scholarly journals Linkage mapping identifies a non-synonymous mutation in FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT-B1) increasing spikelet number per spike

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Brassac ◽  
Quddoos H. Muqaddasi ◽  
Jörg Plieske ◽  
Martin W. Ganal ◽  
Marion S. Röder
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

AbstractTotal spikelet number per spike (TSN) is a major component of spike architecture in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A major and consistent quantitative trait locus (QTL) was discovered for TSN in a doubled haploid spring wheat population grown in the field over 4 years. The QTL on chromosome 7B explained up to 20.5% of phenotypic variance. In its physical interval (7B: 6.37–21.67 Mb), the gene FLOWERINGLOCUST (FT-B1) emerged as candidate for the observed effect. In one of the parental lines, FT-B1 carried a non-synonymous substitution on position 19 of the coding sequence. This mutation modifying an aspartic acid (D) into a histidine (H) occurred in a highly conserved position. The mutation was observed with a frequency of ca. 68% in a set of 135 hexaploid wheat varieties and landraces, while it was not found in other plant species. FT-B1 only showed a minor effect on heading and flowering time (FT) which were dominated by a major QTL on chromosome 5A caused by segregation of the vernalization gene VRN-A1. Individuals carrying the FT-B1 allele with amino acid histidine had, on average, a higher number of spikelets (15.1) than individuals with the aspartic acid allele (14.3) independent of their VRN-A1 allele. We show that the effect of TSN is not mainly related to flowering time; however, the duration of pre-anthesis phases may play a major role.

scholarly journals QTL Analysis for Downy Mildew Resistance in Cucumber Inbred Line PI 197088

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Li ◽  
Huiqiang He ◽  
Zhirong Zou ◽  
Yuhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Simple Sequence

Downy mildew (DM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the major foliar diseases prevailing in cucumber-growing areas. The mechanism of DM resistance in cucumber, particularly the plant introduction (PI) 197088 from India, is presently unclear. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is an efficient approach to studying DM resistance genes in cucumber. In this study, we performed QTL mapping for DM resistance in PI 197088 with 183 F2-derived F3 (F2:3) families from the cross between PI 197088 (DM resistant) and Changchunmici (DM susceptible). A linkage map was constructed using 141 simple sequence repeat markers. Phenotypic data were collected from seven independent experiments. In total, five QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 5 with DM resistance contributed by PI 197088. The QTL on chromosome 4, dm4.1, was reproducibly detected in all indoor experiments, which could explain 27% of the phenotypic variance detected. Additionally, dm1.1 and dm5.2 showed moderate effects, while dm3.1 and dm5.1 were minor-effect QTL. This study revealed the unique genetic architecture of DM resistance in PI 197088, which may provide important guidance for efficient use in cucumber breeding for DM resistance.

scholarly journals Identification and Validation of a Novel Locus Controlling Spikelet Number in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Guangbing Deng ◽  
Yanyan Tang ◽  
Yan Su ◽  
Jinhui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

Spikelet number is an important target trait for wheat yield improvement. Thus, the identification and verification of novel quantitative trait locus (QTL)/genes controlling spikelet number are essential for dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms and hence for improving grain yield. In the present study, we constructed a high-density genetic map for the Kechengmai1/Chuanmai42 doubled haploid (DH) population using 13,068 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the Wheat 55K SNP array. A comparison between the genetic and physical maps indicated high consistence of the marker orders. Based on this genetic map, a total of 27 QTLs associated with total spikelet number per spike (TSN) and fertile spikelet number per spike (FSN) were detected on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2B, 2D, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6B, and 7D in five environments. Among them, five QTLs on chromosome 2D, 3D, 5A, and 7D were detected in multiple environments and combined QTL analysis, explaining the phenotypic variance ranging from 3.64% to 23.28%. Particularly, QTsn/Fsn.cib-3D for TSN and FSN [phenotypic variation explained (PVE) = 5.97–23.28%, limit of detection (LOD) = 3.73–18.51] is probably a novel locus and located in a 4.5-cM interval on chromosome arm 3DL flanking by the markers AX-110914105 and AX-109429351. This QTL was further validated in other two populations with different genetic backgrounds using the closely linked Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) marker KASP_AX-110914105. The results indicated that QTsn/Fsn.cib-3D significantly increased the TSN (5.56–7.96%) and FSN (5.13–9.35%), which were significantly correlated with grain number per spike (GNS). We also preliminary analyzed the candidate genes within this locus by sequence similarity, spatial expression patterns, and collinearity analysis. These results provide solid foundation for future fine mapping and cloning of QTsn/Fsn.cib-3D. The developed and validated KASP markers could be utilized in molecular breeding aiming to increase the grain yield in wheat.

