scholarly journals Negative media portrayals of immigrants increase ingroup favoritism and hostile physiological and emotional reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Conzo ◽  
Giulia Fuochi ◽  
Laura Anfossi ◽  
Federica Spaccatini ◽  
Cristina Onesta Mosso
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Media Portrayals ◽  
Negative News ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Measuring Diversity ◽  
Subject Experiment ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

AbstractAnti-immigration rhetoric in the mass media has intensified over the last two decades, potentially decreasing prosocial behavior and increasing outgroup hostility toward immigrants, and fostering ingroup favoritism toward natives. We aim to understand the effects of negative and positive discourses about immigration on prosociality at different levels of societal ethnic diversity. In two studies (student sample, nationally representative sample), we conduct a survey and a 3X3 between-subject experiment, including money-incentivized behavioral games measuring prosociality. We manipulate media representations of immigrants and the probability of interacting with immigrants (the latter measuring diversity). Results show that negative news affects prosociality as a function of the probability of interacting with immigrants. Negative portrayals increase altruism and trustworthiness in ethnically homogenous settings relative to unknown and ethnically-mixed contexts. These results are stronger for right-wing and high-prejudice respondents. Moreover, negative media portrayals of immigrants increase the testosterone-cortisol ratio, which is a proxy for proneness to social aggression. Negative news also increases outgroup-related perceived health risk, outgroup anxiety and outgroup threat less in ethnically-homogeneous contexts. Overall, negative portrayals of immigrants generate physiological and emotional hostility toward the outgroup, and ingroup favoritism in economic transactions, possibly determining efficiency losses in ethnically-diverse markets, relative to ethnically-homogeneous markets.

scholarly journals Media and War

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Media Representations ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Media Portrayals ◽  
The Future ◽  
Yellow Journalism ◽  
The Media ◽  
Television Media ◽  
Over Time

Representations of war in the media have changed drastically over time. Like the media representations of war, the American public's view of wars has also shifted over time; this is often a result of the media portrayals of war events. This paper examines the role of newspaper, yellow journalism, and sensationalism writing during the Spanish-American War on the American public's support for the war and juxtaposes this with television media accounts of the American war in Vietnam and how this created public disapproval for the war. Both had everlasting effects on US war policy for the future.

The intersection of science and television representation of gay sexuality in American culture: A shift from the anti-discrimination narrative to the Born This Way narrative

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Media Portrayals ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Television Representation

An investigation into the parallelism between media portrayals of gay individuals and the findings produced by the science community can offer possibilities to comprehend the intersection of science and popular culture on the topic of homosexuality. Recognizing this relationship renders it possible to address the historical evolution of media representations of homosexuality alongside the development of scientific knowledge on the same issue. That is, mainstream media can be perceived as a space in which perceptions of what gayness is and means has been negotiated. In this article, I set out to trace how media representations of gay sexuality have shifted from survival to legitimate presence by looking at the adoption of the Born This Way narrative as a new approach to understand homosexuality. To this end, the Born This Way narrative allows for thoughtful and productive representations of gay characters on mainstream television programmes, which the anti-discrimination narrative lacks.

scholarly journals Community Influences on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: Norms, Opportunities, and Ethnic Diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Grace Grose ◽  
Sarah R. Hayford ◽  
Yuk Fai Cheong ◽  
Sarah Garver ◽  
Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Female Genital

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) is a human rights violation with adverse health consequences. Although prevalence is declining, the practice persists in many countries, and the individual and contextual risk factors associated with FGMC remain poorly understood. We propose an integrated theory about contextual factors and test it using multilevel discrete-time hazard models in a nationally representative sample of 7,535 women with daughters who participated in the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. A daughter’s adjusted hazard of FGMC was lower if she had an uncut mother who disfavored FGMC, lived in a community that was more opposed to FGMC, and lived in a more ethnically diverse community. Unexpectedly, a daughter’s adjusted FGMC hazard was higher if she lived in a community with more extrafamilial opportunities for women. Other measures of women’s opportunities warrant consideration, and interventions to shift FGMC norms in more ethnically diverse communities show promise to accelerate abandonment.

