scholarly journals PbCSE1 promotes lignification during stone cell development in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Xu ◽  
Xingyu Tao ◽  
Zhihua Xie ◽  
Xin Gong ◽  
Kaijie Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Delayed Growth ◽  
Lignin Deposition

AbstractPear [Pyrus bretschneideri cv. Dangshan Su] fruit quality is not always satisfactory owing to the presence of stone cells, and lignin is the main component of stone cells in pear fruits. Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) is a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis. Although CSE-like genes have been isolated from a variety of plant species, their orthologs are not characterized in pear. In this study, the CSE gene family (PbCSE) from P. bretschneideri was identified. According to the physiological data and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), PbCSE1 was associated with lignin deposition and stone cell formation. The overexpression of PbCSE1 increased the lignin content in pear fruits. Relative to wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PbCSE1 delayed growth, increased the lignin deposition and lignin content in stems. Simultaneously, the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes were also increased in pear fruits and Arabidopsis. These results demonstrated that PbCSE1 plays an important role in cell lignification and will provide a potential molecular strategy to improve the quality of pear fruits.

scholarly journals Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase Gene Is Involved in the Step of Lignin Biosynthesis in Chinese White Pear

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shutian Tao ◽  
Danyang Wang ◽  
Cong Jin ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Chinese White ◽  
Essential Enzyme ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

Lignin is the main component of stone cells, and stone cell content is one of the crucial factors for fruit quality in chinese white pear (Pyrus ×bretschneideri). The lignin biosynthesis pathway is complex and involves many enzymatic reactions. Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase [C4H (EC.1.14.13.11)] is an essential enzyme in lignin metabolism. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bagging on lignin metabolism during fruit development in chinese white pear. The study showed that bagging had little effect on stone cell content, lignin content, C4H activity, and C4H gene expression and that there was a positive correlation between C4H gene expression and lignin content as well as stone cell content. Moreover, a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding C4H (PbrC4H, GenBank accession number KJ577541.1) was isolated from chinese white pear fruit. The cDNA is 1515 bp long and encodes a protein of 504 amino acids. Sequence alignment suggested that the deduced protein belongs to the P450 gene family and that C4H might be located subcellularly in the cell membrane. The results indicate that bagging cannot change the lignin and stone cell content significantly and that C4H catalyzes a step in lignin biosynthesis. These findings provide certain theoretical references and practical criteria for improving the quality of chinese white pear.

scholarly journals Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the complex molecular mechanisms underlying stone cell formation in Korla pear

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisajan Mamat ◽  
Kuerban Tusong ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Chuang Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractKorla pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü) is a landrace selected from a hybrid pear species in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. In recent years, pericarp roughening has been one of the major factors that adversely affects fruit quality. Compared with regular fruits, rough-skin fruits have a greater stone cell content. Stone cells compose sclerenchyma tissue that is formed by secondary thickening of parenchyma cell walls. In this work, we determined the main components of stone cells by isolating them from the pulp of rough-skin fruits at the ripening stage. Stone cell staining and apoptosis detection were then performed on fruit samples that were collected at three different developmental stages (20, 50 and 80 days after flowering (DAF)) representing the prime, late and stationary stages of stone cell differentiation, respectively. The same batches of samples were used for parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to identify candidate genes and proteins that are related to SCW biogenesis in Korla pear fruits. The results showed that stone cells are mainly composed of cellulose (52%), hemicellulose (23%), lignin (20%) and a small amount of polysaccharides (3%). The periods of stone cell differentiation and cell apoptosis were synchronous and primarily occurred from 0 to 50 DAF. The stone cell components increased abundantly at 20 DAF but then decreased gradually. A total of 24,268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1011 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. We screened the DEGs and DAPs that were enriched in SCW-related pathways, including those associated with lignin biosynthesis (94 DEGs and 31 DAPs), cellulose and xylan biosynthesis (46 DEGs and 18 DAPs), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolic processes (10 DEGs and 3 DAPs), apoplastic ROS production (16 DEGs and 2 DAPs), and cell death (14 DEGs and 6 DAPs). Among the identified DEGs and DAPs, 63 significantly changed at both the transcript and protein levels during the experimental periods. In addition, the majority of these identified genes and proteins were expressed the most at the prime stage of stone cell differentiation, but their levels gradually decreased at the later stages.

