scholarly journals Natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular damage in the metabolic syndrome: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Savoia ◽  
Massimo Volpe ◽  
Alessandro Alonzo ◽  
Chiara Rossi ◽  
Speranza Rubattu
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Blood Pressure Elevation ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Natriuretic peptides are endogenous antagonists of vasoconstrictor and salt- and water-retaining systems in the body's defence against blood pressure elevation and plasma volume expansion, through direct vasodilator, diuretic and natriuretic properties. In addition, natriuretic peptides may play a role in the modulation of the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic regulation and cardiovascular remodelling. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by visceral obesity, hyperlipidaemia, vascular inflammation and hypertension, which are linked by peripheral insulin resistance. Increased visceral adiposity may contribute to the reduction in the circulating levels of natriuretic peptides. The dysregulation of neurohormonal systems, including the renin–angiotensin and the natriuretic peptide systems, may in turn contribute to the development of insulin resistance in dysmetabolic patients. In obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome, reduced levels of natriuretic peptides may be involved in the development of hypertension, vascular inflammation and cardio vascular remodelling, and this may predispose to the development of cardiovascular disease. The present review summarizes the regulation and function of the natriuretic peptide system in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome and the involvement of altered bioactive levels of natriuretic peptides in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic abnormalities.

Genetic and physiological insights into the metabolic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. R663-R669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hegele ◽  
Rebecca L. Pollex
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Partial Lipodystrophy ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Familial Partial Lipodystrophy ◽  
Aboriginal Groups

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common phenotype that is clinically defined by threshold values applied to measures of central obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and/or elevated blood pressure, which must be present concurrently in any one of a variety of combinations. Insulin resistance, although not a defining component of the MetS, is nonetheless considered to be a core feature. MetS is important because it is rapidly growing in prevalence and is strongly related to the development of cardiovascular disease. To define etiology, pathogenesis and expression of MetS, we have studied patients, specifically Canadian families and communities. One example is familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), a rare monogenic form of insulin resistance caused by mutations in either LMNA, encoding nuclear lamin A/C (subtype FPLD2), or in PPARG, encoding peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ (subtype FPLD3). Because it evolves slowly and recapitulates key clinical and biochemical attributes, FPLD seems to be a useful monogenic model of MetS. A second example is the disparate MetS prevalence between two Canadian aboriginal groups that is mirrored by disparate prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Careful phenotypic evaluation of such special cases of human MetS by using a wide range of diagnostic methods, an approach called “phenomics,” may help uncover early presymptomatic disease biomarkers, which in turn might reveal new pathways and targets for interventions for MetS, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals World endocrinology news

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
M A Berkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The role of interleukin-6 in insulin resistance, body fat distribution and energy balance Disorders of glucose metabolism and risk of oral cancer. Duration of lactation is associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in midlife--SWAN, the study of women's health across the nation. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Adypocyte prolactin: regulation of release and putative functions.

Lipid behavior in metabolic syndrome pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basheer Marzoog
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Level ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

: Undeniably, lipid plays an extremely important role in the homeostasis balance, since lipid contributes to the regulation of the metabolic processes. The metabolic syndrome pathogenesis is multi-pathway that composes neurohormonal disorders, endothelial cell dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, genetic predisposition, in addition to gut commensal microbiota. The heterogenicity of the possible mechanisms gives the metabolic syndrome its complexity and limitation of therapeutic accesses. The main pathological link that lipid contributes to the emergence of metabolic syndrome via central obesity and visceral obesity that consequently lead to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response promotion. Physiologically, a balance is kept between the adiponectin and adipokines level to maintain the lipid level in the organism. Clinically, extremely important to define the borders of the lipid level in which the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is reversible, otherwise will be accompanied by irreversible complications and sequelae of the metabolic syndrome (cardiovascular, insulin resistance). The present paper is dedicated to providing novel insights into the role of lipid in the development of metabolic syndrome hence dyslipidemia is the initiator of insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome).

Modulation of the action of insulin by angiotensin-(1–7)

2014 ◽  
Vol 126 (9) ◽  
pp. 613-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando P. Dominici ◽  
Valeria Burghi ◽  
Marina C. Muñoz ◽  
Jorge F. Giani
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Insulin Signalling ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Signalling Pathway ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is predicted to increase dramatically over the coming years and the clinical implications and healthcare costs from this disease are overwhelming. In many cases, this pathological condition is linked to a cluster of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, systemic hypertension and dyslipidaemia, defined as the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance has been proposed as the key mediator of all of these features and contributes to the associated high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the molecular mechanisms behind insulin resistance are not completely understood, a negative cross-talk between AngII (angiotensin II) and the insulin signalling pathway has been the focus of great interest in the last decade. Indeed, substantial evidence has shown that anti-hypertensive drugs that block the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) may also act to prevent diabetes. Despite its long history, new components within the RAS continue to be discovered. Among them, Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] has gained special attention as a counter-regulatory hormone opposing many of the AngII-related deleterious effects. Specifically, we and others have demonstrated that Ang-(1–7) improves the action of insulin and opposes the negative effect that AngII exerts at this level. In the present review, we provide evidence showing that insulin and Ang-(1–7) share a common intracellular signalling pathway. We also address the molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of Ang-(1–7) on AngII-mediated insulin resistance. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches leading to modulation of the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)/Ang-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis as a very attractive strategy in the therapy of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Diet to Reduce the Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Menopause. The Logic for Olive Oil

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3184
Author(s):  
Juan José Hidalgo-Mora ◽  
Laura Cortés-Sierra ◽  
Miguel-Ángel García-Pérez ◽  
Juan J. Tarín ◽  
Antonio Cano
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The rates of metabolic syndrome are increasing in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, primarily due to its concomitant insulin resistance. This is particularly concerning for women, as the years around menopause are accompanied by an increase in visceral obesity, a strong determinant of insulin resistance. A fall in estrogens and increase in the androgen/estrogen ratio is attributed a determining role in this process, which has been confirmed in other physiological models, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. A healthy lifestyle, with special emphasis on nutrition, has been recommended as a first-line strategy in consensuses and guidelines. A consistent body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that the Mediterranean diet, with olive oil as a vital component, has both health benefits and acceptable adherence. Herein, we provide an updated overview of current knowledge on the benefits of olive oil most relevant to menopause-associated metabolic syndrome, including an analysis of the components with the greatest health impact, their effect on basic mechanisms of disease, and the state of the art regarding their action on the main features of metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
Rui-Min Jia ◽  
Xiao-Ning Yan ◽  
Jing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents and children can cause serious consequences that lead researchers to pay efforts to study in such area. Presently, MS definition is still not standardized. Different versions of MS definition have been used by numerous studies, which may be a problem to identify MS and then to predict and prevent clinical diseases. The pediatric literature shows that insulin resistance and obesity might be the key underlying pathophysiology of MS to cause many related diseases. High prevalence of MS is in overweight and obese children and adolescents. This article focuses on such above issues and also effects of MS on two main disease outcomes: cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome and the menopause

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto J Kaaja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome consists of a combination of risk factors that include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in women than in men. The first manifestation of metabolic syndrome may occur in pregnancy presenting as gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Both conditions are associated with increased insulin resistance. Also metabolic syndrome is more common in polycystic ovarian syndrome. It has been suggested that there is a metabolic syndrome resulting from the menopause due to estrogen deficiency, as many of the risk factors are more prevalent in postmenopausal women. Also estrogen replacement improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the risk of diabetes. The key elements in managing the metabolic syndrome are weight reduction, increasing physical activity and diet modification. If blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic control are not achieved through these interventions then pharmacological therapy will be required.

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