scholarly journals The research of the energy and the fluence of the primary and the secondary γ-ray in the n/γ hybrid radiation field

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 02036
Author(s):  
ZhiYuan Guan ◽  
Mei Xu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Linear Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
Observation Distance ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Material Interaction ◽  
Attenuation Laws

According to the "little boy" data from the United States, this paper simulates the primary γ-ray of the nuclear explosion and the secondary γ-ray produced by neutron, γ-ray and material interaction. At the same time, the linear attenuation coefficient spectra of 0.001mev to 100mev was calculated. The information was obtained from the point of the source projection of 500 meters to 1km. The results showed in the observation distance: The attenuation of the primary γ-ray energy was in line with the spectral γ-ray passing through the law of shielding the decay of the material. and it showed the phenomenon of the "hardening" of the energy spectrum. The fluence decreases an order of magnitude. The energy of the secondary γ-ray does not showed obvious attenuation laws, and the fluence decreases by about two orders of magnitude. It was worth noting that the average energy of the two kinds of γ-ray was around 2.100 MeV, and the fluence was in the same order of magnitude at 1km from the distance simulation.

Fatal Dog Attacks, 1989-1994

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-895
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Sacks ◽  
Randall Lockwood ◽  
Janet Hornreicht ◽  
Richard W. Sattin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Pediatric Health Care ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Objectives. To update data on fatal dog bites and see if past trends have continued. Design. To merge data from vital records, the Humane Society of the United States, and searches of electronic news files. Setting. United States. Subjects. U.S. residents dying in the U.S. from 1989 through 1994 from dog bites. Results. We identified 109 dog bite-related fatalities, of which 57% were less than 10 years of age. The death rate for neonates was two orders of magnitude higher than for adults and the rate for children one order of magnitude higher. Of classifiable deaths, 22% involved an unrestrained dog off the owner's property, 18% involved a restrained dog on the owner's property, and 59% involved an unrestrained dog on the owner's property. Eleven attacks involved a sleeping infant; 19 dogs involved in fatal attacks had a prior history of aggression; and 19 of 20 classifiable deaths involved an unneutered dog. Pit bulls, the most commonly reported breed, were involved in 24 deaths; the next most commonly reported breeds were rottweilers (16) and German shepherds (10). Conclusions. The dog bite problem should be reconceptualized as a largely preventable epidemic. Breedspecific approaches to the control of dog bites do not address the issue that many breeds are involved in the problem and that most of the factors contributing to dog bites are related to the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners. To prevent dog bite-related deaths and injuries, we recommend public education about responsible dog ownership and dog bite prevention, stronger animal control laws, better resources for enforcement of these laws, and better reporting of bites. Anticipatory guidance by pediatric health care providers should address dog bite prevention.

The Nuclear Trade

Worldview ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
Daniel Poneman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Research Reactor ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
International Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Assistance

In May, 1974, the Indian Government detonated a "peaceful nuclear explosion." The device contained heavy water supplied by the United States and plutonium that had been reprocessed from the spent fuel of a research reactor supplied by Canada. That event shocked the governments involved in international nuclear commerce into greater efforts to prevent the diversion of civil nuclear assistance to military purposes. By 1976, France and West Germany had joined the United States in pledging not to export facilities for the production of plutonium. Two years later the major suppliers agreed upon guidelines intended to ensure that international safeguards would be applied to all sensitive nuclear exports.

scholarly journals Coastal Resilience Against Storm Surge from Tropical Cyclones

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
Robert Mendelsohn ◽  
Liang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atlantic Seaboard ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Coastal Resilience

It is well known that seawalls are effective at stopping common storm surges in urban areas. This paper examines whether seawalls should be built to withstand the storm surge from a major tropical cyclone. We estimate the extra cost of building the wall tall enough to stop such surges and the extra flood benefit of this additional height. We estimate the surge probability distribution from six tidal stations spread along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. We then measure how valuable the vulnerable buildings behind a 100 m wall must be to justify such a tall wall at each site. Combining information about the probability distribution of storm surge, the average elevation of protected buildings, and the damage rate at each building, we find that the value of protected buildings behind this 100 m wall must be in the hundreds of millions to justify the wall. We also examine the additional flood benefit and cost of protecting a km2 of land in nearby cities at each site. The density of buildings in coastal cities in the United States are generally more than an order of magnitude too low to justify seawalls this high. Seawalls are effective, but not at stopping the surge damage from major tropical cyclones.

scholarly journals Japan’s voluntary lockdown

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252468
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Watanabe ◽  
Tomoyoshi Yabu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Location Data ◽  
New Information ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
At Home

Japan’s government has taken a number of measures, including declaring a state of emergency, to combat the spread COVID-19. We examine the mechanisms through which the government’s policies have led to changes in people’s behavior. Using smartphone location data, we construct a daily prefecture-level stay-at-home measure to identify the following two effects: (1) the effect that citizens refrained from going out in line with the government’s request, and (2) the effect that government announcements reinforced awareness with regard to the seriousness of the pandemic and people voluntarily refrained from going out. Our main findings are as follows. First, the declaration of the state of emergency reduced the number of people leaving their homes by 8.5% through the first channel, which is of the same order of magnitude as the estimates obtained for lockdowns in the United States. Second, a 1% increase in new infections in a prefecture reduces people’s outings in that prefecture by 0.027%. Third, the government’s requests are responsible for about one quarter of the decrease in outings in Tokyo, while the remaining three quarters are the result of citizens obtaining new information through government announcements and the daily release of the number of infections. The findings suggest that what mattered for containing the spread of COVID-19 was not strong, legally binding measures but the provision of appropriate information that encouraged people to change their behavior.