Emotional Reactions to Music in a Nationally Representative Sample of Swedish Adults: Prevalence and Causal Influences

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin ◽  
Simon Liljeström ◽  
Petri Laukka ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll ◽  
Lars-Olov Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Mail Questionnaire ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
General Semantic ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Causal Variables

Empirical studies have indicated that listeners value music primarily for its ability to arouse emotions. Yet little is known about which emotions listeners normally experience when listening to music, or about the causes of these emotions. The goal of this study was therefore to explore the prevalence of emotional reactions to music in everyday life and how this is influenced by various factors in the listener, the music, and the situation. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to a random and nationally representative sample of 1,500 Swedish citizens between the ages of 18 and 65, and 762 participants (51%) responded to the questionnaire. Thirty-two items explored both musical emotions in general (semantic estimates) and the most recent emotion episode featuring music for each participant (episodic estimates). The results revealed several variables (e.g., personality, age, gender, listener activity) that were correlated with particular emotions. A multiple discriminant analysis indicated that three of the most common emotion categories in a set of musical episodes (i.e., happiness, sadness, nostalgia) could be predicted with a mean accuracy of 70% correct based on data obtained from the questionnaire. The results may inform theorizing about musical emotions and guide the selection of causal variables for manipulation in future experiments.

scholarly journals Applying the Implicit Association Test to Measure Intolerance of Uncertainty

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Oriana Mosca ◽  
Francesco Dentale ◽  
Marco Lauriola ◽  
Luigi Leone
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Student Sample

Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is a key trans-diagnostic personality construct strongly associated with anxiety symptoms. Traditionally, IU is measured through self-report measures that are prone to bias effects due to impression management concerns and introspective difficulties. Moreover, self-report scales are not able to intercept the automatic associations that are assumed to be main determinants of several spontaneous responses (e.g., emotional reactions). In order to overcome these limitations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was applied to measure IU, with a particular focus on reliability and criterion validity issues. The IU-IAT and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Inventory (IUI) were administered to an undergraduate student sample (54 females and 10 males) with a mean age of 23 years ( SD = 1.7). Successively, participants were asked to provide an individually chosen uncertain event from their own lives that may occur in the future and were requested to identify a number of potential negative consequences of it. Participants’ responses in terms of cognitive thoughts (i.e., cognitive appraisal) and worry reactions toward these events were assessed using the two subscales of the Worry and Intolerance of Uncertainty Beliefs Questionnaire. The IU-IAT showed an adequate level of internal consistency and a not significant correlation with the IUI. A path analysis model, accounting for 35% of event-related worry, revealed that IUI had a significant indirect effect on the dependent variable through event-related IU thoughts. By contrast, as expected, IU-IAT predicted event-related worry independently from IU thoughts. In accordance with dual models of social cognition, these findings suggest that IU can influence event-related worry through two different processing pathways (automatic vs. deliberative), supporting the criterion and construct validity of the IU-IAT. The potential role of the IU-IAT for clinical applications was discussed.

Testing Relationships Between Racial-Ethnic Identity, Racial-Ethnic Discrimination, and Substance Misuse Among Black and Latinx Older Adults in a Nationally Representative Sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752098695
Author(s):  
Laurent Reyes ◽  
Peter Treitler ◽  
N. Andrew Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Older adults (aged 55+) comprise a rapidly growing population both in number and racial-ethnic diversity. In recent years, substance misuse prevalence among older adults has increased and is expected to continue rising, highlighting the need to understand risk and protective factors in this population. Using nationally representative data, this study examines the association of racial-ethnic identity and racial-ethnic discrimination with alcohol and illicit drug use among Black and Latinx older adults, and whether racial-ethnic identity moderates the relationship between discrimination and substance misuse. Findings show that among Latinx older adults discrimination is associated with increased substance misuse, and higher ethnic identity is associated with decreased illicit drug use. Higher racial-ethnic identity buffers the effects of discrimination on illicit drug use for Latinx, but not for Black respondents. Findings of this study highlight the complex associations between racial-ethnic identity, discrimination, and substance misuse, varying across racial-ethnic group, age, context, and other factors.

