Features of state regulation of exports in developing countries and their modernization

The article describes the features of state influence in the export of coffee from Africa, affecting the international trade in raw materials. The example of coffee market is analyzed in the article. The world experience of regulating the flow of goods from a country with a transition economy is analyzed and its adaptation to developing countries is evaluated. The problem of this industry is expressed in the fact that after centuries, African countries have not been able to develop an optimal model for regulating coffee exports in the context of the formation of raw material prices on international exchanges. The purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of adapting on the African continent the Russian model of state support for exports, which is a system of a number of institutions focused on the implementation of subsidy programs through administrative and tax measures. The scientific novelty is that, for the first time, two models of state regulation of developing countries and countries with economies in transition are correlated in order to modernize the African export support system.

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New data on flint processing of East Trypillia tribes of the Bug-Dnieper interfluve

Vita Antiqua ◽

10.37098/va-2021-13-113-128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 113-128

Author(s):

Ye.V. Pichkur ◽

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Production Waste ◽

The West ◽

Quantitative Ratio ◽

Lithic Industry ◽

Modern Level ◽

First Time ◽

Local Nature

For the first time, materials of such settlements of the East Trypillia culture as Trostyanchyk, Onopriyivka І are published. Despite approximately the same quantitative ratio, even at first glance, the materials of these two leaflets differ significantly from each other. The Trostyanchyk complex is actually blade-type: blades prevail both among production waste and among the tool kit. Flakes and tools on them dominate in Onopriyivka. If the Trostyanchyk complex can be regarded as "classic" in terms of the tool kit: retouched blades, end-scrapers, sickle inserts, perforators on blades, etc., then the Onopriyivka complex looks more primitive: retouched flakes, notched tools and scrapers on flakes, and others. In Onopriyivka, unlike Trostyanchyk, finds of weapons are completely absent. Products from Onopriyivka are made mainly of local raw materials, while in Trostyanchyk there are approximately equal parts of products from local and imported raw materials, and products from local flint are made as carefully as products from Volyn flint. At the same time, in both cases we can confidently speak of the local nature of production. This is evidenced by both the use of local flint raw material and the specific items present in both collections. In Trostyanchyk, as already mentioned, a hammerstone was found, in Onopriyivka — core-like fragments and chips of modify of cores. Such differences can be explained by both territorial and chronological discrepancies. Onopriyivka I is earlier, refers to the end of stage ВІ, Trostyanchyk — to the end of stage ВІІ. Trostyanchyk is located on the Southern Bug, Onopriyivka — in the Bugo-Dnieper interfluve. Although, perhaps, this situation is explained by the unevenness of the study of these sites. In addition, materials from the Vladyslavchyk settlement are published for the first time. Based on their analysis, using analogies from related and synchronous sites, the author tried to identify the features of the East Trypillia lithic industry in the Bug-Dnieper rivers interfluve. As it turned out, at the modern level, the identification of such features is not possible. The materials of the East Trypillia culture of the region are, on the whole, more similar to the materials of the settlements of the West Trypillia culture, than to related sites on the Southern Bug. Keywords: East Trypillia culture, Kukutenʹ-Trypillya, production, flint processing, Bug-Dnieper interfluve

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Agro-Morphological, Microanatomical and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Medicinal Plant Chelidonium majus L.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9101396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1396

Author(s):

Tatiana E. Samatadze ◽

Olga Y. Yurkevich ◽

Firdaus M. Hazieva ◽

Elena A. Konyaeva ◽

Alexander I. Morozov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

5S Rdna ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chelidonium Majus ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Cytogenetic Characterization ◽

