scholarly journals The efficiency of the system tillage during of the cultivation crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 05011
Author(s):  
Yulia Semenikhina ◽  
Sergey Kambulov ◽  
Dmitriy Podlesniy ◽  
Tamara Vladimirova ◽  
Sergey Belousov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Conservative System ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Legume Crop

When cultivating crops in arid conditions, special importance is attached to soil cultivation systems aimed at eliminating the deficiency of soil moisture. The main purpose of soil cultivation is to create an optimal soil structure, which is a multiphase system of solid, liquid and gaseous components that form soil fertility with a subsequent effect on the yield of agricultural crops. Various soil cultivation systems are used to form a favorable soil structure. The conservative cultivation system consists in the minimum impact on the soil (usually direct sowing) and with the preservation of plant residues on its surface. The relevance of the study is to identify the most effective system of soil cultivation. The study was carried out under the conditions of many years of stationary experience in legume crop rotation for 5 years. It was revealed that the conservative system of soil cultivation is effective and surpasses the traditional one in the following indicators: soil moisture is more by 14.2%; the soil temperature is 2.6% lower; soil density is 3.48% higher. A stable increase in yield was also revealed: for winter wheat by 6.62%, for spring barley by 8.09%, for peas by 13.95% and for soybeans by 23.00%.

scholarly journals Features of Soil Tillage during the Cultivation of Spring Barley

2021 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 03097
Author(s):  
Yulia Semenikhina ◽  
Sergey Kambulov ◽  
Dmitriy Podlesniy ◽  
Andrey Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Cut Method ◽  
Rational Combination ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Direct Sowing

Spring barley is a multipurpose crop. High-quality and valuable grain is grain with a high protein content, which is formed at high temperatures in the phase of grain filling. But droughty conditions are unfavorable for the entire growing season of plants. Therefore, the cultivation of spring barley in an arid climate requires a competent approach and is based on a rational combination of agrotechnical methods, among which a special place is given to the main tillage. The purpose of the research is to establish the effect of various methods of soil cultivation on soil moisture and density, as well as on the yield of barley. We studied 4 options for soil cultivation: deep flat-cut, deep layer-by-layer non-moldboard, deep moldboard plowing and direct sowing without tillage. According to the results of the research, the highest soil moisture was established with direct sowing. A decrease in soil moisture was revealed for layer-by-layer tillage by 12.46%, for flat-cut till-age by 13.83%, for moldboard tillage by 15.84%. Studies of soil density by the phases of development of spring barley for each of the methods of soil cultivation have established an increase in density with depth. The highest yield of spring barley was obtained with direct sowing. At the same time, it exceeded the yield with the dump method of tillage by 4.37%, with the layer-by-layer method by 14.48% and with the flat-cut method of tillage by 17.26%. Thus, in arid conditions, direct sowing provided the best results in soil moisture and yield in the cultivation of spring barley

scholarly journals Influence of methods of basic tillage on the dynamics of productive moisture reserves in spring barley crops in the conditions of the northern Steppe of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-352
Author(s):  
O. I. Tsyliuryk ◽  
V. I. Chorna ◽  
L. M. Desyatnyk ◽  
V. I. Horshchar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Tillage System

The yield of spring barley significantly depends on the reserves of soil moisture, which ensures the implementation of all important life processes, including seed germination and rooting of seedlings, transpiration, thermoregulation and supply of nutrients to the plant. The productivity of spring barley is directly proportional to its moisture content. With sufficient soil moisture, favorable conditions for the growth and development of field crops, and ultimately increases their yield. In the northern steppe, high productivity of spring barley, provided timely and full germination, is formed due to moisture reserves accumulated in the deep layers of the soil during the autumn-winter period of the year. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of the methods of basic tillage on the accumulation and dynamics of soil moisture in spring barley crops and the level of its yield. Experimental studies were performed during 2004–2015 in a stationary field experiment at the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The presence of wavy nanorelief during chiselling, as well as plant remains on the ridges contributed to a significant reduction in wind speed in the aboveground layer. Snowfall was concentrated in the depressions and was reliably protected from blowing. Due to this, the height of the snow cover here, according to our data, was the highest and amounted to – 14.3 cm, and as a result faster thawing of the soil and better accumulation of water. At the same time, the intensity of wet accumulation during the autumn-winter period when treated with chisel tools outweighed the options of shelf plowing by an average of 17.9 mm, and disking – 9.2 mm. The increased assimilation of cold precipitation during chiselling can also be associated with strip loosening of the soil in the furrows, which is typical for chisel units. It is established that in the northern steppe the use of canning (chisel) with a differentiated tillage system for spring barley increases the accumulation of moisture by 91.0–179.0 m2/ha in the autumn-winter period due to plant residues that retain more snow, especially in warm snowless winters. It is proved that the use of a fine mulching system of tillage, despite the reduction of grain yield, contributes to a more economical consumption of moisture per unit of crop in 1.1–1.2 times when growing spring barley. It was found that the use of annual shelf and differentiated tillage on average over the years of research provides the maximum level of yield, and the minimization of tillage in most years led to its reduction by 0.22–0.55 t/ha. The use of chiseling in a differentiated tillage system is most effective in dry years and even outweighs plowing due to the greater accumulation of productive moisture due to the presence of a significant portion of post-harvest residues of the predecessor that retain moisture under the mulch. Key words: spring barley, tillage, soil moisture, fertilizers, disking, yield.

