Cuticle thickness affects dynamics of volatile emission from petunia flowers

There is a need to develop new ways of protecting plants against aphid attack. Here, we investigated the effect of a plant defence activator, cis-jasmone (CJ), in a range of cultivars of Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. Plants were sprayed with cis-jasmone or blank formulation and then tested with peach potato aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). CJ treated plants had significantly lower aphid settlement than control plants in a settlement bioassay. Conversely, in a foraging bioassay, D. rapae parasitoids spent a significantly longer time foraging on CJ treated plants. Our results reveal that CJ treatment makes plants less attractive to and less suitable for M. persicae but more attractive to D. rapae in a range of brassica cultivars. It is likely that these effects are due to changes in volatile emission indicating activation of defence and presence of conspecific competitors to aphids but presence of prey to parasitoids. Increases in volatile emission were found in CJ induced plants but varied with genotype. Among the synthetic volatile compounds that were induced in the headspace of CJ treated brassica cultivars, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl salicylate and cis-jasmone were most repellent to aphids. These results build on earlier studies in Arabidopsis and show that tritrophic interactions are influenced by CJ in a wide range of brassica germplasm. The implication is that CJ is a promising treatment that could be used in brassica crops as part of an integrated pest management system.

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Host Barriers and Responses to Uncinula necator in Developing Grape Berries

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2004.94.5.438 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (5) ◽

pp. 438-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Andrea Ficke ◽

David M. Gadoury ◽

Robert C. Seem ◽

Dale Godfrey ◽

Ian B. Dry

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Infection Process ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Antifungal Compound ◽

Uncinula Necator ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Pathogenesis Related ◽

Cuticle Thickness

Grape berries are highly susceptible to powdery mildew 1 week after bloom but acquire ontogenic resistance 2 to 3 weeks later. We recently demonstrated that germinating conidia of the grape powdery mildew pathogen (Uncinula necator) cease development before penetration of the cuticle on older resistant berries. The mechanism that halts U. necator at that particular stage was not known. Several previous studies investigated potential host barriers or cell responses to powdery mildew in berries and leaves, but none included observation of the direct effect of these factors on pathogen development. We found that cuticle thickness increased with berry age, but that ingress by the pathogen halted before formation of a visible penetration pore. Cell wall thickness remained unchanged over the first 4 weeks after bloom, the time during which berries progressed from highly susceptible to nearly immune. Autofluorescent polyphenolic compounds accumulated at a higher frequency beneath appressoria on highly susceptible berries than on highly resistant berries; and oxidation of the above phenolics, indicated by cell discoloration, developed at a significantly higher frequency on susceptible berries. Beneath the first-formed appressoria of all germinated conidia, papillae occurred at a significantly higher frequency on 2- to 5-day-old berries than on 30- to 31-day-old fruit. The relatively few papillae observed on older berries were, in most cases (82.8 to 97.3%), found beneath appressoria of conidia that had failed to produce secondary hyphae. This contrasted with the more abundantly produced papillae on younger berries, where only 35.4 to 41.0% were located beneath appressoria of conidia that had failed to produce secondary hyphae. A pathogenesis-related gene (VvPR-1) was much more highly induced in susceptible berries than in resistant berries after inoculation with U. necator. In contrast, a germin-like protein (VvGLP3) was expressed within 16 h of inoculation in resistant, but not in susceptible berries. Our results suggest that several putative barriers to infection, i.e., cuticle and cell wall thickness, antimicrobial phenolics, and two previously described pathogenesis-related proteins, are not principal causes in halting pathogen ingress on ontogenically resistant berries, but rather that infection is halted by one or more of the following: (i) a preformed physical or biochemical barrier near the cuticle surface, or (ii) the rapid synthesis of an antifungal compound in older berries during the first few hours of the infection process.

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Effects of ethylene on volatile emission and fragrance in cut roses: The relationship between fragrance and vase life

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.09.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 245-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ana Maria Borda ◽

David G. Clark ◽

Donald J. Huber ◽

Bruce A. Welt ◽

Terril A. Nell

Keyword(s):

Vase Life ◽

Volatile Emission ◽

The Relationship

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Needle browning and death in Pinus pumila in the alpine region of central Japan were not related to mechanical damage of cuticle and cuticle thickness

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x11-153 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 167-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Aoi Nakamoto ◽

Takefumi Ikeda ◽

Emiko Maruta

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Early Spring ◽

Alpine Region ◽

Pinus Pumila ◽

Central Japan ◽

Alpine Regions ◽

Cuticle Thickness ◽

Cuticular Resistance ◽

Evergreen Conifers

The browning and death of needles of evergreen conifers in alpine regions occur mainly in early spring at the point where the shoot protrudes from the snowpack. They are thought to be caused by excessive transpiration due to mechanical damage to the cuticle or to a thinner cuticle. However, there are a few studies that do not necessarily agree with this idea. We assessed needle browning and death in Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. in the alpine region of Japan in relation to mechanical damage to the cuticle, cuticular resistance, and cuticle thickness. Mechanical damage was not observed on needle cuticles of Pinus pumila browning in a natural environment. The color of needles with artificially abraded cuticles changed from green to brown in the abraded part. However, the brown color at the abraded part differed from the brown of a browning needle in its natural environment. There was no correlation between cuticular resistance and cuticle thickness. Needle browning and death in P. pumila were not related to mechanical damage of the cuticle or to cuticle thickness but might be due to changes in the quality and structure of the cuticle and other stresses.

