scholarly journals Alpha-diversity and microbial community structure of the male urinary microbiota depend on urine sampling method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hrbacek ◽  
Daniel Morais ◽  
Pavel Cermak ◽  
Vitezslav Hanacek ◽  
Roman Zachoval
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Biomedical Analysis ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
Urinary Microbiota ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

AbstractConsiderable variation exists in the methodology of urinary microbiota studies published so far including the cornerstone of any biomedical analysis: sample collection. The aim of this study was to compare the urinary microbiota of first-catch voided urine (FCU), mid-stream voided urine (MSU) and aseptically catheterised urine in men and define the most suitable urine sampling method. Forty-nine men (mean age 71.3 years) undergoing endoscopic urological procedures were enrolled in the study. Each of them contributed three samples: first-catch urine (FCU), mid-stream urine (MSU) and a catheterised urine sample. The samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS, n = 35) and expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC, n = 31). Using NGS, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in our population. The most abundant genera (in order of relative abundance) included: Prevotella, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Ezakiella, Escherichia and Dialister. Eighty-two of 105 samples were dominated by a single genus. FCU, MSU and catheterised urine samples differed significantly in three of five alpha-diversity measures (ANOVA, p < 0.05): estimated number of operational taxonomic units, Chao1 and abundance-based coverage estimators. Beta-diversity comparisons using the PIME method (Prevalence Interval for Microbiome Evaluation) resulted in clustering of urine samples according to the mode of sampling. EQUC detected cultivable bacteria in 30/31 (97%) FCU and 27/31 (87%) MSU samples. Only 4/31 (13%) of catheterised urine samples showed bacterial growth. Urine samples obtained by transurethral catheterisation under aseptic conditions seem to differ from spontaneously voided urine samples. Whether the added value of a more exact reflection of the bladder microbiota free from urethral contamination outweighs the invasiveness of urethral catheterisation remains to be determined.

scholarly journals Urinary Microbiota; Which Non-invasive Urine Collection Method Should We Use?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Selcuk Ozer ◽  
Hüseyin Alperen Yıldız ◽  
Canet Incir ◽  
Dogan Deger ◽  
Ozan Bozkurt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urinary Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Groups

Objective: The aim of this study is establish the optimal non- invaszive urine sample collection method for the microbiota studies. Methodology: 12 men with bladder carcinoma underwent first voided and midstream urine collection. Urine samples were analyzed by using V3-V4 regions of bacterial 16s ribosomal RNAs. Bacterial groups with relative abundance above 1% were analyzed in first voided urine and midstream urine samples at phylum, class, order, and family level. At the genus level, all of the identified bacterial groups’ relative abundances were analyzed. The statistical significance (p<0.05) of differences between first voided and midstream urine sample microbiota were evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. Results: According to analysis, 8 phyla, 14 class, 23 orders, 39 families, and 29 different genera were identified in the first voided and the midstream urine samples. Statistical differences were not identified between first voided and mid-stream urine samples of all bacteria groups except the Clostridiales at order level (p:0.04) and Clostridia at class level (p:0.04). Conclusions: Either first voided or midstream urine samples can be used in urinary microbiota studies as we determined that there is no statistically significant difference between them regarding the results of 16s ribosomal RNA analysis. What’s known? According to widespread acceptance, first voided urine and midstream urine should be collected separately for standard microbiologic evaluation. What’s new? We found that there is no exact statistically significant difference between two collection methods even on microbiota analysis. We believe that either first voided or midstream uyrine samples can be used in urinary microbiota studies.