scholarly journals Effects of Metaxenia on Stone Cell Formation in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Based on Transcriptomic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Lignin-Related Gene PbC4H2

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jinyun Zhang ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Tianzhe Chen ◽  
Guohui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pollen Parent ◽  
Seed Parent ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

The deposition of lignin in flesh parenchyma cells for pear stone cells, and excessive stone cells reduce the taste and quality of the fruit. The effect of metaxenia on the quality of fruit has been heavily studied, but the effect of metaxenia on stone cell formation has not been fully elucidated to date. This study used P. bretschneideri (Chinese white pear) cv. ‘Yali’ (high-stone cell content) and P. pyrifolia (Sand pear) cv. ‘Cuiguan’ (low-stone cell content) as pollination trees to pollinate P. bretschneideri cv. ‘Lianglizaosu’ separately to fill this gap in the literature. The results of quantitative determination, histochemical staining and electron microscopy indicated that the content of stone cells and lignin in YL fruit (‘Yali’ (pollen parent) × ‘Lianglizaosu’ (seed parent)) was significantly higher than that in CL fruit (‘Cuiguan’ (pollen parent) × ‘Lianglizaosu’ (seed parent)). The transcriptome sequencing results that were obtained from the three developmental stages of the two types of hybrid fruits indicated that a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin signal transduction (AUX/IAAs and ARFs), lignin biosynthesis, and lignin metabolism regulation (MYBs, LIMs, and KNOXs) between the CL and YL fruits at the early stage of fruit development. Therefore, metaxenia might change the signal transduction process of auxin in pear fruit, thereby regulating the expression of transcription factors (TFs) related to lignin metabolism, and ultimately affecting lignin deposition and stone cell development. In addition, we performed functional verification of a differentially expressed gene, PbC4H2 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase). Heterologous expression of PbC4H2 in the c4h mutant not only restored its collapsed cell wall, but also significantly increased the lignin content in the inflorescence stem. The results of our research help to elucidate the metaxenia-mediated regulation of pear stone cell development and clarify the function of PbC4H2 in cell wall development and lignin synthesis, which establishes a foundation for subsequent molecular breeding.

scholarly journals Genetic, transcriptional, and regulatory landscape of monolignol biosynthesis pathway in Miscanthus × giganteus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Zeng ◽  
Jiajing Sheng ◽  
Fenglin Zhu ◽  
Tianzi Wei ◽  
Lingling Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Essential Knowledge ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Regulatory Landscape

Abstract Background Miscanthus × giganteus is widely recognized as a promising lignocellulosic biomass crop due to its advantages of high biomass production, low environmental impacts, and the potential to be cultivated on marginal land. However, the high costs of bioethanol production still limit the current commercialization of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The lignin in the cell wall and its by-products released in the pretreatment step is the main component inhibiting the enzymatic reactions in the saccharification and fermentation processes. Hence, genetic modification of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis could be a feasible strategy to overcome this barrier by manipulating the lignin content and composition of M. × giganteus. For this purpose, the essential knowledge of these genes and understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms in M. × giganteus is required. Results In this study, MgPAL1, MgPAL5, Mg4CL1, Mg4CL3, MgHCT1, MgHCT2, MgC3′H1, MgCCoAOMT1, MgCCoAOMT3, MgCCR1, MgCCR2, MgF5H, MgCOMT, and MgCAD were identified as the major monolignol biosynthetic genes in M. × giganteus based on genetic and transcriptional evidence. Among them, 12 genes were cloned and sequenced. By combining transcription factor binding site prediction and expression correlation analysis, MYB46, MYB61, MYB63, WRKY24, WRKY35, WRKY12, ERF021, ERF058, and ERF017 were inferred to regulate the expression of these genes directly. On the basis of these results, an integrated model was summarized to depict the monolignol biosynthesis pathway and the underlying regulatory mechanism in M. × giganteus. Conclusions This study provides a list of potential gene targets for genetic improvement of lignocellulosic biomass quality of M. × giganteus, and reveals the genetic, transcriptional, and regulatory landscape of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in M. × giganteus.

