scholarly journals Experience-dependent learning of behavioral laterality in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis occurs during the early developmental stage

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Takeuchi ◽  
Yuna Higuchi ◽  
Koki Ikeya ◽  
Masataka Tagami ◽  
Yoichi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Behavioral Laterality ◽  
Side Preference ◽  
Dependent Learning ◽  
Eating Experience ◽  
Early Developmental

AbstractBehavioral laterality—typically represented by human handedness—is widely observed among animals. However, how laterality is acquired during development remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the effect of behavioral experience on the acquisition of lateralized predation at different developmental stages of the scale-eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis. Naïve juvenile fish without previous scale-eating experience showed motivated attacks on prey goldfish and an innate attack side preference. Following short-term predation experience, naïve juveniles learned a pronounced lateralized attack using their slightly skewed mouth morphology, and improved the velocity and amplitude of body flexion to succeed in foraging scales during dominant-side attack. Naïve young fish, however, did not improve the dynamics of flexion movement, but progressively developed attack side preference and speed to approach the prey through predation experience. Thus, the cichlid learns different aspects of predation behavior at different developmental stages. In contrast, naïve adults lost the inherent laterality, and they neither developed the lateralized motions nor increased their success rate of predation, indicating that they missed appropriate learning opportunities for scale-eating skills. Therefore, we conclude that behavioral laterality of the cichlid fish requires the integration of genetic basis and behavioral experiences during early developmental stages, immediately after they start scale-eating.

scholarly journals Energetic constraints on an early developmental stage: a comparative view

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Gillooly ◽  
Gustavo A Londoño ◽  
Andrew P Allen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Biologists have long sought a means by which to quantify similarities and differences in embryonic development across species. Here we present a quantitative approach for predicting the timing of developmental events based on principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics. Data from diverse oviparous species support model predictions that most variation in the time required to reach one early developmental stage—the time to first heartbeat—is explained by the body size and temperature dependence of metabolic rate. Furthermore, comparisons of this stage with later developmental stages suggest that, after correcting for size and temperature, the relationship of metabolic rate to the rate of embryogenesis is approximately invariant across taxonomic groups and stages of ontogeny.

scholarly journals The Mycoheterotrophic Symbiosis Between Orchids and Mycorrhizal Fungi Possesses Major Components Shared with Mutualistic Plant-Mycorrhizal Symbioses

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1032-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihiro Miura ◽  
Katsushi Yamaguchi ◽  
Ryohei Miyahara ◽  
Tatsuki Yamamoto ◽  
Masako Fuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Bletilla Striata ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Early Developmental

Achlorophylous and early developmental stages of chorolophylous orchids are highly dependent on carbon and other nutrients provided by mycorrhizal fungi, in a nutritional mode termed mycoheterotrophy. Previous findings have implied that some common properties at least partially underlie the mycorrhizal symbioses of mycoheterotrophic orchids and that of autotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants; however, information about the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi is limited. In this study, we characterized the molecular basis of an orchid-mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis by analyzing the transcriptome of Bletilla striata at an early developmental stage associated with the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella sp. The essential components required for the establishment of mutual symbioses with AM fungi or rhizobia in most terrestrial plants were identified from the B. striata gene set. A cross-species gene complementation analysis showed one of the component genes, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene CCaMK in B. striata, retains functional characteristics of that in AM plants. The expression analysis revealed the activation of homologs of AM-related genes during the OM symbiosis. Our results suggest that orchids possess, at least partly, the molecular mechanisms common to AM plants.

scholarly journals Morphometric comparisons of plant-mimetic juvenile fish associated with plant debris observed on Kuchierabu-jima Island, southern Japan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexya C Queiroz ◽  
Yoichi Sakai ◽  
Marcelo Vallinoto ◽  
Breno Barros
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Kuroshio Current ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
The Kuroshio ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

The general morphological shape of plant-resembling fish and plant parts were compared using a geometric morphometrics approach. Lobotes surinamensis (Lobotidae), Platax orbicularis (Ephippidae) and Canthidermis maculata (Balistidae), three plant-mimetic fish species, were compared during their early developmental stages with accompanying plant parts (i.e. leaves of several taxa) in the coastal subtropical waters of Kuchierabu-jima Island, closely facing the Kuroshio Current. The degree of similarity shared between the plant parts and co-occurring fish species was quantified, however fish remained morphologically distinct from their plant models. Such similarities were corroborated by a linear model, in which relative body areas of fish and plant models were strongly interdependent. Our results strengthen the paradigm that morphological clues can lead to ecological evidence to allow predictions of behavioural and habitat choice by mimetic fish, according to the degree of similarity shared with their respective models. The resemblance to plant parts detected in the three fish species may provide fitness advantages via convergent evolutionary effects.