scholarly journals First-Catch, Mid-Stream and Catheterised urine: A Comparative Study of Male Urinary Microbiome by Expanded Quantitative Urine Culture and Next-Generation Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hrbacek ◽  
Daniel Morais ◽  
Pavel Cermak ◽  
Vitezslav Hanacek ◽  
Roman Zachoval
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Urinary Microbiota ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract BackgroundNumerous studies have emerged in the past decade investigating human urinary microbiota. Alterations in the microbial composition of urine have been linked to structural and functional abnormalities of the lower urinary tract. There has been considerable variation in the methodology of the studies published so far including the cornerstone of any biomedical analysis: sample collection. The aim of this study was to describe the urinary microbiota of first-catch voided urine (FCU), mid-stream voided urine (MSU) and aseptically catheterised urine in men and find the most suitable approach to urine sample collection for the purpose of male urinary microbiota investigations.ResultsForty-nine men (mean age 71.3 years) undergoing endoscopic procedures in our Department of Urology were enrolled in the study. Each of them contributed three samples: first-catch urine (FCU), mid-stream urine (MSU) and a catheterised urine sample. The samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS, n=35) and expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC, n=31). Using NGS, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in our population. The most abundant genera (in order of relative abundance) included: Prevotella, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Ezakiella, Escherichia and Dialister. Eighty-two of 105 samples were dominated by a single genus. FCU, MSU and catheterised urine samples differed significantly using ANOVA in three out of five alpha-diversity measures (p<0.05): estimated number of operational taxonomic units, Chao1 and abundance-based coverage estimators. There were no differences found in Simpson and Shannon indices. Beta-diversity comparisons using the PIME method (Prevalence Interval for Microbiome Evaluation) resulted in clear clustering of urine samples according to the mode of sampling.EQUC detected cultivable bacteria in 30/31 (97%) FCU and 27/31 (87%) MSU samples. Only 4/31 (13%) of catheterised urine samples showed bacterial growth.ConclusionsUrine samples obtained by transurethral catheterisation under aseptic conditions differ from spontaneously voided urine samples and represent a better reflection of urinary bladder microbiota. Catheterised urine is the most appropriate way to sample urine in future studies of urinary bladder pathological conditions and their relation to the urinary microbiota.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kompetensi, Independensi, Dan Etika Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit Aparat Inspektorat

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 3737-3754
Author(s):  
Witta Widiya ◽  
Efrizal Syofyan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Data Analysis Methods

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of competency, independence, and auditor ethics on audit quality in Inspectorate Office. Type of this research is a quantitative researh. The population in this study were auditors in inspectorate office West Sumatera province with 35 samples taken. The technique of sample collection is total sampling method. The sources of the data of this research is the primary data. The technique of the data collection is questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 25. Data analysis methods used in this study are multiple linier regression analysis, with audit quality as the dependent variabel, competency, independence and auditor ethics as the independent variabel. This result of the reseacrh support the third hypotheses, where the research shows that auditor ethics has an effect on audit quality of examiners at the inspectorate West Sumatera province. The results also show that competency and independence have no effect on audit quality of examiners at the inspecorate West Sumatera provinsi.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVENESS, MARKETING ACCESS, AND NETWORK CAPABILITY AND ITS IMPACTS ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teguh Iman Sayekti ◽  
Euis Soliha
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Marketing Performance ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Network Capability

<p><em>This study is to determine what factors influencingthe performance of SMEs. The population in this study is SMEs in the Central Java. Sample collection was conducted with a purposive sampling method. Criteriaused to take into accountis the SMEs that are already running at leastfortwo years. The sample in this study is intended as the representative of total population,67 (sixty seven). The data were processed and analyzed by computer program of SPSS 20 for Windows. Based on the results of regression analysis, it can be concluded that competitiveness has positive and significant impact on marketing performance marketing access has positive and significant impact on marketing performance. It means that the higher competitiveness and marketing access, the higher its performance. Competitiveness and marketing access have influence on SMEs’ performance through network capability.   </em></p>

scholarly journals Estimating 24-Hour Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in Chinese Adults: Can Spot Urine Substitute 24-Hour Urine Samples?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xu ◽  
Jiyu Zhang ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Yamin Bai ◽  
Xiaolei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Misclassification Rate ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chinese Populations

Several estimating equations for predicting 24-h urinary sodium (24-hUNa) excretion using spot urine (SU) samples have been developed, but have not been readily available to Chinese populations. We aimed to compare and validate the six existing methods at population level and individual level. We extracted 1671 adults eligible for both 24-h urine and SU sample collection. Mean biases (95% CI) of predicting 24-hUNa excretion using six formulas were 58.6 (54.7, 62.5) mmol for Kawasaki, −2.7 (−6.2, 0.9) mmol for Tanaka, −24.5 (−28.0, −21.0) mmol for the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) with potassium, –26.8 (−30.1, −23.3) mmol for INTERSALT without potassium, 5.9 (2.3, 9.6) mmol for Toft, and −24.2 (−27.7, −20.6) mmol for Whitton. The proportions of relative difference >40% with the six methods were nearly a third, and the proportions of absolute difference >51.3 mmol/24-h (3 g/day salt) were more than 40%. The misclassification rate were all >55% for the six methods at the individual level. Although the Tanaka method could offer a plausible estimation for surveillance of the population sodium excretion in Shandong province, caution remains when using the Tanaka formula for other provincial populations in China. However, these predictive methods were inadequate to evaluate individual sodium excretion.

scholarly journals Urinary Hippuric Acid after Ingestion of Edible Fruits

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Toromanović ◽  
Elvira Kovač-Bešović ◽  
Aida Šapčanin ◽  
Ismet Tahirović ◽  
Zlatan Rimpapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Spectrophotometric Measurement ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Food Quantity

