scholarly journals Tracking induced forgetting across both strong and weak memory representations to test competing theories of forgetting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashleigh M. Maxcey ◽  
Zara Joykutty ◽  
Emma Megla
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Memory Probe ◽  
Global Matching ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Induced Forgetting

AbstractHere we employ a novel analysis to address the question: what causes induced forgetting of pictures? We use baseline memorability as a measure of initial memory strength to ask whether induced forgetting is due to (1) recognition practice damaging the association between the memory representation and the category cue used to activate the representation, (2) the updating of a memory trace by incorporating information about a memory probe presented during recognition practice to the stored trace, (3) inhibitory mechanisms used to resolve the conflict created when correctly selecting the practiced item activates competing exemplars, (4) a global matching model in which repeating some items will hurt memory for other items, or (5) falling into the zone of destruction, where a moderate amount of activation leads to the highest degree of forgetting. None of the accounts of forgetting tested here can comprehensively account for both the novel analyses reported here and previous data using the induced forgetting paradigm. We discuss aspects of forgetting theories that are consistent with the novel analyses and existing data, a potential solution for existing models, proposals for future directions, and considerations when incorporating memorability into models of memory.

scholarly journals State anxiety influences P300 and P600 event-related potentials over parietal regions in the hollow-mask illusion experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Ioakeimidis ◽  
Nareg Khachatoorian ◽  
Corinna Haenschel ◽  
Thomas A. Papathomas ◽  
Attila Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
High State ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Active Representation ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract The hollow-mask illusion is an optical illusion where a concave face is perceived as convex. It has been demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia and anxiety are less susceptible to the illusion than controls. Previous research has shown that the P300 and P600 event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected in individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we examined whether individual differences in neuroticism and anxiety scores, traits that have been suggested to be risk factors for schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, affect ERPs of healthy participants while they view concave faces. Our results confirm that the participants were susceptible to the illusion, misperceiving concave faces as convex. We additionally demonstrate significant interactions of the concave condition with state anxiety in central and parietal electrodes for P300 and parietal areas for P600, but not with neuroticism and trait anxiety. The state anxiety interactions were driven by low-state anxiety participants showing lower amplitudes for concave faces compared to convex. The P300 and P600 amplitudes were smaller when a concave face activated a convex face memory representation, since the stimulus did not match the active representation. The opposite pattern was evident in high-state anxiety participants in regard to state anxiety interaction and the hollow-mask illusion, demonstrating larger P300 and P600 amplitudes to concave faces suggesting impaired late information processing in this group. This could be explained by impaired allocation of attentional resources in high-state anxiety leading to hyperarousal to concave faces that are unexpected mismatches to standard memory representations, as opposed to expected convex faces.

scholarly journals Time-conjunctive representations of future events

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Babcock ◽  
Marc Howard ◽  
Joseph McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Correct Item ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Future ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Probe Letter ◽  
Rule Out

It is widely accepted that people can predict the relative imminence of future events. However, it is unknown whether the timing of future events is represented using only a "strength-like" estimate or if future events are represented conjunctively with their position on a mental timeline. We examined how people judge temporal relationships among anticipated future events using the novel Judgment of Anticipated Co-Occurence (JACO) task. Participants were initially trained on a stream of letters sampled from a probabilistically repeating sequence. During test trials, the stream was interrupted with pairs of probe letters and the participants' task was to choose the probe letter they expected to appear in the stream during a lagged target window 4-6 items (4.3-8.5 seconds) in the future. Participants performed above chance as they gained experience with the task. Because the correct item was sometimes the more imminent probe letter and other times the less imminent probe letter, these results rule out the possibility that participants relied solely on thresholding a strength-like estimate of temporal imminence. Rather, these results suggest that participants held 1) temporally organized predictions of the future letters in the stream, 2) a temporal estimate of the lagged target window, and 3) some means to compare the two and evaluate their temporal alignment. Response time increased with the lag to the more imminent probe letter, suggesting that participants accessed the future sequentially in a manner that mirrors scanning processes previously proposed to operate on memory representations in the short-term judgment of recency task.

scholarly journals Vitellibacter echinoideorum sp. nov., isolated from a sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla)

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 2320-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Yao Lin ◽  
Asif Hameed ◽  
Cheng-Zhe Wen ◽  
You-Cheng Liu ◽  
Yi-Han Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Polar Lipid Profile