scholarly journals The Correlation between Cellular Features and Gene Expression in ‘Korla’ Fragrant Pear

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Wen-hui Li ◽  
Jian-rong Feng ◽  
Shi-kui Zhang ◽  
Zhang-hu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Wall

‘Korla’ fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis T.T. Yu) variety has shown severe coarse skin in recent years. The intrinsic quality of its coarse fruit shows an increase in the number of stone cells and poor taste. In this study, stone cells and the cell wall of coarse pear (CP) and normal pear (NP) during various development stages were compared using paraffin-sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the relationships between lignin-related genes and stone cell formation and cell wall thickening were also analyzed. Our results show that giant stone cells are formed and distributed in the core of pear, whereas many of these crack 60 days after flowering (DAF). The period of stone cell fragmentation occurs later in CP fruits than in NP fruits. Parenchyma cell wall development in CP and NP fruits varies from 120 DAF to maturity. The parenchyma cell wall of CP fruits thickens, whereas that of NP fruits is thinner during the same period. The expression pattern of five genes (Pp4CL1-l, PpHCT-l, Pp4CL2-l, PpPOD4, and PpPOD25) coincides with changes in stone cell content in the pulp. Correlation analysis demonstrates a significant correlation between stone cell content and the expression level of the five genes (ρ < 0.05). In addition, the expression of those five genes and PpCCR1 genes in CP fruits significantly increases during maturation and is highly correlated with the thickness of the parenchyma cell wall. The aim of this work is to provide insights into the mechanism of stone cell and parenchyma cell wall development in pear fruits and identify important candidate genes to regulate the quality of fruit texture using bioengineering methods.

Manipulating lignin deposition

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Schuetz ◽  
Carl Douglas ◽  
Lacey Samuels ◽  
Brian Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Root Systems ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Lignin Deposition

Schuetz, M., Douglas, C., Samuels, L. and Ellis, B. 2014. Manipulating lignin deposition. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1043–1049. Since lignin represents one of most durable forms of fixed carbon in plant biomass, we hypothesized that increasing root lignin content for crops whose root systems remained in the soil after harvest would elevate the total amount of carbon retained in the soil in Canadian agroecosystems. The immediate goal of this Greencrop project was, therefore, to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control deposition of the lignin polymer in plant cell walls, with a view to eventually manipulating the quantity and location of lignin in crop plant root systems. To this end, we examined two classes of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins – transcription factors, which are believed to play crucial roles in regulating lignin biosynthesis, and ATP binding cassette transporters, which are putative lignin precursor transporters. These studies revealed that a complex network of interacting transcriptional regulators is involved in activating and suppressing the expression of key genes required for secondary cell wall deposition and lignification.

scholarly journals The regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during pigmentation of winter jujube

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
Lihu Wang ◽  
Zhongtang Wang ◽  
Rentang Zhang ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Nac Transcription Factors ◽  
Safranin O ◽  
Lignin Deposition ◽  
Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway

