scholarly journals The study of the phenomenon of self-employment and its role in the national economy: the case of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 06015
Author(s):  
Dinara Rakhmatullayeva ◽  
Guliya Iliyashova ◽  
Altynai Maukenova ◽  
Yernazar Ishanov

This article explores the urgent problem of the role of the self-employed population in the development of the national economy. An empirical review of foreign literature allowed the authors to identify the causes and consequences of self-employment of the population. Statistical comparative analysis was used to study trends in the structure of the workforce, as well as the main macroeconomic indicators of the republic. Based on the results, the authors attempted to investigate the potential impact of the self-employed on the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan and assess existing measures to regulate self-employment in the country.

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 389 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
D.M. Mussayeva ◽  
A. Yessentay

This article examines the role of science in modern society. The main research methods were generalization, systematization and economic and statistical method. The statistical base of the study was the data of the statistics Committee of the Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2018 years. Based on the analysis of research by domestic and foreign authors, it was determined that science and education are the most important factors and priorities for the development of modern society, especially in developed countries. Based on a comparative analysis of R&D financing and assessment of the scientific potential of Kazakhstan, the crisis state of science in Kazakhstan's society is shown. It was revealed that the main causes of the crisis are insufficient funding, the loss of a large number of qualified technical personnel and the lack of necessary interaction between science and production. The results of the study may be of interest to government authorities in the field of science.


2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 06011
Author(s):  
Guliya Ilyashova ◽  
Dauren Turarov ◽  
Riza Murabildaeva ◽  
Aiman Batyr

A lot of the business learning a self-employed must do is actually unlearning many old husbands’ tales that are so often told to unsuspecting indies. Take, for instance, all the dire warnings and urgings to feel sorry for yourself because you are being shafted by the tax code. Oh, big, bad government — does not it give all the tax breaks to national corporations and employees! Moreover, poor little indie gets nothing but headaches and high taxes. Well, right now, as your New Year’s Resolution, throw out those old-fashioned ideas. Take charge. Learn. Pay less tax! Sure, the tax code is written for corporations and employees, not for you, a self-employed. Of course the big boys get advantages that are out of bounds for you. However, in a dynamically developing modern economy, self-employment has its advantages. The aim of the study is to identify criteria that allow defining self-employment among other types of employment, determining the status of self-employment in the national economy, disclosing forms of self-employment, and considering the factors and characteristics of the formation of self-employment in the modern economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The researchers propose a methodological approach to the definition of the self-employment concept.