Aim of this study was to evaluate the biotransformation of simple phenols after ingestion of edible fruits and mixed food. It was analyzed hippuric acid in urine as biomarker of conjugation in the liver cells of glycine with aromatic phenolic acids such benzoic and salicylic acid from ingested food. Measurement of hippuric acid in urine samples of 10 healthy individuals: 5 female and 5 male with a mean age 51,5 years were recruited to participate in this study. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours. The additional meals 300 g of fruits: blueberry, cherry, raspberry, melon, blackberry and mixed food were given immediately before the 24 hr urine sampling. Otherwise, the meals given during 24 hr was a usually food. Biotransformation of phenols in edible fruits, that are together with liver glycins precursors of hippuric acid biosynthesis, was evaluated by direct spectrophotometric measurement of excreted hippuric acid in urine at 410 nm. It was established that the highest quantity of hippuric acid was after ingestion of 300g of bilberry fruits (p< 0,003), and same quantity of cherries (p< 0,003). Concentration of excreted hippuric acid was twice higher after ingestion of these fruits in comparison with hippuric acid concentrations in urine after ingestion of common - mixed food. Quantity of biosynthesised hippuric acid was in direct correlation with the concentrations of its precursors, primarily phenol acids and other simple aromatic acids ingested with food.

Twelve-Hour Urine Collection Can Be Utilized to Estimate 24-Hour Total Urinary Nitrogen in Critically Trauma Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S1-S1
Author(s):  
Hsuan-Chieh Liao ◽  
Grant O’Keefe ◽  
Fred Woo ◽  
Lisa Lawrence ◽  
Geoffrey Baird
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract Patients suffering from trauma, burns, and sepsis are frequently in a hypermetabolic state, and as the majority of urinary nitrogen comes from amino acid metabolism, the determination of total urinary nitrogen (TUN) provides an accurate measurement of all nitrogen excreted in urine and can be used as an indicator of catabolic stress. To evaluate whether time of collection influences the performance of TUN test, 12-hour urine specimens were collected from ICU trauma patients and the 12-hour results were correlated with results from 24-hour collections. Two consecutive 12-hour urine samples were collected (06:00-18:00 hours and 18:00-06:00 hours) from surgical ICU patients. Total urinary nitrogen levels were measured in each 12-hour sample, as well as in a pooled sample (24 hours). Pyrochemiluminescence was used to determine TUN level on an Antek 9000N elemental analyzer. In this approach, the urine sample is completely oxidized at high temperature in a quartz pyrotube. Nitrogen is converted to nitric oxide (·NO), then mixed with O3 (ozone) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Light is emitted and specific wavelengths between 650 and 900 nm were measured in a photomultiplier tube. The measured chemiluminescent emission is specific and proportional to the amount of nitrogen in the sample. Fifty 12-hour urine samples from 16 patients were collected. One patient was excluded from the study due to acute renal injury during the collection period. There was no significant observed circadian effect on measured TUN. The 12-hour TUN (g/total volume) was multiplied by 2 to compare to 24-hour TUN for statistical analysis. There was strong correlation between either day or night 12-hour TUN and corresponding pooled 24-hour TUN, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 and regression slopes ranging from 0.98 to 1.01. No statistically significant difference was found between the 12-hour TUN and 24-hour TUN approaches. A 12-hour TUN collection was overall highly predictive of 24-hour TUN collection and has the advantage of convenience of sample collection and improved clinical efficiency. Serial 12-hour urine collection is therefore preferred for monitoring nitrogen balance and adjusting protein intake for critically ill ICU patients.

Effect of method of blood sample collection on adrenal activity in farmed red deer and sheep following administration of ACTH

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ferre ◽  
P. J. Goddard ◽  
A. J. Macdonald ◽  
C. A. Littlewood ◽  
E. I. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stimulation Tests

