scholarly journals An augmented wood-penetrating structure: Cicada ovipositors enhanced with metals and other inorganic elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Lehnert ◽  
Kristen E. Reiter ◽  
Gregory A. Smith ◽  
Gene Kritsky
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
Periodical Cicadas ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Extended Time Period ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractFew insect species are as popular as periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.). Despite representing an enormous biomass and numbers that exceed 370/m2 during mass emergences, the extended time period of the underground nymphal stages (up to 17 years) complicates investigations of their life history traits and ecology. Upon emergence, female cicadas mate and then use their ovipositors to cut through wood to lay their eggs. Given the ability to penetrate into wood, we hypothesized that the ovipositor cuticle is augmented with inorganic elements, which could increase hardness and reduce ovipositor fracturing. We used scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to evaluate the material properties of ovipositors of four cicada species, including three species of periodical cicadas. We found 14 inorganic elements of the cuticle, of which P, Ca, Si, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cl, K, and S show the highest concentrations (%wt) near the apex of the ovipositor, where other structural modifications for penetrating wood are present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of metal deposits in the cuticle of true bugs (Hemiptera, >80,000 described species).

scholarly journals Effect of Polymers (PEG and PVP) on Sol-Gel Synthesis of Microsized Zinc Oxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilagavathi Thirugnanam
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Phase Pure ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 ◽  
Granular Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fibers irregular and seed-like microcrystalline ZnO were synthesized by using a cost-effective and low temperature aqueous sol-gel method. Various polymers, namely, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), were used as structure directing agents. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the formation of phase-pure ZnO micropowders. It is observed that the polymers play an important role in modifying the surface morphology and the size of the crystallites. A compact granular morphology is observed for the ZnO samples without polymer. The samples exhibit microparticles of size 100 nm for PVP and for PEG-mediated growth, whereas microporous corrugated morphology is observed for added PEG-mediated micropowder. FTIR study is used to confirm the structural modifications occurring in the polymers.

The Influence of Mn Doping on the Dielectric Properties of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Ceramics

2016 ◽  
Vol 859 ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ping Zhao ◽  
Wen Hong Tao ◽  
Xing Hua Fu ◽  
Wen Zhe Cao ◽  
Guo Yuan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Barium Nitrate ◽  
Strontium Nitrate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mn Doping ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

(Ba0.5Sr0.5)1-xMnxTiO3(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)ceramics were prepared via a new sol-gel method with titannium oxide, strontium nitrate, barium nitrate and manganous nitrate as raw materials.The effect of Mn doping on the microstructure and dielectric properties of the BST were characterized by field scanning electron microscopy,x-ray diffraction and impedance analyser.It was found that the dopted ions could not alter the basic crystal strcuture and they only improved the material properties as modified ions when x≤0.3.The (Ba0.5Sr0.5)1-xMnxTiO3 ceramics sintered at 1250°C for 2h exhibited good dielectric properties(er=1330,tand=0.03)at room temperature and f=1KHz when x=0.03 and the grains were regular and uniform ,indicating a dense microstrcture.

Spanish and Portuguese Gilding Threads: Characterization Using Microscopic Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Perez-Rodriguez ◽  
Antonio Albardonedo ◽  
Maria Dolores Robador ◽  
Adrian Duran
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Microscopic Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractGilding threads collected from Spanish and Portuguese palaces and from the embroideries and adornments of sculptures of the Virgin and Christ that form part of Sevillian Holy Week were analyzed and compared (20 artifacts were evaluated). The study covered a broad time period with examples from the 13th to 14th centuries, 18th to 20th centuries, and also including modern embroideries. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used. The knowledge of the layered structures of the threads has provided very valuable information regarding the manufacturing techniques. The different metal threads found in the embroidery studied consisted of gold, silver, copper, and alloys of these metals and aluminium. The fabrication procedures often differed in the different workshops and changed with time. In the modern embroideries, a decrease of precious metal concentration was detected. The threads were wound around a core of silk threads.

