguing possibility that a curvilinear relationship can be found. This study proposed a model with a moderator of mobility based on the environment–behavior relationship theory and expectation disconfirmation theory. The research model was tested with 311 respondents collected in China through hierarchical regressions method. The results empirically indicate that mobility moderates the relationship between PEU and CUMT and show a linear relationship under high levels of mobility and a U-shaped relationship under low levels of mobility. At a low PEU stage, PEU negatively and significantly influences the behavior of CUMT, while, at a high PEU stage, there is a positive relationship between PEU and CUMT. This paper provides a detailed explanation of this behavior in the mobile Internet context. This paper discusses theoretical contributions and practical implications for the sustainable development of mobile application providers as well as the limitations of the study and future research directions.

The moral foundations of crime control in American presidential platforms, 1968–2016

Punishment & Society ◽

10.1177/1462474520966979 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 146247452096697

Author(s):

Elizabeth K Brown ◽

Jasmine R Silver

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Crime Control ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Future Research ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Moral Orientations ◽

First Time ◽

Over Time

The present research for the first time uses Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) as an analytical framework for evaluating the moral foundations of prescriptive presidential party platform statements on crime control from 1968 through 2016. We use summative content analysis to consider the politics of crime control at a broad, foundational level. Our analysis brings data to bear on previously observed trends in the politics of crime control (e.g., Democrats became increasingly conservative on crime in the 1990s) and deepens our understanding by illuminating and contextualizing the latent ideologies and implicit moral orientations to crime of both parties over time. Our findings speak to the prominence of certain moral foundations, authority and care in particular, in partisan frameworks on crime control and indicate trends in reliance on individualizing foundations ( fairness and care) and binding foundations ( authority, loyalty, purity). We consider the implications of these findings for future research on the politics of crime control.

Reliability and Accuracy of Visual Estimation of Phomopsis Leaf Blight of Strawberry

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.995 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 995-1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

M. Nita ◽

M. A. Ellis ◽

L. V. Madden

Keyword(s):

Linear Relationship ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Visual Estimation ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Direct Estimation ◽

Assessment Time ◽

Six different individuals (raters) assessed the severity of Phomopsis leaf blight on strawberry leaflets in five experimental repetitions over 2 years by making a direct visual estimation of the percentage of diseased area of each leaflet or by using the Horsfall-Barratt (H-B) disease scale. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and accuracy were determined, and then the relationship between visually estimated severity values and actual severity values was evaluated. Agreement in estimated disease severity values between assessment times by the same raters (i.e., intra-rater reliability), and agreement in disease severity values among raters at a single assessment time (i.e., inter-rater reliability), were both high, with most correlation coefficients being greater than 0.85. The intra-class correlation for overall agreement among raters ranged from 0.80 to 0.96 for the five repetitions. Based on the concordance coefficient calculated for each rater in each repetition, agreement between estimated and actual severity (i.e., accuracy) was somewhat lower than reliability. The relationship between estimated and actual severity was linear, and there was a slight trend to overestimate disease severity. The H-B scale was not more reliable or accurate than direct estimation of severity, and the linear relationship between estimated and actual severity did not support the principles underling the H-B scale. Both size of leaflets and number of lesions per leaflet slightly affected the error in estimate of disease severity.

Individual differences in ethics positions: The EPQ-5

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0251989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0251989

Author(s):

Ernest H. O’Boyle ◽

Donelson R. Forsyth

Keyword(s):

Convergent Validity ◽

Factor Model ◽

Future Research ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Ethical Thought ◽

Moral Standards ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Core Components ◽

We revised the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ), which measures variations in sensitivity to harm (idealism) and to moral standards (relativism). Study 1 identified the core components of the measured constructs theoretically and verified those features through confirmatory factor analysis (n = 2,778). Study 2 replicated these findings (n = 10,707), contrasted the theoretically defined two-factor model to alternative models, and tested for invariance of factor covariances and mean structures for men and women. Study 3 examined the relationship between the EPQ and related indicators of ethical thought (values and moral foundations) and the theory’s four-fold classification typology of exceptionists, subjectivists, absolutists, and situationists. The three studies substantially reduced the original EPQ’s length, clarified the conceptual interpretation of the idealism and relativism scales, affirmed the EPQ’s predictive and convergent validity, and supported the four-fold classification of individuals into ethics positions. Implications for previous findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The relationship between parenting styles and peace attitudes

Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research ◽

10.1108/jacpr-04-2020-0493 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 185-195

Author(s):