scholarly journals Morphometric comparisons of plant-mimetic juvenile fish associated with plant debris observed on Kuchierabu-jima Island, southern Japan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexya C Queiroz ◽  
Yoichi Sakai ◽  
Marcelo Vallinoto ◽  
Breno Barros
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Kuroshio Current ◽  
Habitat Choice ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
The Kuroshio ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

The general morphological shape of plant-resembling fish and plant parts were compared using a geometric morphometrics approach. Lobotes surinamensis (Lobotidae), Platax orbicularis (Ephippidae) and Canthidermis maculata (Balistidae), three plant-mimetic fish species, were compared during their early developmental stages with accompanying plant parts (i.e. leaves of several taxa) in the coastal subtropical waters of Kuchierabu-jima Island, closely facing the Kuroshio Current. The degree of similarity shared between the plant parts and co-occurring fish species was quantified, however fish remained morphologically distinct from their plant models. Such similarities were corroborated by a linear model, in which relative body areas of fish and plant models were strongly interdependent. Our results strengthen the paradigm that morphological clues can lead to ecological evidence to allow predictions of behavioural and habitat choice by mimetic fish, according to the degree of similarity shared with their respective models. The resemblance to plant parts detected in the three fish species may provide fitness advantages via convergent evolutionary effects.

Vacuolar acidity, protein profile, and crystal composition of epidermal bladder cells of the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingtzy Jou ◽  
Ya-Ling Wang ◽  
Hungchen Emilie Yen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
Early Developmental

The halophyte Mesembryanthemum crytallinum L. (ice plant) is marked by giant epidermal bladder cells (EBC). The differentiation of pavement cells into EBC occurs at an early developmental stage. EBC occupy most of the surface area in the aerial parts of salt-stressed mature ice plants. A large vacuolar reservoir for ion and water storage plays an important role in salinity adaptation. To monitor the acidity of the vacuole at different developmental stages of EBC, peels from the abaxial surface were stained with a pH-sensitive dye, neutral red (NR). Presence of both NR-stained (acidic) and NR-unstained (neutral) EBC were found at the juvenile stage in ice plants. Continuous exposure to illumination decreased the acidity of the NR-stained cells. The EBC protein profile illustrated the prominent co-existence of highly acidic and basic proteins in these specialised cells. Major proteins that accumulate in EBC are involved in photosynthesis, sodium compartmentalisation, and defence. Numerous raphide crystals were found in well fertilised ice plants. Salt-stressed cells exhibited changes in the surface charge and element composition of raphide crystals. A disappearance of potassium in the high-salt grown crystals suggests that these crystals might serve as a potassium reservoir to maintain the Na+/K+ homeostasis in this halophyte.

scholarly journals Haustorial Function During Development of Cleistothecia in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Götz ◽  
Christine Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Blumeria Graminis ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Vital Stains ◽  
Early Developmental

Cleistothecia of Blumeria graminis are a means of survival under adverse conditions as well as a means of sexual reproduction, and are produced by the generative mycelium at the end of the vegetation period. Vital stains and 14C-labeled sucrose were transported from the host (Triticum aestivum) through the haustoria into the generative mycelium. Translocation was intense during the early developmental stage of the generative mycelium. Colonies of later stages with macroscopically visible developing cleistothecia showed reduced staining and labeling. This correlated with an increase in the number as well as the degree of haustorial encasement and papillae formation. Detached mycelia of later developmental stages produced ripe cleistothecia containing ascospores of high germination rates in vitro, but early stages with microscopically small primordia only developed dark fruit bodies that did not produce ascospores. The data indicate that nutrition supply by the host is essential at the early stages of the generative mildew mycelium. The resulting metabolites are mainly stored within the hyphae. At later developmental stages, the generative mycelium progressively becomes more independent of nutrition supply by the host, providing its own metabolites for the growing fruit bodies.

scholarly journals Native microbial consortia improve maize shoot and root systems at early developmental stages in a seedbed assay

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. e1329
Author(s):  
Carlos Esteban Guardiola-Márquez ◽  
Melina Lizeth Figueroa-Montes ◽  
Adriana Pacheco Moscoa ◽  
Carolina Senés-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Early Developmental

Background: Agriculture is a major contributor to environmental and soil degradation. Soil microorganisms are essential to improve plant growth, crop yields and stress-tolerance. Objective: To characterize maize early plant-response in a seedbed setting to native consortia of isolated microorganisms from arid zones. Methods: Sixteen fungal and 16 bacterial isolates from arid soils were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed using morphological characteristics. Ten biofertilizers were tested in replicates (n=100) in maize under seedbed conditions. Consortia were formulated based on growth promoting traits, including mainly Penicillium and Pseudomonas species. After 45 days, biofertilizers were evaluated according to plant height, and shoot and root fresh weight. Results and Conclusions: Penicillium and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera identified. Most strains are potential candidates for biofertilizer formulation based on their growth promoting traits. Bacterial consortia mainly promoted plant caulinar development, while the combination of fungal and bacterial species markedly increased root development. Eight biofertilizer consortia from arid zones had positive effects at early developmental stage of maize under seedbed conditions compared to uninoculated plants.