AbstractThe effect of method of blood sample collection (automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) v. manual) on cortisol and progesterone concentrations was investigated in 20 farmed red deer hinds and 20 domestic sheep ewes following dexamethasone and exogenous ACTH administration. Ten animals were subjected to either automatic sampling or manual sampling via jugular venipuncture in 1 week, with the treatment groups reversed in the 2nd week. The ABSE was programmed to collect a blood sample, then deliver 2 mg dexamethasone, collect a further blood sample 120 min later and then inject 100 fig ACTH. Thereafter, samples were collected at 15-min intervals during a 2·5 h period (12 samples in total). In the manual injection and sampling treatment, four samples were collected: (1) before dexamethasone administration, (2) before ACTH administration, (3) 60 min after ACTH administration, and (4) 150 min after ACTH administration. The success rate of blood sampling with ABSE was 80%. The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) from samples collected by ABSE from both hinds and ewes was significantly lower than that from samples collected manually (P < 0·01) and PCV declined with time in manually sampled animals (P < 0·01). Plasma cortisol concentrations peaked at 45 min after ACTH administration in sheep and deer. In sheep, there was a marked fluctuation in the plasma cortisol concentrations with time. Both deer and sheep showed a reduced cortisol response to ACTH during week 2 irrespective of sampling method suggesting down-regulation of the response to ACTH. Maximum mean plasma progesterone concentration was reached at 15 to 30 min after ACTH administration. No significant differences in cortisol and progesterone responses due to blood sampling method were found in animals receiving prior dexamethasone treatment. This demonstrates that the ABSE has the ability to be used to effectively conduct ACTH stimulation tests without the need to handle the animals during the test.

THC and CBD concentrations in blood, oral fluid and urine following a single and repeated administration of “light cannabis”

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 682-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Pacifici ◽  
Simona Pichini ◽  
Manuela Pellegrini ◽  
Maria Concetta Rotolo ◽  
Raffaele Giorgetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Valuable Alternative ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single And Repeated Administration

AbstractBackground“Light cannabis” is a product legally sold in Europe with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration lower than 0.2% and variable cannabidiol (CBD) content. We studied THC and CBD excretion profiles in blood, oral fluid (OF) and urine after smoking one or four light cannabis cigarettes.MethodsBlood, OF and urine samples were obtained from six healthy light cannabis consumers after smoking one 1 g cigarette containing 0.16% THC and 5.8% CBD and from six others after smoking four 1 g cigarettes within 4 h. Sample collection began 0.5 and 4.5 h after smoking one or four cigarettes, respectively. Cannabinoid concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).ResultsAt the first collection, the highest THC and CBD concentrations occurred in blood (THC 7.0–10.8 ng/mL; CBD 30.2–56.1 ng/mL) and OF (THC 5.1–15.5 ng/mL; CBD 14.2–28.1 ng/mL); similar results occurred 0.5 h after the last of four cigarettes in blood (THC 14.1–18.2 ng/mL, and CBD 25.6–45.4 ng/mL) and OF (THC 11.2–24.3 ng/mL; CBD 14.4–37.0 ng/mL). The mean OF to blood ratio ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 after one and 0.6 to 1.9 after four light cannabis cigarettes. THC/CBD ratios in blood and OF were never greater than 2. Urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations peaked 8 h after one and four cigarettes.ConclusionsOF was a valuable alternative to blood in monitoring consumption of light cannabis. Blood and OF THC/CBD concentration ratios, never exceeded 2, possibly providing a useful biomarker to identify light cannabis vs illegal higher THC cannabis use, where THC/CBD ratios are generally greater than 10.

A pilot study on the utility of reduced urine collection frequency protocols for the assessment of reproductive hormones in adolescent girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather C.M. Allaway ◽  
Esther M. John ◽  
Theresa H. Keegan ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples

AbstractBackground:The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of and compliance to collecting urine samples in pre- and postmenarcheal girls and to determine if a less than daily collection frequency was sufficient for assessing ovarian function.Methods:Twenty-five postmenarcheal girls (11–17 years) collected samples using either a two or a three samples/week protocol during one menstrual cycle. Exposure and mean estrone-1-glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations were calculated, and evidence of luteal activity (ELA) was evaluated. Sixteen premenarcheal girls (8–11 years) collected one sample/month for six consecutive months. Samples were analyzed for E1G concentration. Participant compliance was calculated using dates on the urine samples and paper calendars.Results:Participants collecting three samples/week were more compliant to the protocol than those collecting two samples/week (83.6%±2.6% vs. 66.8%±6.6%; p=0.034). There were no differences (p>0.10) regarding paper calendar return (81.8%±12.2% vs. 92.9%±7.1%), recording menses (55.6%±17.6% vs. 92.3%±7.7%) or sample collection (88.9%±11.1% vs. 84.6%±10.4%) between the two protocols. The average cycle length was 30.5±1.3 days and 32% of cycles had ELA. The premenarcheal girls were 100% compliant to the protocol. Only 68.8% of participants returned the paper calendar and 81.8% of those participants recorded sample collection. The average E1G concentration was 15.9±3.8 ng/mL.Conclusions:Use of a less than daily collection frequency during one menstrual cycle in postmenarcheal, adolescent girls is feasible and provides informative data about ovarian function. Collection of one sample/month in premenarcheal girls is feasible and detects the expected low E1G concentrations. Alternate strategies to the use of a paper calendar should be considered.

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