scholarly journals Characterization of germline development and identification of genes associated with germline specification in pineapple

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Zhao ◽  
Liping Liu ◽  
Yanhui Liu ◽  
Xianying Dou ◽  
Hanyang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Related Plant ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development ◽  
Female Germline

AbstractUnderstanding germline specification in plants could be advantageous for agricultural applications. In recent decades, substantial efforts have been made to understand germline specification in several plant species, including Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. However, our knowledge of germline specification in many agronomically important plant species remains obscure. Here, we characterized the female germline specification and subsequent female gametophyte development in pineapple using callose staining, cytological, and whole-mount immunolocalization analyses. We also determined the male germline specification and gametophyte developmental timeline and observed male meiotic behavior using chromosome spreading assays. Furthermore, we identified 229 genes that are preferentially expressed at the megaspore mother cell (MMC) stage during ovule development and 478 genes that are preferentially expressed at the pollen mother cell (PMC) stage of anther development using comparative transcriptomic analysis. The biological functions, associated regulatory pathways and expression patterns of these genes were also analyzed. Our study provides a convenient cytological reference for exploring pineapple germline development and a molecular basis for the future functional analysis of germline specification in related plant species.

scholarly journals Tissue- and sex-specific small RNAomes reveal sex differences in response to the environment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bezler ◽  
Fabian Braukmann ◽  
Sean West ◽  
Arthur Duplan ◽  
Raffaella Conconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Somatic Gonad ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Female Germline

ABSTRACTBackgroundRNA interference (RNAi) related pathways are essential for germline development and fertility in metazoa and can contribute to inter-and trans-generational inheritance. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans environmental double-stranded RNA provided by feeding can lead to heritable changes in phenotype and gene expression. Notably, transmission efficiency differs between the male and female germline, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.ResultsHere we use high-throughput sequencing of dissected gonads to quantify sex-specific endogenous piRNAs, miRNAs and siRNAs in the C. elegans germline and the somatic gonad. We identify genes with exceptionally high levels of 22G RNAs that are associated with low mRNA expression, a signature compatible with silencing. We further demonstrate that contrary to the hermaphrodite germline, the male germline, but not male soma, is resistant to environmental RNAi triggers provided by feeding. This sex-difference in silencing efficacy is associated with lower levels of gonadal RNAi amplification products. Moreover, this tissue-and sex-specific RNAi resistance is regulated by the germline, since mutant males with a feminized germline are RNAi sensitive.ConclusionThis study provides important sex-and tissue-specific expression data of miRNA, piRNA and siRNA as well as mechanistic insights into sex-differences of gene regulation in response to environmental cues.

scholarly journals stand still, a Drosophila Gene Involved in the Female Germline for Proper Survival, Sex Determination and Differentiation

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-987
Author(s):  
Giuseppa Pennetta ◽  
Daniel Pauli
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Survival Sex ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Novel Protein

We identified a new gene, stand still (stil), required in the female germline for proper survival, sex determination and differentiation. Three strong loss-of-function alleles were isolated. The strongest phenotype exhibited by ovaries dissected from adult females is the complete absence of germ cells. In other ovaries, the few surviving germ cells frequently show a morphology typical of primary spermatocytes. stil is not required either for fly viability or for male germline development. The gene was cloned and found to encode a novel protein. stil is strongly expressed in the female germ cells. Using P[stil  +] transgenes, we show that stil and a closely localized gene are involved in the modification of the ovarian phenotypes of the dominant alleles of ovo caused by heterozygosity of region 49 A-D. The similarity of the mutant phenotypes of stil to that of otu and ovo suggests that the three genes function in a common or in parallel pathways necessary in the female germline for its survival, sex determination and differentiation.

Investigation into the presence of Monatin in related plant species

Planta Medica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Moodley ◽  
V Maharaj
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Related Plant

Inhibition of DMRTA2 impairs human female germline development in xeno-grafted ovaries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Poulain ◽  
Sophie Tourpin ◽  
Vincent Muczynski ◽  
Sebastien Messiaen ◽  
Delphine Moison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Female ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Female Germline

scholarly journals Compendium of Methods to Uncover RNA-Protein Interactions In Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Mrinmoyee Majumder ◽  
Viswanathan Palanisamy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Protein Nucleic Acid

Control of gene expression is critical in shaping the pro-and eukaryotic organisms’ genotype and phenotype. The gene expression regulatory pathways solely rely on protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interactions, which determine the fate of the nucleic acids. RNA–protein interactions play a significant role in co- and post-transcriptional regulation to control gene expression. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a diverse group of macromolecules that bind to RNA and play an essential role in RNA biology by regulating pre-mRNA processing, maturation, nuclear transport, stability, and translation. Hence, the studies aimed at investigating RNA–protein interactions are essential to advance our knowledge in gene expression patterns associated with health and disease. Here we discuss the long-established and current technologies that are widely used to study RNA–protein interactions in vivo. We also present the advantages and disadvantages of each method discussed in the review.