Virgina Canegallo ◽

Erika Broccoli ◽

Mauro Cavarra ◽

Erika Santoddì ◽

Rosa Angela Fabio

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Adult Participants ◽

Culture Of Peace ◽

Purpose Taking into account previous literature on the role that the parenting styles to which individuals are exposed to during childhood have in shaping prosocial behaviors and attitudes, this study aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles of parents and peace attitudes. Design/methodology/approach The peace attitude and the parenting style questionnaires were completed by 358 adolescent and adult participants. Pearson correlation coefficients were extracted and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Findings The results indicate that individuals with authoritative parents tend to show stronger peace attitudes and open the way to further study what parental characteristics may be responsible for the development of peace attitudes in individuals. Research limitations/implications Participants retrospectively assessed their parents’ style. Future research may recruit both the actual parents of participants to collect more accurate data on parenting practices or use observational methods. Social implications This work seems to suggest that to achieve a more peaceful society, the ability of parents to raise their children by adopting an authoritative style should be taken into account and – if needed – enhanced. Understanding the developmental pathways that can influence individuals to consistently choose peace is important to promote a stable culture of peace across several levels of observation. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between parenting styles of parents and peace attitudes in their children.

Moral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.2256 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 431-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Artur Nilsson ◽

Arvid Erlandsson ◽

Daniel Västfjäll

Keyword(s):

Political Ideology ◽

Charitable Giving ◽

European Association ◽

Self Report ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Personality Psychology ◽

Moral Behaviour ◽

Harm Prevention ◽

Moral foundations theory proposes that intuitions about what is morally right or wrong rest upon a set of universal foundations. Although this theory has generated a recent surge of research, few studies have investigated the real–world moral consequences of the postulated moral intuitions. We show that they are predictably associated with an important type of moral behaviour. Stronger individualizing intuitions (fairness and harm prevention) and weaker binding intuitions (loyalty, authority, and sanctity) were associated with the willingness to comply with a request to volunteer for charity and with the amount of self–reported donations to charity organizations. Among participants who complied with the request, individualizing intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit out–groups, whereas binding intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit the in–group. The associations between moral foundations and self–report measures of allocations in a hypothetical dilemma and concern with helping in–group and out–group victims were similar. Moral foundations predicted charitable giving over and above effects of political ideology, religiosity, and demographics, although variables within these categories also exhibited unique effects on charitable giving and accounted for a portion of the relationship between moral foundations and charitable giving. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Protecting the Innocence of Youth: Moral Sanctity Values Underlie Censorship From Young Children

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0146167217722557 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 1503-1518 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rajen A. Anderson ◽

E. J. Masicampo

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Moral Values ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Moral Value ◽

Three studies examined the relationship between people’s moral values (drawing on moral foundations theory) and their willingness to censor immoral acts from children. Results revealed that diverse moral values did not predict censorship judgments. It was not the case that participants who valued loyalty and authority, respectively, sought to censor depictions of disloyal and disobedient acts. Rather, censorship intentions were predicted by a single moral value—sanctity. The more people valued sanctity, the more willing they were to censor from children, regardless of the types of violations depicted (impurity, disloyalty, disobedience, etc.). Furthermore, people who valued sanctity objected to indecent exposure only to apparently innocent and pure children—those who were relatively young and who had not been previously exposed to immoral acts. These data suggest that sanctity, purity, and the preservation of innocence underlie intentions to censor from young children.

Development and Validation of the Purity Orientation–Pollution Avoidance Scale: A Study With Japanese Sample

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hideya Kitamura ◽

Akiko Matsuo

Keyword(s):

Moral Judgments ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Complex Concept ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Japanese Sample ◽

Questionnaire Surveys ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Development And Validation ◽

The moral foundations theory (MFT) proposes that there are five moral foundations that work as the standard to make moral judgments. Among them, the purity foundation is a complex concept. It is considered to be a distinctive foundation compared with the other ones partly because it involves religious beliefs. The assumption underlying the purity foundation is Christian beliefs, so the MFT was developed and made prevalent mostly in the Western cultures. However, because of that assumption, cultural differences in perceiving the purity foundation should be observed with a non-Western sample, such as Japan. It would be important to discuss and clarify the Japanese unique aspect of their orientation toward the pure and impure. We constituted a scale to measure people's tendency toward purity orientation–pollution avoidance (POPA), based on the purity/sanctity subscale of the MFT. For validation, we administered several scales along with POPA. In Study 1, we developed the scale and measured the relationship between the degree of one's POPA, disgust, and animism. We identified four factors as POPA subscales. In Study 2, we investigated the test–retest reliability of POPA and conducted questionnaire surveys to measure attitudes toward paranormal phenomena and the degree of concern for each of the moral foundations. The results showed the validity of the scale, based on the moderate correlations with other scales. The POPA can be a promising tool to better understand the phenomena involving the purity foundation in a Japanese context.