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow-pigment-producing bacterium (designated strain CC-CZW007T) was isolated from seafood samples (sea urchins) at Penghu Island in Taiwan. Strain CC-CZW007T grew optimally at pH 7.0 and 30 °C in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The novel strain shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Vitellibacter vladivostokensis JCM 11732T (96.8 %), Vitellibacter soesokkakensis KCTC 32536T (96.4 %), Vitellibacter nionensis KCTC 32420T (95.8 %) and Vitellibacter aestuarii JCM 15496T (95.6 %) and lower sequence similarity to members of other genera. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes revealed a distinct taxonomic position attained by strain CC-CZW007T with respect to other species of the genus Vitellibacter. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile was composed of major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified lipids and aminolipids; a moderate amount of aminophospholipid was also detected. The DNA G+C content was 34.7 mol%. The predominant quinone system was menaquinone (MK-6). On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented here, strain CC-CZW007T is proposed to represent a novel species within the genus Vitellibacter, for which the name Vitellibacter echinoideorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-CZW007T ( = BCRC 80886T = JCM 30378T).

scholarly journals Meningeal Lymphatics: A Review and Future Directions From a Clinical Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117906951988902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korri S Hershenhouse ◽  
Orr Shauly ◽  
Daniel J Gould ◽  
Ketan M Patel
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The recent discovery of lymphatic vessels in the meningeal layers calls into question the known mechanisms of fluid and macromolecule homeostasis and immunoregulation within the central nervous system. These meningeal lymphatic vessels and their potential role in the pathophysiology of neurological disease have become a rapidly expanding area of research, with the hopes that they may provide a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of many devastating conditions. This article reviews the current state of knowledge surrounding the anatomical structure of the vessels, their functions in fluid and solute transport and immune surveillance, as well as their studied developmental biology, relationship with the novel hypothesized “glymphatic” system, and implications in neurodegenerative disease in animal models. Furthermore, this review summarizes findings from the human studies conducted thus far regarding the presence, anatomy, and drainage patterns of meningeal lymphatic vessels and discusses, from a clinical perspective, advancements in both imaging technologies and interventional methodologies used to access ultrafine peripheral lymphatic vessels.

scholarly journals Oscillatory Correlates of Retrieval-induced Forgetting in Recognition Memory

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 976-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Spitzer ◽  
Simon Hanslmayr ◽  
Bertram Opitz ◽  
Axel Mecklinger ◽  
Karl-Heinz Bäuml
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Induced Forgetting

Retrieval practice on a subset of previously studied material enhances later memory for practiced material but can inhibit memory for related unpracticed material. The present study examines the effects of prior retrieval practice on evoked (ERPs) and induced (oscillatory power) measures of electrophysiological activity underlying recognition of practiced and unpracticed words. Compared to control material, recognition of unpracticed words was characterized by reduced amplitudes of the P2 ERP component and by reduced early (200–400 msec) oscillatory theta power. The reduction in P2 amplitude was associated with decreased evoked theta power but not with decreased theta phase locking (phase-locking index). Recognition of unpracticed material was further accompanied by a reduction in occipital gamma power (>250 msec). In contrast, the beneficial effects of retrieval practice on practiced words were reflected by larger parietal ERP positivity (>500 msec) and by a stronger decrease in oscillatory alpha power in a relatively late time window (>700 msec). The results suggest that the beneficial and detrimental effects of retrieval practice are mediated by different processes. In particular, they suggest that reduced theta (4–7 Hz) and gamma (60–90 Hz) power reflect the specific effects of inhibitory processes on the unpracticed material's memory representation.

scholarly journals Stress impacts the fidelity but not strength of emotional memories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maheen Shermohammed ◽  
Juliet Y. Davidow ◽  
Leah Somerville ◽  
Vishnu Murty
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Stress Influences

Psychological stress during memory encoding influences resulting memory representations. However, open questions remain regarding how stress interacts with emotional memory. This interaction has mainly been studied by characterizing the correct identification of previously observed material (memory “hits”), with few studies investigating how stress influences the incorrect endorsement of unobserved material as remembered (memory “false alarms”). While hits can provide information about the presence or strength of a memory representation, false alarms provide insight into the fidelity of those representations, indicating to what extent stored memories are confused with similar information presented at retrieval. This study examined the effects of stress on long-term memory for negative and neutral images, considering the separate contributions of hits and false alarms. Participants viewed images after repeated exposure to either a stress or a control manipulation. Stress impaired memory performance for negative pictures and enhanced memory performance for neutral pictures. These effects were driven by false alarms rather than hits: stressed participants false alarmed more often for negative and less often for neutral images. These data suggest that stress undermines the benefits of emotion on memory by changing individuals’ susceptibility towards false alarms, and highlight the need to consider both memory strength and fidelity to characterize differences in memory performance.