Comparison of Modelled Distribution of Thermal Fields at Seasonal Ground Storage Segments

2014 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Radek Partika ◽  
Miloš Kalousek
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Distance Distribution ◽  
Extended Time ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Optimal Distance ◽  
Extended Time Period

In order to reduce the energy demand leads to the creation of alternative ways, how to store energy for extended time period and cover starting part of winter term with heating. One possibly way is to store solar energy in the soil under and near the building. This article focuses on comparing the distribution and thermal unsteady field in the seasonal distribution elements of the ground storage located under the building. The comparison will occurred change of accumulated material properties and optimal distance distribution pipes or elements, so as to create the most efficient storing systems.

Microstructural Characteristics of Toluene Insolubles from Coal Tar

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 637-640
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Wen Hong Li ◽  
Xiao Yan Yang ◽  
Zheng Fan ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Scanning Electron

Toluene insolubles (TI) in coal tar is harmful to the downstream hydrotreating, and it may be difficult to be removed by conventional filtration. The TI is separated from coal tar which is washed by toluene and centrifugated at 2000 rpm and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size measurements, X-ray Diffraction analyses (XRD) and elemental analysis. It is concluded that TI in coal tar is present typically as globular aggregates. The primary particles range in size from less than 0.5μm to about 20μm. Characterization of TI in the coal tar showed that it is a nitrogen and oxygen rich material. TI is mainly inorganic elements representative of quartz, albite and calcite associated with kerogen material.

scholarly journals Structure of Hard And Soft Carapace Exoskeleton Biomaterial Through SEM-EDXRS at Various Stages of Development Scylla paramamosain Mud Crab

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Haryo Triajie ◽  
Sri Andayani ◽  
Uun Yanuhar ◽  
Arning Wilujeng Ekawati
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Mangrove Crabs ◽  
Scanning Electron

Crustacean carapace has various functions which can be seen from the composition of the biomaterial in it. Various concentrations of inorganic biomaterial elements were investigated from the hard carapace and the newly molted (soft-shelled) (Scylla paramamosain) with SEM-EDXRS (scanning electron microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) technique. This study traced the composition of the inorganic elements of the premolt, postmolt, intermolt and soft (exuvium) crab hard carapace tissue of mangrove crabs from the point of view. Various stages of development. Important elements such as C, O2, Mg, P, Ca, S, Na, Si, Cl, and others, are reabsorbed from the carapace into the body tissues to fulfill further needs in soft-shelled crabs and are reused to some extent during formation new carapace. This study provides evidence that, inorganic elements in freshly molted soft carapace crabs are less common than hard carapace crabs

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Sem Studies of Co-Cr-Mo Surgical Implant Alloy Corrosion Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Ann Chidester Van Orden ◽  
John L. Chidester ◽  
Anna C. Fraker ◽  
Pei Sung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Anodic Polarization ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Scanning Electron

The influence of small variations in the composition on the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloys has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical measurements. SEM and EDX data were correlated with data from in vitro corrosion measurements involving repassivation and also potentiostatic anodic polarization measurements. Specimens studied included the four alloys shown in Table 1. Corrosion tests were conducted in Hanks' physiological saline solution which has a pH of 7.4 and was held at a temperature of 37°C. Specimens were mechanically polished to a surface finish with 0.05 µm A1203, then exposed to the solution and anodically polarized at a rate of 0.006 v/min. All voltages were measured vs. the saturated calomel electrode (s.c.e.).. Specimens had breakdown potentials near 0.47V vs. s.c.e.

Quantification of Silica Uptake by Alveolar Macrophages - An Emperical Scanning Electron Microprobe Method

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
V. V. Damiano ◽  
R. P. Daniele ◽  
H. T. Tucker ◽  
J. H. Dauber
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Calibration Standards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron

An important example of intracellular particles is encountered in silicosis where alveolar macrophages ingest inspired silica particles. The quantitation of the silica uptake by these cells may be a potentially useful method for monitoring silica exposure. Accurate quantitative analysis of ingested silica by phagocytic cells is difficult because the particles are frequently small, irregularly shaped and cannot be visualized within the cells. Semiquantitative methods which make use of particles of known size, shape and composition as calibration standards may be the most direct and simplest approach to undertake. The present paper describes an empirical method in which glass microspheres were used as a model to show how the ratio of the silicon Kα peak X-ray intensity from the microspheres to that of a bulk sample of the same composition correlated to the mass of the microsphere contained within the cell. Irregular shaped silica particles were also analyzed and a calibration curve was generated from these data.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

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