scholarly journals Identification and distribution of novel badnaviral sequences integrated in the genome of cacao (Theobroma cacao)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Muller ◽  
Ihsan Ullah ◽  
Jim M. Dunwell ◽  
Andrew J. Daymond ◽  
Megan Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractTheobroma cacao is one of the most economically important tropical trees, being the source of chocolate. As part of an ongoing study to understand the diversity of the badnavirus complex, responsible for the cacao swollen shoot virus disease in West Africa, evidence was found recently of virus-like sequences in asymptomatic cacao plants. The present study exploited the wealth of genomic resources in this crop, and combined bioinformatic, molecular, and genetic approaches to report for the first time the presence of integrated badnaviral sequences in most of the cacao genetic groups. These sequences, which we propose to name eTcBV for endogenous T. cacao bacilliform virus, varied in type with each predominating in a specific genetic group. A diagnostic multiplex PCR method was developed to identify the homozygous or hemizygous condition of one specific insert, which was inherited as a single Mendelian trait. These data suggest that these integration events occurred before or during the species diversification in Central and South America, and prior to its cultivation in other regions. Such evidence of integrated sequences is relevant to the management of cacao quarantine facilities and may also aid novel methods to reduce the impact of such viruses in this crop.

Expansion of the Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): New Records in Northern Argentina and Their Implications From an Epidemiological Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1310-1313
Author(s):  
S Goenaga ◽  
A Chuchuy ◽  
M V Micieli ◽  
B Natalini ◽  
J Kuruc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
New Records ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Misiones Province ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract Since the last yellow fever (YF) outbreak was detected in Argentina in 2009, vector surveillance and studies of arbovirus infections are carried out intermittently specifically in areas where nonhuman primates of the Alouatta genus are present. We report in these areas of Corrientes province the detection of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar and Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Sabethes albiprivus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), both species involved in the forest YF cycle, and also the presence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in new areas in Argentina, which represents the southernmost citation for this species in South America. Aedes albopictus, a mosquito species native to Asia, was reported for the first time in Argentina in 1998, in Misiones province. Since then, no other report has indicated the extension of the distribution of this mosquito. This report shows the importance of performing continual entomological and arboviruses surveillance and highlights the impact that could result from the expansion of Ae. albopictus across Argentina.

scholarly journals Thyroid status, but not insulin status, affects expression of avian uncoupling protein mRNA in chicken

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (4) ◽  
pp. E771-E777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Collin ◽  
Mohammed Taouis ◽  
Johan Buyse ◽  
Ndey B. Ifuta ◽  
Veerle M. Darras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Group A ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Uncoupling Protein Mrna

The aim of this study was to investigate the hormonal regulation of the avian homolog of mammalian uncoupling protein (avUCP) by studying the impact of thyroid hormones and insulin on avUCP mRNA expression in chickens ( Gallus gallus). For 3 wk, chicks received either a standard diet (control group), or a standard diet supplemented with triiodothyronine (T3; T3 group) or with the thyroid gland inhibitor methimazole (MMI group). A fourth group received injections of the deiodinase inhibitor iopanoic acid (IOP group). During the 4th wk of age, all animals received two daily injections of either human insulin or saline solution. The results indicate a twofold overexpression of avUCP mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle of T3 birds and a clear downregulation (−74%) in MMI chickens compared with control chickens. Insulin injections had no significant effect on avUCP mRNA expression in chickens. This study describes for the first time induction of avUCP mRNA expression by the thermogenic hormone T3in chickens and supports a possible involvement of avUCP in avian thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Sexual state of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) newly recorded for New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 324-324
Author(s):  
P.R. Johnston ◽  
J.A. Cooper ◽  
D. Park ◽  
P.W. Sutherland ◽  
P.N. Wood
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sexual Recombination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sexual State ◽  
Group B ◽  
Asexual Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grape Powdery Mildew

Grape powdery mildew first reported in New Zealand in 1901 is widespread in New Zealand grape growing regions causing significant losses in some seasons In the summer of 2014 the sexual stage of this fungus was observed for the first time in New Zealand Subsequent surveys showed the sexual state as widespread in Gisborne Hawkes Bay and Marlborough Internationally two E necator populations are recognised Group A being asexual while Group B undergoes sexual recombination DNA was obtained from a sexual isolate from Hawkes Bay and from an asexual isolate from Canterbury and they matched Group B and Group A respectively Asexual populations overwinter in dormant buds and develop new infections at budbreak whereas sexual populations overwinter as cleistothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) with primary infections following ascospore release In Europe where both sexual and asexual populations are widespread overwintering through cleistothecia is considered most important for between season transmission The impact of this newly introduced powdery mildew population is as yet unknown but with the additional source of new season inoculum coupled with greater genetic diversity increasing the risk of fungicide resistance future control of the disease may become more difficult

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

Relationship between big five personality model and abusive supervision

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Tahira ◽  
Naveed Saif ◽  
Muhammad Haroon ◽  
Sadaqat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
State Universities ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Big Five Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Supervisor Behavior ◽  
Moderating Role