Wheat Response to Simulated Glyphosate Drift

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Roider ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Stephen A. Harrison ◽  
Curtis A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Glyphosate Drift ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

Glyphosate at simulated drift rates representing 12.5, 6.3, and 1.6% of the usage rate of 1,120 g ai/ha (140, 70, and 18 g/ha, respectively) was applied to wheat at first node, boot stage, or at early flowering. At 14 d after treatment (DAT) wheat injury, expressed as bleaching of leaf foliage and growth inhibition, was 40 to 55% for 70 g/ha applied at first node and for 140 g/ha applied at all growth stages. Wheat height 28 DAT was reduced 47% with glyphosate applied at 140 g/ha at first node and was reduced around 26% for 70 g/ha applied at first node and 140 g/ha applied at boot stage. Wheat height was not reduced with glyphosate at 18 g/ha applied at first node or boot stage and with all rates applied at early flowering. Wheat yield was reduced 72% when glyphosate was applied at 140 g/ha at first node, 45% when applied at boot stage, and 54% when applied at early flowering. For 70 g/ha, wheat yield was reduced 25 to 30% for the three application timings. Wheat yield was not reduced for 18 g/ha glyphosate. In another study, six wheat varieties responded the same to glyphosate applied at 140 and 70 g/ha. Wheat height 28 DAT was reduced an average of 34% for 140 g/ha glyphosate and 17% for 70 g/ha applied at first node, but height was not reduced when applied at early flowering. Yield was reduced an average of 58 and 43% for 140 and 70 g/ha applied at first node and 38 and 19% for 140 and 70 g/ha applied at early flowering. In both studies yield reductions in most cases were reflected in reduced spike density, spikelet number per spike, and seed weight.

Quantitative genetic analysis of flowering time in tomato

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Jiménez-Gómez ◽  
Carlos Alonso-Blanco ◽  
Alicia Borja ◽  
Germán Anastasio ◽  
Trinidad Angosto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Trait Locus

Artificial selection of cultivated tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) has resulted in the generation of early-flowering, day-length-insensitive cultivars, despite its close relationship to other Solanum species that need more time and specific photoperiods to flower. To investigate the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering time in tomato and related species, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for flowering time in an F2 mapping population derived from S. lycopersicum and its late-flowering wild relative S. chmielewskii . Flowering time was scored as the number of days from sowing to the opening of the first flower (days to flowering), and as the number of leaves under the first inflorescence (leaf number). QTL analyses detected 2 QTLs affecting days to flowering, which explained 55.3% of the total phenotypic variance, and 6 QTLs for leaf number, accounting for 66.7% of the corresponding phenotypic variance. Four of the leaf number QTLs had not previously been detected for this trait in tomato. Colocation of some QTLs with flowering-time genes included in the genetic map suggests PHYB2, FALSIFLORA, and a tomato FLC-like sequence as candidate genes that might have been targets of selection during the domestication of tomato.

scholarly journals WAPO-A1 is the causal gene of the 7AL QTL for spikelet number per spike in wheat

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1009747
Author(s):  
Saarah Kuzay ◽  
Huiqiong Lin ◽  
Chengxia Li ◽  
Shisheng Chen ◽  
Daniel P. Woods ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Causal Gene ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

Improving our understanding of the genes regulating grain yield can contribute to the development of more productive wheat varieties. Previously, a highly significant QTL affecting spikelet number per spike (SNS), grain number per spike (GNS) and grain yield was detected on chromosome arm 7AL in multiple genome-wide association studies. Using a high-resolution genetic map, we established that the A-genome homeolog of WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO-A1) was a leading candidate gene for this QTL. Using mutants and transgenic plants, we demonstrate in this study that WAPO-A1 is the causal gene underpinning this QTL. Loss-of-function mutants wapo-A1 and wapo-B1 showed reduced SNS in tetraploid wheat, and the effect was exacerbated in wapo1 combining both mutations. By contrast, spikes of transgenic wheat plants carrying extra copies of WAPO-A1 driven by its native promoter had higher SNS, a more compact spike apical region and a smaller terminal spikelet than the wild type. Taken together, these results indicate that WAPO1 affects SNS by regulating the timing of terminal spikelet formation. Both transgenic and wapo1 mutant plants showed a wide range of floral abnormalities, indicating additional roles of WAPO1 on wheat floral development. Previously, we found three widespread haplotypes in the QTL region (H1, H2 and H3), each associated with particular WAPO-A1 alleles. Results from this and our previous study, show that the WAPO-A1 allele in the H1 haplotype (115-bp deletion in the promoter) is expressed at significantly lower levels in the developing spikes than the alleles in the H2 and H3 haplotypes, resulting in reduced SNS. Field experiments also showed that the H2 haplotype is associated with the strongest effects in increasing SNS and GNS (H2>H3>H1). The H2 haplotype is already present in most modern common wheat varieties but is rare in durum wheat, where it might be particularly useful to improve grain yield.