scholarly journals Soil Bio-Impact Effectiveness for the Optimal Multicriterial Environmental Sustainability in Crop Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Vilma Naujokienė ◽  
Daiva Rimkuvienė ◽  
Egidijus Šarauskis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Soil Stability ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Multicriteria Assessment

Different bio-impacts affect the various properties and composition of soil, plant residues, harvests, and technological processes, as well as the interactions between different parts of the soil, working machine tools, energy consumption and environmental pollution with harmful gases. To summarize the wide-coverage investigations of various aspects of different bio-impact parameters, a multicriteria evaluation was conducted. Experimental research shows that different bioeffects such as those of agricultural practices can be oriented towards a reduction in fuel consumption, followed by reductions in CO2 emissions from machinery and changes in soil properties, dynamics of composition, yield and other parameters. A multicriteria assessment of the essential parameters would give farmers new opportunities to choose one optimal decision for reducing fuel consumption and increasing agricultural production, thereby reducing the negative environmental impact of soil cultivation processes, increasing yields and improving soil. Of all the properties investigated, from a practical point of view, the selection of the most important of all the essential links, such as reducing energy and expenditure, reducing environmental pollution, improving soil, and increasing yields and productivity, is reasonable. The evaluation of the bio-impact effects in agriculture by accounting for many criteria from several aspects was the main objective of the multicriteria assessment using the analytic hierarchy process. Based on the results of a multivariable research of fuel consumption—C1, C2, yield—C3, CO2 from soil—C4, density—C5, total porosity—C6, humus—C7, soil stability—C8, and soil moisture content—C9, the evaluation used experimental research data and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) mathematical method to find the best-case scenario. Multicriteria effectiveness was most pronounced after the first and third soil bio-impacts by using a solution of essential oils of plants, 40 species of various herbs extracts, marine algae extracts, mineral oils, Azospirillum sp. (N), Frateuria aurentia (K), Bacillus megaterium (P), seaweed extract. The most important goal was to achieve the best soil bio-impact effectiveness—minimized energy consumption from ploughing and disc harrowing operations, parallelly minimized harmful emissions from agricultural machinery, minimized CO2 from soil, soil density, maximized soil total porosity, soil humus, soil stability, yield and optimized soil moisture.

scholarly journals Numerical Approximation of a Compressible Multiphase System

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1237-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi Abgrall ◽  
Harish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Dual Problem ◽  
Conservative System ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Discontinuous Solutions ◽  
Glimm Scheme ◽  
Conservation Principles ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Limit Solutions ◽  
Mesh Convergence

AbstractThe numerical simulation of non conservative system is a difficult challenge for two reasons at least. The first one is that it is not possible to derive jump relations directly from conservation principles, so that in general, if the model description is non ambiguous for smooth solutions, this is no longer the case for discontinuous solutions. From the numerical view point, this leads to the following situation: if a scheme is stable, its limit for mesh convergence will depend on its dissipative structure. This is well known since at least [1]. In this paper we are interested in the “dual” problem: given a system in non conservative form and consistent jump relations, how can we construct a numerical scheme that will, for mesh convergence, provide limit solutions that are the exact solution of the problem. In order to investigate this problem, we consider a multiphase flow model for which jump relations are known. Our scheme is an hybridation of Glimm scheme and Roe scheme.

scholarly journals Influence of Tillage on the Mollisols Physicochemical Properties, Seed Emergence and Yield of Maize in Northeast China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 939
Author(s):  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Xingyi Zhang ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Jianhua Ren ◽  
Yaru Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Emergence Period