The current study tries to understand the diverse nature of relationship between personality Big Five Model (PBFM) and student's perception of abusive supervision in higher education institutions of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. Data was collected in dyads i.e. (supervisors were asked to rate their personality attributes while student were asked to rate the supervisor behavior) through adopted construct. For this purpose, data was collected from three government state universities and one Private Sector University. The focus was on MS/M.Phill and PhD student and their supervisors of the mentioned universities. After measuring normality and validity regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of supervisor personality characteristics that leads to abusive supervision. Findings indicate interestingly that except agreeableness other four attributes of (PBFM) are play their role for abusive supervision. The results are novel in the nature as for the first time Neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion and conscientiousness are held responsible for the abusive supervision. The study did not explore the demographic characteristics, and moderating role of organizational culture, justice and interpersonal deviances to understand the strength of relationship in more detail way. Keywords: Personality big five model, abusive supervision, HEIs

The Influence of TRIPS Compliant Patent Laws on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Rastogi ◽  
Virendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The first legislation in India relating to patents was the Act VI of 1856. The Indian Patents and Design Act, 1911 (Act II of 1911) replaced all the previous Acts. The Act brought patent administration under the management of Controller of Patents for the first time. After Independence, it was felt that the Indian Patents & Designs Act, 1911 was not fulfilling its objective. Various comities were constituted to recommend, framing a patent law which can fulfill the requirement of Indian Industry and people. The Indian Patent Act of 1970 was enacted to achieve the above objectives. The major provisions of the act, provided for process, not the product patents in food, medicines, chemicals with a term of 14 years and 5-7 for chemicals and drugs. The Act enabled Indian citizens to access cheapest medicines in the world and paved a way for exponential growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. TRIPS agreement, which is one of the important results of the Uruguay Round, mandated strong patent protection, especially for pharmaceutical products, thereby allowing the patenting of NCEs, compounds and processes. India is thereby required to meet the minimum standards under the TRIPS Agreement in relation to patents and the pharmaceutical industry. India’s patent legislation must now include provisions for availability of patents for both pharmaceutical products and processes inventions. The present paper examines the impact of change in Indian Patent law on Pharmaceutical Industry.

The impact of traditional plants and their secondary metabolites in the discovery of COVID-19 treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabana Bibi ◽  
Ayesha Sarfraz ◽  
Ghazala Mustafa ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Aurang Zeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Test System ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
System Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plant Sources

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause a serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs for the first time in China and later spread worldwide. Objective: Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. Methods: A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engine such as Google scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plantderived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. Results: Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID-19 is described and through literature search, is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and studied with respect to Coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite is also mentioned in this review paper. Conclusion: The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.

Individual and Combined Assessment of Ser680Asn FSH Receptor and FSHβ -211 G>T Gene Polymorphisms in Ovarian Response in IVF/ICSI Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elli Anagnostou ◽  
Alexia Kafkoutsou ◽  
Despina Mavrogianni ◽  
Ekaterini Domali ◽  
Evangelia Dimitroulia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Greek Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Molecular Genetic Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Background: Molecular biology tools, such as the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been considered to assist to the management of the ovarian stimulation protocols. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of two polymorphisms, the Asn680Ser polymorphism of the FSHR gene, and the FSH β subunit (FSHβ) gene polymorphism -211 G>T, in a Greek population of women undergoing IVF/ICSI program in our center. In addition, a control group of fertile women was studied, to verify whether there are differences in the genotype distribution between fertile and infertile population for both polymorphisms, as the FSHβ gene polymorphism -211 G>T is studied for the first time in the Greek population. Results : The FSH β-211 G>T polymorphism, studied for the first time in the Greek infertile population, appears to be quite rare. When studying the two polymorphisms separately, statistically significant differences were obtained that concerned the LH levels. Discussion: According to the combination analysis of the two polymorphisms by the number of alleles, women with 2-3 polymorphic alleles needed more days of stimulation, but there were no differences in pregnancy rates. Conclusion: This molecular genetic study helps to elucidate whether the polygenic combination of the Asn680Ser and FSH β subunit -211 G>T gene polymorphisms is of additive value in the prediction of ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins.

Reconstituting the International, 1918–1923

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talbot C. Imlay
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Events ◽  
Great War ◽  
Bolshevik Revolution ◽  
Meaning And Purpose ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Do So ◽  
Lengthy Process

This chapter examines the post-war efforts of European socialists to reconstitute the Socialist International. Initial efforts to cooperate culminated in an international socialist conference in Berne in February 1919 at which socialists from the two wartime camps met for the first time. In the end, however, it would take four years to reconstitute the International with the creation of the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in 1923. That it took so long to do so is a testimony to the impact of the Great War and to the Bolshevik revolution. Together, these two seismic events compelled socialists to reconsider the meaning and purpose of socialism. The search for answers sparked prolonged debates between and within the major parties, profoundly reconfiguring the pre-war world of European socialism. One prominent stake in this lengthy process, moreover, was the nature of socialist internationalism—both its content and its functioning.

scholarly journals Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaxill ◽  
Toby Rogers ◽  
Cynthia Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cost of ASD in the U.S. is estimated using a forecast model that for the first time accounts for the true historical increase in ASD. Model inputs include ASD prevalence, census population projections, six cost categories, ten age brackets, inflation projections, and three future prevalence scenarios. Future ASD costs increase dramatically: total base-case costs of $223 (175–271) billion/year are estimated in 2020; $589 billion/year in 2030, $1.36 trillion/year in 2040, and $5.54 (4.29–6.78) trillion/year by 2060, with substantial potential savings through ASD prevention. Rising prevalence, the shift from child to adult-dominated costs, the transfer of costs from parents onto government, and the soaring total costs raise pressing policy questions and demand an urgent focus on prevention strategies.

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