scholarly journals A hobo Transgene That Encodes the P-Element Transposase in Drosophila melanogaster: Autoregulation and Cytotype Control of Transposase Activity

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Simmons ◽  
Kevin J Haley ◽  
Craig D Grimes ◽  
John D Raymond ◽  
Jarad B Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
P Element ◽  
Hsp70 Gene ◽  
Alternate Splicing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Female Germline ◽  
Transposase Expression

Abstract Drosophila were genetically transformed with a hobo transgene that contains a terminally truncated but otherwise complete P element fused to the promoter from the Drosophila hsp70 gene. Insertions of this H(hsp/CP) transgene on either of the major autosomes produced the P transposase in both the male and female germlines, but not in the soma. Heat-shock treatments significantly increased transposase activity in the female germline; in the male germline, these treatments had little effect. The transposase activity of two insertions of the H(hsp/CP) transgene was not significantly greater than their separate activities, and one insertion of this transgene reduced the transposase activity of P(ry+, Δ2-3)99B, a stable P transgene, in the germline as well as in the soma. These observations suggest that, through alternate splicing, the H(hsp/CP) transgene produces a repressor that feeds back negatively to regulate transposase expression or function in both the somatic and germline tissues. The H(hsp/CP) transgenes are able to induce gonadal dysgenesis when the transposase they encode has P-element targets to attack. However, this ability and the ability to induce P-element excisions are repressed by the P cytotype, a chromosomal/cytoplasmic state that regulates P elements in the germline.

Genetic regulation of entry into meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (10) ◽  
pp. 1803-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Kadyk ◽  
J. Kimble
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Transduction Pathway ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Large Tumor ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

The Caenorhabditis elegans germline is composed of mitotically dividing cells at the distal end that give rise to meiotic cells more proximally. Specification of the distal region as mitotic relies on induction by the somatic distal tip cell and the glp-1 signal transduction pathway. However, the genetic control over the transition from mitosis to meiosis is not understood. In this paper, we report the identification of a gene, gld-2, that has at least two functions in germline development. First, gld-2 is required for normal progression through meiotic prophase. Second, gld-2 promotes entry into meiosis from the mitotic cell cycle. With respect to this second function, gld-2 appears to be functionally redundant with a previously described gene, gld-1 (Francis, R., Barton, M. K., Kimble, J. and Schedl, T. (1995) Genetics 139, 579–606). Germ cells in gld-1(o) and gld-2 single mutants enter meiosis at the normal time, but germ cells in gld-2 gld-1(o) double mutants do not enter meiosis. Instead, the double mutant germline is mitotic throughout and forms a large tumor. We suggest that gld-1 and gld-2 define two independent regulatory pathways, each of which can be sufficient for entry into meiosis. Epistasis analyses show that gld-1 and gld-2 work downstream of the glp-1 signal transduction pathway. Therefore, we hypothesize that glp-1 promotes proliferation by inhibiting the meiosis-promoting functions of gld-1 and gld-2.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Hoya wayetii and Schlumbergera truncata

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlye A. Baker ◽  
Scott Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Chlorotic Spot ◽  
Production Space ◽  
Related Plant ◽  
Diverse Plant Species ◽  
Diverse Plant

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TCSV infection of H. wayetii and S. truncata from any location, although other tospoviruses are known to infect these and related plant species. The identification of these two diverse plant species as the first reported natural ornamental hosts of TCSV has implications for TCSV epidemiology and management in ornamental and vegetable crops, which frequently share production space. Accepted by publication 15 January 2015. Published 25 February 2015.

scholarly journals The Mammalian Ovary from Genesis to Revelation

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Edson ◽  
Ankur K. Nagaraja ◽  
Martin M. Matzuk
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Peptide Growth Factors ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Common Destiny ◽  
Female Germline

Abstract Two major functions of the mammalian ovary are the production of germ cells (oocytes), which allow continuation of the species, and the generation of bioactive molecules, primarily steroids (mainly estrogens and progestins) and peptide growth factors, which are critical for ovarian function, regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, and development of secondary sex characteristics. The female germline is created during embryogenesis when the precursors of primordial germ cells differentiate from somatic lineages of the embryo and take a unique route to reach the urogenital ridge. This undifferentiated gonad will differentiate along a female pathway, and the newly formed oocytes will proliferate and subsequently enter meiosis. At this point, the oocyte has two alternative fates: die, a common destiny of millions of oocytes, or be fertilized, a fate of at most approximately 100 oocytes, depending on the species. At every step from germline development and ovary formation to oogenesis and ovarian development and differentiation, there are coordinated interactions of hundreds of proteins and small RNAs. These studies have helped reproductive biologists to understand not only the normal functioning of the ovary but also the pathophysiology and genetics of diseases such as infertility and ovarian cancer. Over the last two decades, parallel progress has been made in the assisted reproductive technology clinic including better hormonal preparations, prenatal genetic testing, and optimal oocyte and embryo analysis and cryopreservation. Clearly, we have learned much about the mammalian ovary and manipulating its most important cargo, the oocyte, since the birth of Louise Brown over 30 yr ago.

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