AbstractFruit lignification is due to lignin deposition in the cell wall during cell development. However, there are few studies on the regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during fruit pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the regulation of cell wall lignification and lignin biosynthesis during pigmentation of winter jujube. The cellulose content decreased, while the lignin content increased in the winter jujube pericarp during pigmentation. Safranin O-fast green staining showed that the cellulose content was higher in the cell wall of winter jujube prior to pigmentation, whereas the lignin in the cell wall increased after pigmentation. The thickness of the epidermal cells decreased with pericarp pigmentation. A combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis showed that guaiacyl-syringyl (G-S) lignin was the main lignin type in the pericarp of winter jujube, and F5H (LOC107424406) and CCR (LOC107420974) were preliminarily identified as the key genes modulating lignin biosynthesis in winter jujube. Seventeen MYB and six NAC transcription factors (TFs) with potential regulation of lignin biosynthesis were screened out based on phylogenetic analysis. Three MYB and two NAC TFs were selected as candidate genes and further studied in detail. Arabidopsis ectopic expression and winter jujube pericarp injection of the candidate genes indicated that the MYB activator (LOC107425254) and the MYB repressor (LOC107415078) control lignin biosynthesis by regulating CCR and F5H, while the NAC (LOC107435239) TF promotes F5H expression and positively regulates lignin biosynthesis. These findings revealed the lignin biosynthetic pathway and associated genes during pigmentation of winter jujube pericarp and provide a basis for further research on lignin regulation.

scholarly journals Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveal new insights into stone cell formation in Korla pear

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisajan Mamat ◽  
Xiaoli Zhang ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Chuang Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background Korla fragrant pear(P•sinkiangensis Yü)is a famous local variety of Xinjiang China. One difficulty is the high stone cell content of these pears, which causes the formation of rough skins on the fruit. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of stone cell formation, parallel analyses of the transcriptome and proteome was performed to identify important regulators and pathways involved in stone cell formation.Results Fruit samples were collected at three important time points depending on the stages of stone cell formation (20, 50 and 80 days after flowering). A total of 24268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1011 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from all the time points. Function analysis of the differential genes/proteins revealed that a set of candidates was associated with stone cell formation. These candidates mainly enriched in pathways involved in lignin biosynthesis, cellulose and xylan biosynthesis, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolic process, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell death. We mined a total of 253 DEGs, and 100 DAPs, 63 of which were significantly changed at both the transcript and protein levels during fruit development.Conclusions Our findings reveal that some intriguing genes/proteins were previously unrecognized related with the sclereid formation, which provided new insights into molecular processes regulating sclereid accumulation in pear pulp.

scholarly journals Targeting hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase for lignin modification in Brachypodium distachyon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Serrani-Yarce ◽  
Luis Escamilla-Trevino ◽  
Jaime Barros ◽  
Lina Gallego-Giraldo ◽  
Yunqiao Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Lignin Modification

Abstract Background Hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) is a central enzyme of the so-called “esters” pathway to monolignols. As originally envisioned, HCT functions twice in this pathway, to form coumaroyl shikimate and then, in the “reverse” direction, to convert caffeoyl shikimate to caffeoyl CoA. The discovery of a caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) that forms caffeic acid directly from caffeoyl shikimate calls into question the need for the reverse HCT reaction in lignin biosynthesis. Loss of function of HCT gives severe growth phenotypes in several dicot plants, but less so in some monocots, questioning whether this enzyme, and therefore the shikimate shunt, plays the same role in both monocots and dicots. The model grass Brachypodium distachyon has two HCT genes, but lacks a classical CSE gene. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the utility of HCT as a target for lignin modification in a species with an “incomplete” shikimate shunt. Results The kinetic properties of recombinant B. distachyon HCTs were compared with those from Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, and Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) for both the forward and reverse reactions. Along with two M. truncatula HCTs, B. distachyon HCT2 had the least kinetically unfavorable reverse HCT reaction, and this enzyme is induced when HCT1 is down-regulated. Down regulation of B. distachyon HCT1, or co-down-regulation of HCT1 and HCT2, by RNA interference led to reduced lignin levels, with only modest changes in lignin composition and molecular weight. Conclusions Down-regulation of HCT1, or co-down-regulation of both HCT genes, in B. distachyon results in less extensive changes in lignin content/composition and cell wall structure than observed following HCT down-regulation in dicots, with little negative impact on biomass yield. Nevertheless, HCT down-regulation leads to significant improvements in biomass saccharification efficiency, making this gene a preferred target for biotechnological improvement of grasses for bioprocessing.

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