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STUDI ANATOMI DAUN CANTIGI (Vaccinium korinchense Ridl.) PADA ALTITUD BERBEDA DI GUNUNG TALANG

Metamorfosa Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.24843/metamorfosa.2017.v04.i01.p17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

. Alponsin ◽

Tesri Maideliza ◽

Zozy Aneloi Noli

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Sea Level ◽

Leaf Anatomy ◽

Natural Sciences ◽

Leaf Thickness ◽

Survey Method ◽

Leaf Section ◽

Altitude Gradient ◽

Cuticle Thickness

The study about leaf anatomy of Bilberry (Vaccinium korinchense RILD.) at altitude gradient on the Talang Mountain has been carried out in October to December 2015. The goal research is to compared that leaf thick tissues Bilbellry at altitude gradient. The sample were collected at Talang Mountain. The research used survey method and purpossive sampling with five altitude gradient (2200-2529 meter above sea level). Leaf section was maked at the Plant Structures developments Laboratory, Department Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University. Data analysis used Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that leaf thickness, palisade and spongy thickness various between altitudes is sequentially 434-685 ?m, 183-322 ?m and 175-283 ?m . While epidermis thickness and cuticle thickness did not differ significantly between altitudes.

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CmNF‐YB8 affects drought resistance in chrysanthemum by altering stomatal status and leaf cuticle thickness

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology ◽

10.1111/jipb.13201 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tianle Wang ◽

Qian Wei ◽

Zhiling Wang ◽

Wenwen Liu ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Resistance ◽

Leaf Cuticle ◽

Cuticle Thickness

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Heating rates are more strongly influenced by near-infrared than visible reflectance in beetles

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.242898 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lu-Yi Wang ◽

Amanda M. Franklin ◽

Jay R. Black ◽

Devi Stuart-Fox

Keyword(s):

Heating Rate ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Radiative Heat ◽

Effective Area ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Heat Gain ◽

Thermal Chamber ◽

Infrared Wavelengths ◽

Cuticle Thickness

Adaptations to control heat transfer through the integument are a key component of temperature regulation in animals. However, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of how different optical and morphological properties of the integument affect heating rates. To address these gaps, we examined the effect of reflectivity in both ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared wavelengths, surface micro-sculpturing, effective area (area subjected to illumination) and cuticle thickness on radiative heat gain in jewel beetles (Buprestidae). We measured heating rate using a solar simulator to mimic natural sunlight, a thermal chamber to control the effects of conduction and convection, and optical filters to isolate different wavelengths. We found that effective area and reflectivity predicted heating rate. The thermal effect of reflectivity was driven by variation in near-infrared rather than ultraviolet-visible reflectivity. By contrast, cuticle thickness and surface rugosity had no detectable effect. Our results provide empirical evidence that near-infrared reflectivity has an important effect on radiative heat gain. Modulating reflectance of near-infrared wavelengths of light may be a more widespread adaptation to control heat gain than previously appreciated.

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Effects of some plant growth regulators on stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline (NaCl) conditions

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/405-pse ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 428-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K. Çavuşoğlu ◽

S. Kılıç ◽

K. Kabar

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Vascular Bundle ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Water Medium ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Cell Width ◽

Cuticle Thickness ◽

Epidermis Cell ◽

Radish Seedlings ◽

Saline Medium

In this work, effects of gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), triacontanol, 24-epibrassinolide and polyamine (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine) pretreatments on the stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline conditions were studied. Salt stress decreased the stem diameter, epidermis cell size, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, cambium thickness, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in the seedlings non-pretreated with the growth regulators, in comparison with the control seedlings grown in distilled water medium. In addition, it slightly increased the cuticle thickness. On the other hand, many of the growth regulator pretreatments more or less stimulated the stem diameter, epidermis cell width, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in comparison with the control seedlings grown on saline medium. Moreover, they generally reduced the cuticle thickness, epidermis cell length and cambium thickness.

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Leaf Structural Carbohydrate Decreased for Pinus thunbergii along Coast–Inland Gradients

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11040449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 449

Author(s):

Peng Zhang ◽

Yuxiang Wen ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

G. Geoff Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Traits ◽

Environmental Variable ◽

Wind Load ◽

Pinus Thunbergii ◽

Effective Quantum Yield ◽

Strong Correlations ◽

Epidermal Thickness ◽

Needle Morphology ◽

Structural Carbohydrate ◽

Cuticle Thickness

Although photosynthesis (carbohydrate production) decreases under wind load, it is unclear how carbohydrate categories allocation changes. We determined the leaf morphology (specific leaf area (SLA), needle thickness), anatomy (cuticle thickness, epidermal thickness), photosynthesis (effective quantum yield of Photosystem II (Y(II)), carbohydrate (structure carbohydrate (SC) and non-structure carbohydrate (NSC)), and environmental variables in Pinus thunbergii plantations from coast to inland, with wind speed decreasing. As expected, wind, accounting for 19–69% of the total variation, was the most dominant environmental variable determining the leaf traits. Y(II) and NSC increased, while SC and SC/NSC decreased along the coast-inland gradients (p < 0.01). These results confirmed that, although carbohydrate production decreased, SC allocation increased with increasing wind load. SLA and needle thickness decreased, while cuticle thickness and epidermal thickness increased from coast to inland. Needle thickness and cuticle thickness showed strong correlations to SC/NSC. These variations indicated that carbohydrate categories allocation related to variations of needle morphology and anatomy for P. thunbergii under wind, because of more SC allocation in leaf to support tensile strength and hardness of the cell wall under wind. Therefore, allocation between SC and NSC may be helpful for understanding the long-term adaptation of plants to wind load.

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