scholarly journals Mnemonic prediction errors promote detailed memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 422-434
Author(s):  
Oded Bein ◽  
Natalie A. Plotkin ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Object A ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Violated Expectations

When our experience violates our predictions, it is adaptive to update our knowledge to promote a more accurate representation of the world and facilitate future predictions. Theoretical models propose that these mnemonic prediction errors should be encoded into a distinct memory trace to prevent interference with previous, conflicting memories. We investigated this proposal by repeatedly exposing participants to pairs of sequentially presented objects (A → B), thus evoking expectations. Then, we violated participants’ expectations by replacing the second object in the pairs with a novel object (A → C). The following item memory test required participants to discriminate between identical old items and similar lures, thus testing detailed and distinctive item memory representations. In two experiments, mnemonic prediction errors enhanced item memory: Participants correctly identified more old items as old when those items violated expectations during learning, compared with items that did not violate expectations. This memory enhancement for C items was only observed when participants later showed intact memory for the related A → B pairs, suggesting that strong predictions are required to facilitate memory for violations. Following up on this, a third experiment reduced prediction strength prior to violation and subsequently eliminated the memory advantage of violations. Interestingly, mnemonic prediction errors did not increase gist-based mistakes of identifying old items as similar lures or identifying similar lures as old. Enhanced item memory in the absence of gist-based mistakes suggests that violations enhanced memory for items’ details, which could be mediated via distinct memory traces. Together, these results advance our knowledge of how mnemonic prediction errors promote memory formation.

scholarly journals Working memory content is distorted by its use in perceptual comparisons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fukuda ◽  
April Emily Pereira ◽  
Joseph M. Saito ◽  
Ty Yi Tang ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsubomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Memory Content

Visual information around us is rarely static. To carry out a task in such a dynamic environment, we often have to compare current visual input with our working memory representation of the immediate past. However, little is known about what happens to a working memory (WM) representation when it is compared with perceptual input. Here, we tested university students and found that perceptual comparisons retroactively bias working memory representations toward subjectively-similar perceptual inputs. Furthermore, using computational modeling and individual differences analyses, we found that representational integration between WM representations and perceptually-similar input underlies this similarity-induced memory bias. Together, our findings highlight a novel source of WM distortion and suggest a general mechanism that determines how WM representations interact with new perceptual input.

scholarly journals Lateral entorhinal cortex suppresses drift in cortical memory representations.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Pilkiw ◽  
Justin Jarovi ◽  
Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Familiar Environment ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Cortical Representations

Memory retrieval is thought to depend on the reinstatement of cortical memory representations guided by pattern completion processes in the hippocampus. The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is one of the intermediary regions supporting hippocampal-cortical interactions and houses neurons that prospectively signal past events in a familiar environment. To investigate the functional relevance of the LEC's activity for cortical reinstatement, we pharmacologically inhibited the LEC and examined its impact on the stability of ensemble firing patterns in one of the LEC's efferent targets, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). When male rats underwent multiple epochs of identical stimulus sequences in the same environment, the mPFC maintained a stable ensemble firing pattern across repetitions, particularly when the sequence included pairings of neutral and aversive stimuli. With LEC inhibition, the mPFC still formed an ensemble pattern that accurately captured stimuli and their associations within each epoch. However, LEC inhibition markedly disrupted its consistency across the epochs by decreasing the proportion of mPFC neurons that stably maintained firing selectivity for stimulus associations. Thus, the LEC stabilizes cortical representations of learned stimulus associations, thereby facilitating the recovery of the original memory trace without generating a new, redundant trace for familiar experiences. Failure of this process might underlie retrieval deficits in conditions associated with degeneration of the LEC, such as normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Memory Retrieval and Language Attrition

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Jared A. Linck ◽  
Judith F. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Language Loss ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Memory Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Multiple Languages

Being bilingual has consequences for lexical retrieval in either language, in some situations leading to reduced access to one of a bilingual’s languages—suggesting the possibility of language attrition. In this chapter, we consider how a general memory mechanism behind forgetting can inform the discussion of bilingual language control. In particular, we focus on retrieval induced forgetting (RIF), which is believed to be driven by inhibition. Research into the psycholinguistic mechanisms supporting bilingual language processing has similarly accumulated a growing body of evidence that inhibitory mechanisms play an important role in developing and maintaining proficiency in multiple languages. We consider whether the phenomenon of native language attrition in fact reflects language loss per se or instead reflects the dynamics of a highly-interactive language system that is constantly in flux.

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