scholarly journals Victimization and PTSD in A Rural Kenyan Youth Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidsel H Karsberg ◽  
Ask Elklit
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Potentially Traumatic Events ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Within the last ten years, there has been a growing number of epidemiological studies, examining the effect of trauma exposure in children and adolescents. Although studies concerning Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been conducted in a wide array of different cultural contexts [1], the knowledge on traumatization and development of PTSD is still limited [2]. Most studies conducted are clinical studies, which deal with subjects that have already been traumatized or affected by specific single events such as war [3], natural disasters [1], serious accidents [4] or physical/sexual abuse [5-7]. Though research indicates that adolescents are very vulnerable to the exposure of Potentially Traumatic Events (PTEs) [8], studies targeting non-clinical youth populations and the impact of their life experiences are very few. With the increasing ethnic diversity of populations worldwide, it is of particular interest to compare the prevalence of exposure and PTSD in children and adolescents of different ethnic backgrounds. When designing preventive interventions and treatment programs for youth suffering from PTSD it is crucial to understand the complex interaction of variables behind the disorder. Differences in prevalence of exposure, PTSD and demographic variables between ethnicities may reveal some important clues to the etiology of the disease. The present study replicated six previous non-clinical studies which were designed to provide epidemiological information about exposure to PTEs, and the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents (see Table 1). The six studies were conducted in different countries and were very similar in their research methods and samples. The studies have been conducted in four European countries: Denmark [9], Iceland, [10], Lithuania [11], and the Faroe Islands [2], as well as in two Asian countries: Israel [12], and India [13] of which the four first samples were nationally representative.

scholarly journals Designed to Fail: Media Representations of Racialized Classrooms and Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Cheryl Arntson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Education ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Black Student ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Media Portrayals ◽  
Media Institutions ◽  
Physical Elements

Educational institutions are assumed to be racially neutral. However, media represents the achievement and ability of individual students and schools disparately and gives these attributes racial meaning. The scenes and sets in movies in the background seldom enter our consciousness and are assumed natural and normal in the context of movies and the stories they communicate. However, audiences, media institutions and set designers draw on shared cultural understandings to communicate and interpret the racial implications behind objects, placement of bodies, and scenery (Entman, 1993, pp. 52-53). Negative media portrayals of Black students and their school environments suggest that there is a problem with urban education. These representations and images suggest that the setting and the objects within it have purpose and meaning that is important in relaying the intended message. This study examines physical elements represented in classroom and school spaces in four movies: Akeelah and the Bee (2006), Finding Forrester (2000), Coach Carter (2005), High School Musical (2006). Utilizing a visual analysis of scenes depicting classrooms and school exteriors in these films, this study sought to examine how these representations of schools are presented as racialized spaces. Based on the data collected, the study concluded school spaces are represented disparately if they are assumed to contain Black racialized bodies than they are if they are assumed to be white spaces. Representations of urban schools with Black student populations contain multiple elements of surveillance, control and categorization.

Emotional reactions to music in a nationally representative sample of Swedish adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin ◽  
Simon Liljeström ◽  
Petri Laukka ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll ◽  
Lars-Olov Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Mail Questionnaire ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
General Semantic ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Causal Variables

Empirical studies have indicated that listeners value music primarily for its ability to arouse emotions. Yet little is known about which emotions listeners normally experience when listening to music, or about the causes of these emotions. The goal of this study was therefore to explore the prevalence of emotional reactions to music in everyday life and how this is influenced by various factors in the listener, the music, and the situation. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to a random and nationally representative sample of 1,500 Swedish citizens between the ages of 18 and 65, and 762 participants (51%) responded to the questionnaire. Thirty-two items explored both musical emotions in general (semantic estimates) and the most recent emotion episode featuring music for each participant (episodic estimates). The results revealed several variables (e.g., personality, age, gender, listener activity) that were correlated with particular emotions. A multiple discriminant analysis indicated that three of the most common emotion categories in a set of musical episodes (i.e., happiness, sadness, nostalgia) could be predicted with a mean accuracy of 70% correct based on data obtained from the questionnaire. The results may inform theorizing about musical emotions and guide the selection of causal variables for manipulation in future experiments.

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