Improvement of monitoring of tertiary filtration with particle counting

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
V. Miska ◽  
J.H.J.M. van der Graaf ◽  
J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
Particle Surface ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Particle Counting ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Particle Counts ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Sample Dilution

Nowadays filtration processes are still monitored with conventional analyses like turbidity measurements and, in case of flocculation–filtration, with phosphorus analyses. Turbidity measurements have the disadvantage that breakthrough of small flocs cannot be displayed, because of the blindness regarding changes in the mass distributions. Additional particle volume distributions calculated from particle size distributions (PSDs) would provide a better assessment of filtration performance. Lab-scale experiments have been executed on a flocculation–filtration column fed with effluent from WWTP Beverwijk in The Netherlands. Besides particle counting at various sampling points, the effect of sample dilution on the accuracy of PSD measurements has been reflected. It was found that the dilution has a minor effect on PSD of low turbidity samples such as process filtrate. The correlation between total particle counts, total particle volume (TPV) and total particle surface is not high but is at least better for diluted measurements of particles in the range 2–10 μm. Furthermore, possible relations between floc-bound phosphorus and TPV removal had been investigated. A good correlation coefficient is found for TPV removal versus floc-bound phosphorus removal for the experiments with polyaluminiumchloride and the experiments with single denitrifying and blank filtration.

scholarly journals O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Fan ◽  
Fang Miao ◽  
Haiyan Jia ◽  
Genqiao Li ◽  
Carol Powers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Glcnac Transferase

AbstractVernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. Here, we identify a gene encoding anO-linkedN-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. We clone thisTaOGT1gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments. Transgenic complementation analysis shows that constitutive overexpression ofTaOGT1bfrom Billings accelerates the heading of transgenic Duster plants.TaOGT1 is able to transfer anO-GlcNAc group to wheat proteinTaGRP2. Our findings establish important roles forTaOGT1in winter wheat in adaptation to global warming in the future climate scenarios.

scholarly journals Inferring Linkage Disequilibrium Between a Polymorphic Marker Locus and a Trait Locus in Natural Populations

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z W Luo ◽  
S H Tao ◽  
Z-B Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Polymorphic Marker ◽  
Marker Locus ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trait Locus

Abstract Three approaches are proposed in this study for detecting or estimating linkage disequilibrium between a polymorphic marker locus and a locus affecting quantitative genetic variation using the sample from random mating populations. It is shown that the disequilibrium over a wide range of circumstances may be detected with a power of 80% by using phenotypic records and marker genotypes of a few hundred individuals. Comparison of ANOVA and regression methods in this article to the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) shows that, given the genetic variance explained by the trait locus, the power of TDT depends on the trait allele frequency, whereas the power of ANOVA and regression analyses is relatively independent from the allelic frequency. The TDT method is more powerful when the trait allele frequency is low, but much less powerful when it is high. The likelihood analysis provides reliable estimation of the model parameters when the QTL variance is at least 10% of the phenotypic variance and the sample size of a few hundred is used. Potential use of these estimates in mapping the trait locus is also discussed.

scholarly journals IL-6 Is Not Absolutely Essential for the Development of a TH17 Immune Response after an Aerosol Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Kristina Ritter ◽  
Jan Christian Sodenkamp ◽  
Alexandra Hölscher ◽  
Jochen Behrends ◽  
Christoph Hölscher
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37rv ◽  
Th 17 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Aerosol Infection ◽  
Deficient Mice

Anti-inflammatory treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases often increases susceptibility to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). Since numerous chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are mediated by interleukin (IL)-6-induced T helper (TH) 17 cells, a TH17-directed anti-inflammatory therapy may be preferable to an IL-12-dependent TH1 inhibition in order to avoid reactivation of latent infections. To assess, however, the risk of inhibition of IL-6-dependent TH17-mediated inflammation, we examined the TH17 immune response and the course of experimental TB in IL-6- and T-cell-specific gp130-deficient mice. Our study revealed that the absence of IL-6 or gp130 on T cells has only a minor effect on the development of antigen-specific TH1 and TH17 cells. Importantly, these gene-deficient mice were as capable as wild type mice to control mycobacterial infection. Together, in contrast to its key function for TH17 development in other inflammatory diseases, IL-6 plays an inferior role for the generation of TH17 immune responses during experimental TB.

scholarly journals Sweet taste of heavy water

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Ben Abu ◽  
Philip E. Mason ◽  
Hadar Klein ◽  
Nitzan Dubovski ◽  
Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Water ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractHydrogen to deuterium isotopic substitution has only a minor effect on physical and chemical properties of water and, as such, is not supposed to influence its neutral taste. Here we conclusively demonstrate that humans are, nevertheless, able to distinguish D2O from H2O by taste. Indeed, highly purified heavy water has a distinctly sweeter taste than same-purity normal water and can add to perceived sweetness of sweeteners. In contrast, mice do not prefer D2O over H2O, indicating that they are not likely to perceive heavy water as sweet. HEK 293T cells transfected with the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 heterodimer and chimeric G-proteins are activated by D2O but not by H2O. Lactisole, which is a known sweetness inhibitor acting via the TAS1R3 monomer of the TAS1R2/TAS1R3, suppresses the sweetness of D2O in human sensory tests, as well as the calcium release elicited by D2O in sweet taste receptor-expressing cells. The present multifaceted experimental study, complemented by homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations, resolves a long-standing controversy about the taste of heavy water, shows that its sweet taste is mediated by the human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 taste receptor, and opens way to future studies of the detailed mechanism of action.

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