Regional variations in Pn velocity and their effect on the location of epicenters

1962 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Herrin ◽  
James Taggart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Pn Velocity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

abstract Evidence from recent earthquakes and explosions is presented showing substantial regional variations in the velocity of Pn in the United States. These variations have a significant effect on the location of epicenters by the least-squares method. We have included a contour map of Pn velocity in the United States. A new method for computer location of epicenters is described, and is shown to decrease the error of location for events in the western United States by as much as an order of magnitude.

Variations in Economic Growth and Banking Developments in the United States From 1835 to 1885

1958 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark Warburton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Taken as a whole the half century from 1835 to 1885 was a periodof substantial economic growth in the United States. The population increased nearly fourfold, or at an annual rate in the neighborhood of 2½ to 2½ per cent per year. Estimates of the national income show a figure at the end of the period six- or sevenfold as large as that at the beginning, the equivalent of an average growdi rate of about 3½ to 4 per cent per year. A crude available estimate of national wealth suggests about a tenfold change, or an annual growth averaging close to 5 per cent. These growth rates for income and wealth do not need to be adjusted downward for price changes, because the available wholesale price indexes suggest that in the middle of the 1880's the price level was a little lower than in the middle of the 1830's. The figures are not to be taken as first class statistical data. They merely indicate the apparent order of magnitude of the degree of growth.

scholarly journals African Americans in evolutionary science: where we have been, and what’s next

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Graves
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Science Careers ◽  
National Science ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Evolutionary Science

Abstract In 2017 National Science Foundation data revealed that in the United States the professional biological workforce was composed of ~ 69.5% “whites”, 21.3% “Asians”, and only 3% “African American or Blacks” (National Science Foundation, 2017, https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/doctoratework/2017/html/sdr2017_dst_03.html). There are problems with the categories themselves but without too deep an investigation of these, these percentages are representative of the demography of biology as a whole over the latter portion of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century. However, evolutionary biologists would argue (and correctly so) that the representation of persons of African descent in our field is probably an order of magnitude lower (0.3%). This commentary focuses on the factors that are associated with underrepresentation of African Americans in evolutionary science careers.

Energy Conservation and Fuel Production by Processing Solid Wastes

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Alter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Arithmetic Equivalence

Disposal of municipal solid wastes may result in needless environmental damage and loss or degradation of land. In addition, the material and fuel resources contained in the wastes remain unused. The extents of these latter in the entire United States are estimated in this paper.New terms are introduced to aid more precise estimation than hitherto of the amount of energy which can be conserved through processing and recovering the resources in municipal solid waste. Further, the likely rate of implementation of resource recovery in the U.S. is predicted on the basis of a simple model which relies on the assumption that the rate of implementation is proportional to the number of plants that are or will be actually on-line.There is a great temptation to combine the rate of implementation with the sum of the energy potentially recoverable from the various sources of wastes, and to convert the answer to, for example, so many barrels of oil per day. As is indicated in the discussion, this exercise in not technically justified. Nonetheless, the energy that is potentially recoverable from solid wastes has an arithmetic equivalence of the order of magnitude of 1 million barrels of oil per day (1.6 × 106 m3, or 158 × 106 litres) in the United States alone, and even more if a generous fraction of agricultural and crop residues could be garnered for processing. This order of magnitude, perhaps as much as substitution equivalence, should be compared with the stated U.S. goal of conservation of 2 million barrels of oil per day (presumably also an arithmetic equivalence) from all sources by the end of 1977—not just from solid wastes (Ford, 1975).The analogy of solid waste as an ‘urban ore’ has been used to the point of almost becoming trite. Nevertheless it may well be timely to extend the analogy to waste as an urban oil-well or coal-mine.

Anti-Hair Snare Pool Drain Cover

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Barnett ◽  
Peter J. Poczynok
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Hot Tubs ◽  
Design And Construction ◽  
Hair Snare

Abstract A drain cover for swimming pools, spas and hot tubs has been designed which addresses eight hazards associated with conventional drain systems. This new drain cover, illustrated in Figure 1, eliminates hair entanglement, child evisceration and finger entrapment as well as minimizing body entrapment. Furthermore, its design and construction provide effective countermeasures against vandalism, broken drain covers, missing drain covers and structural deterioration due to environmental antagonists. Additional features unrelated to safety include a universal fastening system which adapts the cover to all circular main drains available in the United States. Also, the drain cover is an order of magnitude stronger than its competitors and has a safe flow rate that is 37% greater than its nearest competitor’s. The product has been manufactured using a PVC material that is the most resistant formulation currently known for counteracting the effects of ultraviolet radiation and chlorine and other chemicals typically found in pools. This paper presents an anatomy of the product’s development.

Seismological aspects of the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Willis ◽  
G. D. George ◽  
K. G. Poetzl ◽  
C. E. Saltzer ◽  
A. F. Shakal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Wave ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Complex Group ◽  
Natural Seismicity

abstract Predicted and postshot geological and geophysical factors associated with the large underground nuclear detonation CANNIKIN are presented. An average mb magnitude of 7.02 and an Ms magnitude of 5.74 were determined from 56 stations of the WWSSN and Canadian seismograph networks. No change was detected in the naturally occurring pattern of earthquakes recorded at regional and teleseismic distances to indicate that the shot affected natural seismicity other than at close distances. A complex group of waves with mixed Love- and Rayleigh-type motion was observed in latter parts of the surface-wave train recorded at stations across Canada and the United States, which could possibly be associated with an earthquake occurring several minutes after the shot. Surface-wave magnitudes computed for the Love-type motion were smaller than the magnitudes computed from maximum surface-wave amplitudes.

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