scholarly journals Calculation of the Gibbs–Donnan factors for multi-ion solutions with non-permeating charge on both sides of a permselective membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Waniewski ◽  
Mauro Pietribiasi ◽  
Leszek Pstras
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Human Blood Plasma ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Permselective Membrane ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Equilibrium Concentrations ◽  
Complex Solutions ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Capillary Walls

AbstractSeparation of two ionic solutions with a permselective membrane that is impermeable to some of the ions leads to an uneven distribution of permeating ions on the two sides of the membrane described by the Gibbs–Donnan (G–D) equilibrium with the G–D factors relating ion concentrations in the two solutions. Here, we present a method of calculating the G–D factors for ideal electroneutral multi-ion solutions with different total charge of non-permeating species on each side of a permselective membrane separating two compartments. We discuss some special cases of G–D equilibrium for which an analytical solution may be found, and we prove the transitivity of G–D factors for multi-ion solutions in several compartments interconnected by permselective membranes. We show a few examples of calculation of the G–D factors for both simple and complex solutions, including the case of human blood plasma and interstitial fluid separated by capillary walls. The article is accompanied by an online tool that enables the calculation of the G–D factors and the equilibrium concentrations for multi-ion solutions with various composition in terms of permeating ions and non-permeating charge, according to the presented method.

scholarly journals Relativistic equations for elementary particles

1948 ◽  
Vol 192 (1029) ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Particle ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Relativistic Approximation ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Linear Differential

From the general principles of quantum mechanics it is deduced that the wave equation of a particle can always be written as a linear differential equation of the first order with matrix coefficients. The principle of relativity and the elementary nature of the particle then impose certain restrictions on these coefficient matrices. A general theory for an elementary particle is set up under certain assumptions regarding these matrices. Besides, two physical assumptions concerning the particle are made, namely, (i) that it satisfies the usual second-order wave equation with a fixed value of the rest mass, and (ii) either the total charge or the total energy for the particle-field is positive definite. It is shown that in consequence of (ii) the theory can be quantized in the interaction free case. On introducing electromagnetic interaction it is found that the particle exhibits a pure magnetic moment in the non-relativistic approximation. The well-known equations for the electron and the meson are included as special cases in the present scheme. As a further illustration of the theory the coefficient matrices corresponding to a new elementary particle are constructed. This particle is shown to have states of spin both 3/2 and 1/2. In a certain sense it exhibits an inner structure in addition to the spin. In the non-relativistic approximation the behaviour of this particle in an electromagnetic field is the same as that of the Dirac electron. Finally, the transition from the particle to the wave form of the equations of motion is effected and the field equations are given in terms of tensors and spinors.

A Robust Solution of the Spatial Burmester Problem

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoping Bai ◽  
Jorge Angeles
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Infinitely Many Solutions ◽  
Dual Algebra ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Solutions ◽  
Equation Solving ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Synthesis Procedure ◽  
Complex Solutions

The spatial Burmester problem is studied in this work, focusing on the synthesis of CCCC and RCCC linkages for rigid-body guidance, where R stands for revolute, C for cylindrical pair. The synthesis equations for CC and RC dyads are formulated using dual algebra. The formulation is developed in such a way that it leads to a robust solution, based on a semigraphical approach, which produces all the real solutions to the problem of CC-dyad synthesis for five given poses. This eases the equation-solving process by filtering out the complex solutions, while allowing for the handling of the special cases of none or infinitely many solutions. The synthesis procedure is illustrated with examples for four and five given poses.

Some consequences of capillary permeability to macromolecules: Starling's hypothesis reconsidered

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. H706-H710 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Renkin
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Transcapillary Exchange ◽  
Conceptual Evolution ◽  
Capillary Walls

Starling's hypothesis ascribes fluid movements across capillary walls to the interaction of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces. For 90 years it has been recognized as the basis of plasma-to-interstitial fluid balance. Its original statement was based on the notion of capillary impermeability to plasma proteins. However, as knowledge of transcapillary exchange of plasma proteins developed, its formulation was progressively modified to allow for protein transport and for interaction of protein transport with volume flow. The most important aspects of the conceptual evolution of Starling's hypothesis are reviewed in the text of this lecture.

Cheatings around the money counterfeiting in Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires in the XIX and XX Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Andrii Boiko-Gagarin
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
The State ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Postage Stamps ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Late Modern

The period during which the Ukrainian lands were ruled by the Romanov and Habsburg monarchy dynasties within the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires was also a noticeable problem of the existence of counterfeit money in the circulation, as well as fraudulent processes related to or involved in counterfeiting. The article deals with the special cases of fraud and cheatings that took place around the process of counterfeiting and sale of the money forgeries in the Ukrainian lands during their stay included in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, based on the little-known and previously unpublished sources of study. Particularly interesting are cases of fraud around the sale of counterfeit credit bills, where trusted scammers were offered to buy high-quality counterfeit money at a discounted price, with only such pieces of paper where the top and bottom sides contained genuine banknotes when issuing such an illegal transaction. With the increase in the number of counterfeits of Russian credit bills detected, since the first quarter of the XIX century, the investigation has established the fact that counterfeits were imported from England, where a factory for the production of counterfeits was organized in London. Information about the counterfeiters has gained such publicity, and rumors about the stuffing of counterfeit English banknotes throughout Russia have become so entrenched in the imagination of the population that they have spawned a new kind of fraud – offering to buy high-quality «English» counterfeits for easy sale. The counterfeiting was also the manufacture of the postage stamps, the illicit manufacture or erosion of the repayment of which was pursued by the state. Traditional crime against the money supply, which by the time of the late modern times was directly equated with counterfeiting, was the cutting the edge of coins in various ways. With the introduction of new money into circulation, fraudsters often used this kind of deception on the part of the trusted population, like paying by old coins telling they are the new ones. Often, reports of counterfeiting are accompanied by information about fantasy technologies, not only in the focus of the special devices, but also in the equipment of the premises. Interesting evidence of fraud and fraud involved in counterfeiting can be attributed to «shuler» coins, the two sides of which are identical, which served to deceive gullible gamblers.