First Time

Chelidonium majus L. is a medicinal plant well-known as a valuable source of isoquinoline alkaloids, which has a variety of pharmacological properties including anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. However, considerable intraspecific bio-morphological variability in C. majus complicates raw material identification and verification. For the first time, we have brought into cultivation five populations of C. majus subsp. majus originated from different regions, and performed their agro-morphological, microanatomical and molecular cytogenetic characterization. All examined populations produced high seed (18.6–19.9 kg/ha) and raw material (0.84–1.08 t/ha) yields; total alkaloid contents were within 0.30–0.38%. Nevertheless, significant differences in plant morphology and yield-contributing traits were observed. The performed microanatomical analysis of leaves and flowers in double- and normal-flowered plants revealed micro-diagnostic features (including tissue topography, types of stomata, laticifers, structure of leaf mesophyll, hairs, sepals and petals) important for identification of C. majus raw materials. The analysis of chromosome morphology, DAPI-banding patterns, FISH mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and also chromosome behavior in meiosis allowed us to identify for the first time all chromosomes in karyotypes and confirm relative genotype stability of the studied plants. Our findings indicate that the examined C. majus populations can be used in further breeding programs.

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Effect of mechanically activated raw materials on β-sialon formation by combustion synthesis

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.2007.0338 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 2863-2867 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ramasamy Sivakumar ◽

Kazuhiko Aoyagi ◽

Tomohiro Akiyama

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Activation ◽

Combustion Synthesis ◽

Milling Time ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

First Time

The influence of different raw material mixtures on β-sialon (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z, 1 ⩽ z ⩽ 4) formation through mechanical activation coupled combustion synthesis (MA-CS) was investigated in low nitriding atmosphere of 1 MPa without diluent inclusions. The MA-CS performed for the first time on sialon raw materials with milling time of 18 min obtained sialons more than three times as pure as those obtained by CS of mixtures ball milled to 1 h (z = 3). The starting materials containing silicon, aluminum, and alumina (z = 4) after MA-CS had an increment of sialon amounts up to 88 mass%.

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The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11090975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 975

Author(s):

Slobodan Radusinović ◽

Argyrios Papadopoulos

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Bauxite Residue ◽

Raw Material ◽

Late Triassic ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Critical Elements ◽

Secondary Raw Material ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

First Time ◽

Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

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The Role of Macroeconomic Stability in Current Account Balances

10.21203/rs.3.rs-288051/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Murat Cetrez ◽

Yasin Baris Altayligil

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Current Account ◽

Inflation Rate ◽

African Countries ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Fiscal Balance ◽

First Time ◽

Current Account Balances ◽

Macroeconomic Stability

Abstract The role of macroeconomic stability in current account balances has not been studied with a calculated index in the literature until now. It is aimed to find out the role of macroeconomic stability in current account balances for the first time in the study. The analysis is completed for the period between 1980 and 2016 for 97 countries. The macroeconomic stability is represented by an index which is created with inflation rate, growth rate, unemployment rate and fiscal balance data of all the countries. It is found out that the macroeconomic stability is one of the important determinants of current account balances like institutional quality and financial development. It has a negative and statistically significant relationships with current account balances for four different country groups which are developing countries, all countries except industrial, all countries except industrial and African countries, and all countries. Results show that the macroeconomic stability is especially important for the developing countries rather than high income countries.

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New challenges in the study of lithic raw materials in central Italy at the dawn of metal working societies: La Pietra and other radiolarite quarry-workshops in Tuscany

Journal of Lithic Studies ◽

10.2218/jls.v3i2.1466 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sem Scaramucci ◽

Vanessa Volpi ◽

Armando Costantini ◽

Marco Giamello ◽

Alessandro Donati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Central Italy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Copper Age ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Archaeological Data ◽