Author(s):  
Mek Wok Mahmud ◽  
Sayed Sikandar Shah Haneef

Reversion to Islam while opening golden opportunities for a revert in terms of divine guidance and spiritual salvation is coming with somewhat insurmountable challenges in terms of Islamization of the self, family and contributions to the overall development of Malaysia as a multi-religious country. This is especially so when Islam as an official religion has made the issue of Islamization of the Malaysian society and its systems amongst the pivotal national agendas in the country.  As to what is the role of Chinese Muslims (reverts) in the process, studies, among others, have purported to present the statistics about their share in socio-economic development. Similarly, empirical studies point to the odds faced by this community at personal, family and community levels in their path for transition to the full Islamic way of life. To the presenters of this paper, however, the macro dimension of what it means to become a Muslim which is essential for adjustment to the Islamic requirements has not been sufficiently highlighted in discourses in the area. Accordingly, this paper presents the position statements on Islamic expectations from Chinese reverts with the purpose of motivating them to achieve greater things in the area of Islamization of their community and the nation to the effect. Keywords: Chinese converts, Islamization, expectations and challenges. Abstrak kembalinya seseorang kepada agama Islam selain dari membuka peluang keemasan dalam mendapat  petunjuk Ilahi dan pengisian rohani turut disertai dengan cabaran yang amat sukar untuk diatasi termasuklah cabaran Islamisasi diri, keluarga serta sumbangan kepada pembangunan keseluruhan Malaysia sebagai negara berbilang agama. Hal ini menjadi satu keutamaan terutamanya apabila Islam memegang status sebagai agama rasmi persekutuan yang menjadikan isu Islamisasi masyarakat Malaysia sebagai satu agenda nasional. Bagi menjayakan agenda ini, peranan umat Islam dari kalangan masyarakat Cina (cina muslim) juga perlu diambil kira. Statistik menunjukkan cina muslim turut mempunyai bahagian dalam menyumbang terhadap pembangunan sosio-ekonomi negara. Dalam pada masa yang sama, kajian empirikal membuktikan adanya bentuk bentuk cabaran yang dihadapi oleh komuniti ini di peringkat peribadi, keluarga dan komuniti dalam perjalanan mereka untuk kembali kepada cara hidup Islam yang sepenuhnya. Bagi kami pengkaji kertas ini, dimensi makro dalam menjadikan dan mengertikan  seseorang itu Muslim terutamanya dalam menyesuaikan diri dengan ajaran  Islam masih belum cukup diberi  penjelasan dan penerangan yang sewajarnya. Oleh itu, makalah ini cuba menerangkan idea dan cadangan yang berguna kepada cina muslim dengan tujuan memotivasikan  mereka bagi  mencapai kejayaan  yang lebih besar dari aspek Islamisasi di kalangan komuniti mereka seterusnya memberi sumbangan kepada negara. Kata kunci:  Cina Muslim, Islamisasi, harapan dan cabaran.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-499
Author(s):  
Sulaiman S. RESHIEV ◽  
Andi S. VAGAPOV ◽  
Isa S.-M. KHUTUEV

Subject. This article discusses and analyzes regional projects to be implemented in the Chechen Republic for the period 2019–2024. Objectives. The article aims to develop a set of proposals aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Republic's economy. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of systems and statistical analyses. Results. The article describes the role of regional projects in the development of the socio-economic sphere of the Chechen Republic and proposes a set of measures the implementation of which will help shape a competitive economy in the Republic. Conclusions. Regional project objectives and indicators need to be better defined. Regional projects are elements of national projects designed to contribute to a breakthrough in the scientific, technological and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Mc Keever ◽  
G.M. Narbonne

In 2005, IUCN published a report entitled Geological World Heritage: A Global Framework (Dingwall et al., 2005). The aim of that report was to discuss and advise on the role of the World Heritage Convention in recognising and protecting geological and geomorphological heritage. The aim of the present report is to fully revise and update the 2005 report and to look at the potential impact of the new UNESCO Global Geopark designation on future inscriptions to the World Heritage List under criterion (viii). This aim has been achieved through a thorough review of the 2005 report, and in particular the thematic approach to geology that the report used. This has led to the proposal of a rationalised set of 11 themes to guide the application of criterion (viii). This report also examines the processes of comparative analysis and questions of site integrity in relation to properties listed for geological and geomorphological values.


2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
U. Khudayberdieva ◽  
S. Navruzov ◽  
N. Rajabov ◽  
O. Karimov ◽  
K.H. Fozilova

This article examines the history of silkworm breeding, the role of silkworm breeding in the national economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the role of silkworm breeding in the development of the industry. This is because the interrelationship of traits of economic value is of great importance in selection and breeding work. The experiments were conducted in 2015-2017 at the Silk Research Institute of Uzbekistan. The life expectancy of the experimental butterflies was 10.9-12.8 days and the variability was 33.9-56.6%. The coefficient of variability indicates the degree of diversity in the population on this trait. Thus, it is clear from the results that the population of “Marvarid” and “Liniya 27” has the ability to carry out selection work on the sign of life expectancy of female butterflies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Craig