Characteristics of calcium sparks in cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. H411-H421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Sauer ◽  
Tobias Theben ◽  
Jürgen Hescheler ◽  
Michael Lindner ◽  
Mathias C. Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Late Developmental Stage ◽  
Cardiac Precursor Cells ◽  
Early Developmental

In embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes, spontaneous Ca2+ sparks representing Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels were characterized and correlated to the expression of RyRs as well as the Ca2+ load of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In very early developmental stage (VEDS) cardiac precursor cells, global intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) fluctuations occurred, whereas Ca2+ sparks and contractions were absent. In early developmental stages (EDS), contractions as well as Ca2+sparks were obvious. During the further differentiation to late developmental stage (LDS) cardiomyocytes, a marked increase in the frequency of global [Ca2+]i transients, the amplitude and the frequency of Ca2+ sparks, as well as the expression of RyRs and the volume of RyR-positive SR, was observed. Furthermore, the caffeine-releasable SR Ca2+ load was elevated in LDS compared with EDS cardiomyocytes. A high-Ca2+ solution raised spark frequency as well as amplitude in EDS cardiomyocytes to the levels of LDS cardiomyocytes. The characteristics of Ca2+ sparks occurring in cardiomyocytes differentiated from ES cells may be governed by the Ca2+ load of the SR and/or the density of RyRs.

scholarly journals Regulated Formation of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA Molecules during Development in Xenopus laevis

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 6682-6689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarit Cohen ◽  
Sophie Menut ◽  
Marcel Méchali
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Repeated Sequence ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Dna Molecules ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Embryonic Genome ◽  
Early Developmental

ABSTRACT Extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules of chromosomal origin have been detected in many organisms and are thought to reflect genomic plasticity in eukaryotic cells. Here we report a developmentally regulated formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA that occurs de novo in preblastula Xenopus embryos. This specific DNA population is not detected in the male or female germ cells and is dramatically reduced in later developmental stages and in adult tissues. The activity responsible for the de novo production of extrachromosomal circles is maternally inherited, is stored in the unfertilized egg, and requires genomic DNA as a template. The formation of circular molecules does not require genomic DNA replication but both processes can occur simultaneously in the early development. The production of extrachromosomal circular DNA does not proceed at random since multimers of the tandemly repeated sequence satellite 1 were over-represented in the circle population, while other sequences (such as ribosomal DNA and JCC31 repeated sequence) were not detected. This phenomenon reveals an unexpected plasticity of the embryonic genome which is restricted to the early developmental stage.

Functional analysis of developmentally regulated chromatin-hypersensitive domains carrying the alpha 1-fetoprotein gene promoter and the albumin/alpha 1-fetoprotein intergenic enhancer

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1619-1633
Author(s):  
D Bernier ◽  
H Thomassin ◽  
D Allard ◽  
M Guertin ◽  
D Hamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Liver Development ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Early Developmental

During liver development, the tandem alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP)/albumin locus is triggered at the AFP end and then asymmetrically enhanced; this is followed by autonomous repression of the AFP-encoding gene. To understand this regulation better, we characterized the two early developmental stage-specific DNase I-hypersensitive (DH) sites so far identified in rat liver AFP/albumin chromatin: an intergenic DH-enhancer site and the AFP DH-promoter site. Mutation-transfection analyses circumscribed the DH-enhancer domain to a 200-bp DNA segment stringently conserved among species. Targeted mutations, DNA-protein-binding assays, and coexpression experiments pinpointed C/EBP as the major activatory component of the intergenic enhancer. Structure-function relationships at the AFP DH-promoter site defined a discrete glucocorticoid-regulated domain activated cooperatively by HNF1 and a highly specific AFP transcription factor, FTF, which binds to a steroid receptor recognition motif. The HNF1/FTF/DNA complex is deactivated by glucocorticoid receptors or by the ubiquitous factor NF1, which eliminates HNF1 by competition at an overlapping, high-affinity binding site. We propose that the HNF1-NF1 site might serve as a developmental switch to direct autonomous AFP gene repression in late liver development. We also conclude that the intergenic enhancer is driven by C/EBP alpha primarily to fulfill albumin gene activation functions at early developmental stages. Factor FTF seems to be the key regulator of AFP gene-specific functions in carcinoembryonic states.

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