Geochemical Analyses ◽

First Time ◽

Non Destructive

In central-southern Tuscany radiolarite has been used as a lithic raw material throughout prehistory. During the Copper Age it was selected for the local production of leaf-shaped artefacts. In the area considered, the Copper Age record is almost totally restricted to burials and virtually no settlements have been investigated so far. Radiolarite artefacts are found mostly as refined arrow and, possibly javelin, heads used as grave goods.Within this context, the discovery and recent investigation of the large radiolarite quarry of La Pietra (Roccastrada, Grosseto) and of the related workshops is of great interest. Our aim here is to integrate the record from this site with other contemporary evidence of radiolarite exploitation. A programme of surveys has thus begun on the other radiolarite outcrops of the area in order to verify the existence of further rock quarrying or working. The discovery of a previously unknown quarry-workshop and two previously unknown workshops on radiolarite outcrops is presented here for the first time. The geological and archaeological data coming from the quarry-workshops will be used, in a future stage of research, to source the radiolarite artefacts found in Copper Age graves of Central Italy. The Copper age armatures are valuable artefacts mostly kept in museums and fully non-destructive analyses must be applied to them. To tackle these challenges, we followed a methodological approach which integrates field surveys, the individuation of petrographic markers of the most exploited radiolarite horizons and geochemical analyses. For geochemical characterization, we made use of pXRF portable spectrometer and here we present some preliminary results in the light of current methodological debate.In conclusion, even if some methodological questions remain open, we verified the feasibility of this programme of geographical, geological and geochemical characterizations and need now to increase our dataset in order to reconstruct a viable picture of Copper age lithic economy in central-southern Tuscany.

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Mineral Raw Materials’ Resource Efficiency in Selected ESEE Countries: Strengths and Challenges

Materials Proceedings ◽

10.3390/materproc2021005083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Stavroula Giannakopoulou ◽

Fotini Chalkiopoulou ◽

Katerina Adam

Keyword(s):

Gap Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Business Environment ◽

Resource Efficiency ◽

International Standards ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mineral Raw Materials ◽

Economies In Transition ◽

Secondary Raw Materials

The mineral raw materials’ resource efficiency is currently recognized in Europe as the way for the future development of the European mining economies. With this aim, a West Balkan Mineral Register was created in the EIT Raw Materials RESEERVE Project, including Primary and Secondary Raw Materials of six Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (ESEE) countries, i.e., Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. Within the Project, a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Gap Analysis was also performed for the development of the raw material sector in the region. This paper summarizes the main strengths to be exploited, i.e., the significant geological potential, the presence of critical raw materials (e.g., Sb, Co, REEs) in primary and secondary raw materials, and the challenges to address, i.e., compliance of resources/reserves classification with international standards, integration of state’s mineral policy with spatial planning strategies, improvement of the business environment, capacity building of the raw materials workforce and enhancement of the public acceptance of the sector, in order to achieve the sustainable development of the mineral resources of the six ESEE countries. These opportunities comply with the objectives of the EU Raw Materials Initiative and are expected to contribute in the further enhancement of those economies in transition for the upcoming years.

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DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX: THE CHALLENGE OF 2014

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/7722 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Абдулмуталибов ◽

Ragim Abdulmutalibov

Keyword(s):

Foreign Investment ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Direct Foreign Investment ◽

State Regulation ◽

Energy Industry ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Foreign Investments ◽