Tillage practices are critical for sustaining soil quality necessary for successful crop growth and productivity, but there are only few studies for strip tillage (ST) in the Mollisols region of Northeast China at present. A long-term (≥10-year) study was carried out to investigate the influence of within the tilled row (IR) and between rows (BR) in ST (10-year), conventional tillage (CT, 14-year) and no tillage (NT, 14-year) treatments on soil physicochemical properties. Soil samples were taken in May of 2019 at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths and used to analyze bulk density (BD), soil aggregate distribution and stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC). Meanwhile, our study also explored the differences in seed emergence, soil moisture, and temperature during the seed emergence period, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) among the different treatments. Similar soil properties were observed between ST-BR and NT, which showed they had a significantly greater BD, >0.25 mm water stable aggregate content (WR0.25) (especially in the amount of >2 mm and 1–2 mm size proportion), aggregate stability, and SOC than ST-IR and CT-IR at a depth of 0–20 cm. By improving soil conditions of seedbed, ST-IR and CT-IR increased soil temperature above NT by 1.64 °C and 1.80 °C, respectively, and ST-IR had a slight greater soil moisture than CT-IR in the top 10 cm layer during the seed emergence period. Late maize seed emergence was observed NT in than ST-IR and CT-IR and the average annual yields in ST were slightly greater than NT and CT, but the differences were not significant. Our results also showed that CT-BR had a poor soil structure and lower SOC than other treatments at 0–30 cm depth. We conclude from these long-term experimental results that ST could improve soil water-heat conditions to promote seed germination, maintain soil structure, and increase the maize yield and it should be applied in the Mollisols region of Northeast China.

scholarly journals Difference in Canopy and Air Temperature as an Indicator of Grassland Water Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duffková Renata
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Dead Plant ◽  
Linear Correlations

In 2003–2005 in conditions of the moderately warm region of the Třeboň Basin (Czech Republic) the difference between canopy temperature (Tc) and air temperature at 2 m (Ta) was tested as an indicator of grass­land water stress. To evaluate water stress ten-minute averages of temperature difference Tc–Ta were chosen recorded on days without rainfall with intensive solar radiation from 11.00 to 14.00 CET. Water stress in the zone of the major portion of root biomass (0–0.2 m) in the peak growing season (minimum presence of dead plant residues) documented by a sudden increase in temperature difference, its value 5–12°C and unfavourable canopy temperatures due to overheating (> 30°C) was indicated after high values of suction pressure approach­ing the wilting point (1300 kPa) were reached. High variability of temperature difference in the conditions of sufficient supply of water to plants was explained by the amount of dead plant residues in canopy, value of va­pour pressure deficit (VPD), actual evapotranspiration rate (ETA) and soil moisture content. At the beginning of the growing season (presence of dead plant residues and voids) we proved moderately strong negative linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and Tc–Ta with ETA rate and moderately strong positive linear correlations of ETA rate with VPD. In the period of intensive growth (the coverage of dead plant residues and voids lower than 10%) moderately strong linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and multiple linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and soil moisture content at a depth of 0.10–0.40 m were demonstrated.

Effects of waterlogging in the spring on soil conditions and the growth and yield of spring barley in three cultivation systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
G. M. Whiteley ◽  
Anna E. Bradnam
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Normal Rainfall

SummaryExperiments were carried out in 1985 and 1986 on a sandy clay–loam to investigate the effects of above average rainfall in May and early June on the growth of the spring barley cv. Klaxon in three systems of cultivation. The cultivation treatments, ploughing (P), shallow-tine cultivation (S) and direct drilling (D), had been repeated on the same plots and cropped with spring barley each year since 1971.A total of 112 mm water was applied to the waterlogged subplots in 1985 and 168 mm in 1986.Compared with plots receiving the normal seasonal rainfall, extra water had no effect on shoot or grain yield in 1985 (mean grain yield 6·38 t/ha) and there were no significant differences between cultivation systems. In 1986, in contrast, water, in excess of normal rainfall, depressed both shoot growth and grain yield (mean grain yields 4·49 and 4·07 t/ha for the normal rainfall and the additional water treatments, respectively), the effect being greater on P than on either S or D.In both years, saturation was achieved in the topsoil for a prolonged period during May and early June in the waterlogged subplots. In 1985 this was associated with a period of low oxygen flux and low redox potential, but this did nothave a significant effect on root or shoot growth. In 1986 there was no comparable period of reduced aeration, nor any significant differences in oxygen flux or redox potentials between water and cultivation treatments. In 1986, reduced growth and yield were directly associated with a mean reduction in N recovery by shoots of 36 kg N/ha, the effect being greatest on the ploughed plots where water was added. The results do not support the hypothesis that waterlogging per seaffects the growth of barley more on ploughed than on direct-drilled land.

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