Abstract The precise form of internalization of the provisions of the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in domestic law is crucial in ensuring its long-term effectiveness. Experiences in the Western Balkans raise important questions about the role of minority (or community) rights legislation in deeply divided societies. This article uses the case-studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and the Republic of North Macedonia to highlight key themes and limitations that have emerged. Comparative analysis reveals a surprising divergence of approaches to internalization in the region. The article further demonstrates that the ‘nation-cum-state paradigm’ remains prevalent, despite the premise of universality. It argues that such legislation can play an important symbolic and practical role, but that legal internalization needs to be seen as an ongoing process. It concludes that attention needs to be given to ensuring the continued particularization and adaptation of such legislation in light of both the limitations and changing circumstances, providing a key lesson also for other divided societies.


Author(s):  
Jenny Berrill ◽  
Damien Cassells ◽  
Martha O’Hagan-Luff ◽  
André van Stel

This article investigate the relationship between financial distress, well-being and employment status. Using several indicators of financial distress and of well-being, our econometric analysis shows that the negative association between financial distress and well-being is moderated by employment status in the sense that financial problems are more strongly associated with poor well-being for the self-employed compared to the wage-employed. Hence, when self-employed workers find themselves in a situation of financial distress, the negative consequences for their well-being are more severe. This is found to hold both for the self-employed with and without employees.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
A.V. Tikhonova ◽  
◽  

The present article examines the prospect of forming a special chapter of the Model Tax Code for the CIS countries, “Tax on Professional Income.” The relevance of this issue is explained by two circumstances—first, a growing share of self-employed citizens, among whom a significant part work outside the legal framework; and second, the possible labor migration of this category of payers between the CIS countries. As a consequence, both factors lead to the need for the formation of common approaches to taxation of self-employed individuals in the member states, codified in the form of a chapter in the Model Tax Code. The purpose of the study is to determine the key elements of the tax on professional income in the CIS countries, which should be indicated in the CIS Model Tax Code as the basic conditions and principles of taxation of self-employed citizens. In accordance with the goal, the author analyzed the tax and labor legislation of the CIS member states, as well as the associated member, the Republic of Turkmenistan. A review of legal acts showed that there is no single conceptual apparatus (“self-employment,” “selfemployed”) in the analyzed countries. This fact prevents the development of a unified approach to determining the circle of taxpayers within the special regime. National legislation has developed three approaches to taxing the self-employed. The first approach is that the self-employed are singled out into an independent category of payers with the presence of the corresponding features of taxation. The second approach consists in the absence of specific conditions of taxation in the presence of a standard individual income tax levied on a general basis. The third approach involves the formation in the construct of a number of taxes and special tax regimes of specific conditions for the taxation of the self-employed. At the end of the article, recommendations are given on the content of a special chapter of the Model Tax Code, taking into account the peculiarities of economic and social development, the state of tax administration, and the “tax” susceptibility of the population of the CIS countries. As an approach to taxation of the self-employed, it is proposed to apply the first one cited, based on the allocation of an independent category of payers.


Author(s):  
Adrianna MASTALERZ-KODZIS ◽  

Purpose: The aim of the article is to show the modified method of calculating the economic potential on the example of territorial units of the Upper Silesian Metropolis. Design/methodology/approach: Economic potential is a measure of a region's strength compared to other regions. In economics, potential is a substitute for socio-economic development. The methodology of calculating the modified economic potential of territorial units was discussed in the first part of the article, and an empirical example is presented in the second part. Findings: As a result of the research, strong regions were identified and the self-potential of the regions and their surroundings were compared. Research limitations/implications: The proposed modified method of potentials can be used for a comparative analysis of any territorial units. The metric that is used to measure the distance between territorial units is important. Practical implications: On the basis of the presented method, any regions or countries can be compared in terms of socio-economic development. Social implications: The method makes it possible to compare the socio-economic development of regions in terms of income and population. Originality/value: The article compares selected communes of the Silesian Voivodeship in terms of income, population and socio-economic development. A modified measure of economic potential was used


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