Investment Activity ◽

Economies In Transition

In conditions when against the Russian Federation economic sanctions are imposed, it is especially important to intensify work on attraction of investments and counteraction to outflow of the capital from the country. The energy industry as the turbulent situation with presence of such giants as Exxon Mobil Corporation in Russia showed, the unprecedented contract with the Chinese party on construction of the Force of Siberia gas pipeline, cooperation with French "Total", remains to one of the most investment and attractive branches of economy cooperation in which has strategic and long-term character. In present difficult conditions for realization of policy of attraction and deduction of investments into the Russian energy industry it is obviously necessary to pay attention, first of all, to effective use of instruments of state regulation. Considering strategic character of energy industry for Russia and importance of high efficiency, the attracted investments for domestic economy, it is necessary to provide as it was told above, balance of interests of the state and the attracted investors. Increase of efficiency of state regulation of foreign investment and investment activity in energy industry has to consider two macroeconomic conditions. In - the first, this creation of the friendly environment for the investor who came to fuel and raw sector of a national economy of the country guaranteeing protection of interests and minimizing risks of the investor. Secondly, it is necessary to displace emphasis on investment into adjacent sectors of energy industry. It is reached by interindustry transfer of investments (capital) on the enterprises occupied with profound processing of initial natural raw materials on the one hand and also in productions which provide organizational and technical, logistic and material deliveries of products for fuel and raw spheres on the other hand. The country with economies in transition accepting foreign investments is faced by an important task to define an optimum ratio of the foreign and national capital which will allow to accelerate its development and to avoid negative consequences of foreign investment. Need to control inflow of the foreign capital to the country is obvious, and for effective management of economy it is necessary to improve important legislative base, to create system of monitoring of direct foreign investments in which the branch and regional orientation of direct foreign investments has to be analyzed. Performance and observance of these conditions will demand a complex of regulatory measures, development and which acceptance depends on harmonious cooperation and actions of the external economic, antimonopoly and tax administration of the Russian state.

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Facile Synthesis of β-PbO2 Nanoparticles Range from 10-30 nm and their Application for Ozone Generation

Journal of The Electrochemical Society ◽

10.1149/1945-7111/ac40c6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Du Yuan ◽

Hao Liu ◽

Zixuan Wang ◽

Xi Wang ◽

Guirong Miao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Critical Issue ◽

Raw Material ◽

Scale Production ◽

Operation Condition ◽

Ozone Generation ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Size And Morphology ◽

The Cost ◽

First Time

Abstract β-PbO2 is an important high oxygen overpotential anode coating material. Further study on nanoscale β-PbO2 with higher performance and lower cost is a critical issue in order to develop the electrochemical ozone generator. Herein, an improved β-PbO2 nanoparticles synthesizing strategy based on the traditional Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis method is proposed in this work, which is more scalable for industrial-scale production compared with existed nano β-PbO2 synthesizing methods. The possible mechanism of synthesizing β-PbO2 nanoparticles via Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis was discussed for the first time. Based on the proposed mechanism, the size and morphology of the β-PbO2 nanoparticles were effectively controlled, and alternative raw material that can significantly reduce costs was developed. SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS results indicate that pure phase β-PbO2 nanoparticles range from 10-30 nm were obtained. In addition, the use of alternative raw materials reduces the cost by 90%-95% compared to the traditional Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis method. The β-PbO2 nanoparticles showed good ozone generation performances. The energy consumption per unit ozone of the β-PbO2 nanoparticles is reduced by 51.9% at the optimized operation condition than the reference PbO2 particles used for comparis

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FLAVONOIDS FROM THE BUDS OF THE HORSE CHESTNUT (AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L.)

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2020036330 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 123-129

Author(s):

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽

Pavel Viktorovich Belov

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Uv Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽

Horse Chestnut ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

New Type ◽

First Time

The buds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hippocastanaceae family) is a new promising species of medicinal plant raw material. The prospect of studying the buds of this plant is due to the content of flavonoids in them, which have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Flavonoids are interesting for their capillary-strengthening action, which allows them to be used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. This fact is consistent with the practice of using drugs from other organs of horse chestnut (seeds, leaves) as venotonic and angioprotective drugs. In addition, flavonoids are also characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The actuality of the study of horse chestnut buds as a new type of medicinal plant material is also supported by the need to develop of the new effective and safe drugs based on the raw materials of this plant. The aim of this study was to determine the flavonoid composition of the buds of Aesulus hippocastanum. In the course of the work from the buds of horse chestnut by the method of column chromatography on silica gel L 100/160 was for the first time there were isolated and characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry the flavonoid compounds rhamnocitrin (7-O-methylkaempferol), and accompanying 7,4′-dimethylkaempferol. The dominant and diagnostic significant flavonoid for the horse chestnut buds is rhamnocitrin. The results indicate the prospects for further study of the buds of the horse chestnut as a new type of medicinal plant raw materials.

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