Electron Beam Damage of Biomolecules Assessed by Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
M. Isaacson ◽  
M.L. Collins ◽  
M. Listvan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Atom Migration ◽  
Beam Damage

Over the past five years it has become evident that radiation damage provides the fundamental limit to the study of blomolecular structure by electron microscopy. In some special cases structural determinations at very low doses can be achieved through superposition techniques to study periodic (Unwin & Henderson, 1975) and nonperiodic (Saxton & Frank, 1977) specimens. In addition, protection methods such as glucose embedding (Unwin & Henderson, 1975) and maintenance of specimen hydration at low temperatures (Taylor & Glaeser, 1976) have also shown promise. Despite these successes, the basic nature of radiation damage in the electron microscope is far from clear. In general we cannot predict exactly how different structures will behave during electron Irradiation at high dose rates. Moreover, with the rapid rise of analytical electron microscopy over the last few years, nvicroscopists are becoming concerned with questions of compositional as well as structural integrity. It is important to measure changes in elemental composition arising from atom migration in or loss from the specimen as a result of electron bombardment.

Decoration technique and surface physics

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bethge
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Path ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Surface Physics ◽  
Step Structure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Atomic Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bulk Structure ◽  
Decoration Technique

Besides the atomic surface structure, diverging in special cases with respect to the bulk structure, the real structure of a surface Is determined by the step structure. Using the decoration technique /1/ it is possible to image step structures having step heights down to a single lattice plane distance electron-microscopically. For a number of problems the knowledge of the monatomic step structures is important, because numerous problems of surface physics are directly connected with processes taking place at these steps, e.g. crystal growth or evaporation, sorption and nucleatlon as initial stage of overgrowth of thin films.To demonstrate the decoration technique by means of evaporation of heavy metals Fig. 1 from our former investigations shows the monatomic step structure of an evaporated NaCI crystal. of special Importance Is the detection of the movement of steps during the growth or evaporation of a crystal. From the velocity of a step fundamental quantities for the molecular processes can be determined, e.g. the mean free diffusion path of molecules.

Ultrastructural Studies of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
James C.S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Michigan State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Capillary Walls ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

Bovine respiratory diseases cause serious economic loses and present diagnostic difficulties due to the variety of etiologic agents, predisposing conditions, parasites, viruses, bacteria and mycoplasma, and may be multiple or complicated. Several agents which have been isolated from the abnormal lungs are still the subject of controversy and uncertainty. These include adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, syncytial viruses, herpesviruses, picornaviruses, mycoplasma, chlamydiae and Haemophilus somnus.Previously, we have studied four typical cases of bovine pneumonia obtained from the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to elucidate this complex syndrome by electron microscopy. More recently, additional cases examined reveal electron opaque immune deposits which were demonstrable on the alveolar capillary walls, laminae of alveolar capillaries, subenthothelium and interstitium in four out of 10 cases. In other tissue collected, unlike other previous studies, bacterial organisms have been found in association with acute suppurative bronchopneumonia.

Characterization of defects in tabular silver halide grains

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046-1047
Author(s):  
C. Goessens ◽  
D. Schryvers ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
A. Verbeeck ◽  
R. De Keyzer
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Silver Halide ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Central Defect ◽  
Crystallographic Defects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Two Sides

Silver halide grains (AgX, X=Cl,Br,I) are commonly recognized as important entities in photographic applications. Depending on the preparation specifications one can grow cubic, octahedral, tabular a.o. morphologies, each with its own physical and chemical characteristics. In the present study crystallographic defects introduced by the mixing of 5-20% iodide in a growing AgBr tabular grain are investigated. X-ray diffractometry reveals the existence of a homogeneous Ag(Br1-xIx) region, expected to be formed around the AgBr kernel. In fig. 1 a two-beam BF image, taken at T≈100 K to diminish radiation damage, of a triangular tabular grain is presented, clearly showing defect contrast fringes along four of the six directions; the remaining two sides show similar contrast under relevant diffraction conditions. The width of the central defect free region corresponds with the pure AgBr kernel grown before the mixing with I. The thickness of a given grain lies between 0.15 and 0.3 μm: as indicated in fig. 2 triangular (resp. hexagonal) grains exhibit an uneven (resp. even) number of twin interfaces (i.e., between + and - twin variants) parallel with the (111) surfaces. The thickness of the grains and the existence of the twin variants was confirmed from CTEM images of perpendicular cuts.

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Sentence-Based Experience Logging in New Hearing Aid Users

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3S) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Katja Lund ◽  
Rodrigo Ordoñez ◽  
Jens Bo Nielsen ◽  
Dorte Hammershøi
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Patient Experiences ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Hearing Rehabilitation ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a tool to gain insight into the daily experiences of new hearing aid users and to shed light on aspects of aided performance that may not be unveiled through standard questionnaires. Method The tool is developed based on clinical observations, patient experiences, expert involvement, and existing validated hearing rehabilitation questionnaires. Results An online tool for collecting data related to hearing aid use was developed. The tool is based on 453 prefabricated sentences representing experiences within 13 categories related to hearing aid use. Conclusions The tool has the potential to reflect a wide range of individual experiences with hearing aid use, including auditory and nonauditory aspects. These experiences may hold important knowledge for both the patient and the professional in the hearing rehabilitation process.

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