scholarly journals Main aspects, principles and targets of teaching foreign languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 12149
Author(s):  
Elena Priss ◽  
Svetlana Evtushenko

The language is entering the era of the information society and is undergoing changes associated with borrowing words from the dominant language. With the development of social, political, economic and cultural conditions with other societies, there is a “mixing of languages” or “language contact”. This process affects the structure or vocabulary of one of the languages. Since contact occurs through the social and speech interaction of native speakers, the result is either minor changes in vocabulary or significant structural changes at all language levels. In the vocabulary of any language, there are many borrowed words, which are very diverse both in their composition and in the degree of penetration into the language they are borrowed from. Of all the units of a language – phonetic, grammatical, and lexical-words are usually the most easily borrowed due to their General mobility. However, in the vocabulary of any language there are, as we already know, different “layers”, different categories of words that are borrowed in different ways. The problem of borrowing in vocabulary has both a general and a particular aspect, due to the peculiarity of the relationship between different languages.

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Andrea Arango-Bernal

Objetivo: analizar los significados que construyen las madres de personas en condición de hemofilia, sobre ser portadoras de la enfermedad. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque del interaccionismo simbólico que, a través de una etnografía particularista y el uso de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones y revisión documental, rescató el punto de vista de 17 madres pertenecientes a la Liga Antioqueña de Hemofílicos que participaron de manera voluntaria y residen en diferentes municipios del departamento de Antioquia. Resultados: Las participantes se reconocen a sí mismas como seres potenciales, es decir, no sólo como trasmisoras o cuidadoras de la enfermedad de sus hijos, sino como sujetos cognoscentes de su realidad dispuestas a reflexionar sobre sus aprendizajes e incorporarlos a favor de la relación consigo mismas y con los demás. Los significados más relevantes son: empezar a vivir con hemofilia, asumir la enfermedad, la familia, el cuidado y la crianza, la relación con los servicios de salud, caminando con algo que no se puede desprender y darse cuenta. Conclusiones: La salud colectiva es la posibilidad de tener un acercamiento más comprensivo al proceso salud – enfermedad – atención de los colectivos humanos, tomando en cuenta las condiciones económicas, sociales y culturales en las que estos se inscriben. La pregunta por los significados de estas madres develó el tejido de lo individual y lo colectivo, como un asunto que trasciende el plano biológico de la enfermedad y da cuenta de la construcción social en la que confluyen prácticas, saberes, imaginarios y sentimientos.Palabras Clave: Cuidadores, enfermedad crónica, hemofilia A, madresSignifi cance of being a hemophilia carrierAbstractObjective: Analyzing the meanings that mothers of people with hemophilia, build about being carriers of the disease. Materials and methods: Study based on the qualitative method supported by the approach of symbolic interaction, which through a particularistic ethnography, and the use of semi-structured interviews, observations and document review, rescued the point of view of 17 mothers belonging to the Liga Antioqueña de Hemofílicos. They participated voluntarily and reside in different municipalities of Antioquia. Results: The participants recognize themselves as potential beings, that is, not only as disseminators or carers of the illness of their children, but as cognocentes subject of their reality willing to reflect on their learning and incorporate them in favor of the relationship with herself and others. The most important meanings are: start living with hemophilia, assuming the disease, the family, the care and upbringing, relationships with health services, walking with something that can not be detached and realize. Conclusions: Collective health is the ability to have a more comprehensive approach to process health - disease - care of human groups, taking into account the economic, social and cultural conditions in which they are registered. The question of the meaning of these mothers, unveiled the tissue of the individual and the collective, as a matter that transcends the biological level of the disease and accounts for the social construction that blends practices, knowledge, imaginary and feelings.Key Words: Hemophilia A, chronic disease, mothers, caregivers. Significado de ser portadora de hemofiliaResumo                                   Objetivo: Analisar os significados construídos pelas mães de pessoas com hemofilia, sobre ser portadores da doença. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo qualitativo com foco no interacionismo simbólico, que, através de uma etnografia individualista e o uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observações e revisão documental, resgatou o ponto de vista de 17 mães pertencentes à Liga Antioquia de Hemófilos que participaram voluntariamente e residem em diferentes municípios do departamento de Antioquia. Resultados: Os participantes se reconhecem como seres potenciais, ou seja, não apenas como transmissores ou cuidadores da doença de seus filhos, mas como sujeitos cognitivos de sua realidade que estão dispostos a refletir sobre sua aprendizagem e a incorporá-los em favor do relacionamento com eles mesmos e com os outros. Os significados mais relevantes são: começar a viver com hemofilia, assumir a doença, família, cuidados e educação, relacionar-se com os serviços de saúde, caminhar com algo que você não pode separar e perceber. Conclusões: A saúde coletiva é a possibilidade de ter uma abordagem mais abrangente para o processo saúde-doença-cuidado de grupos humanos, levando em consideração as condições econômicas, sociais e culturais nas quais estão registradas. A questão dos significados dessas mães revela o tecido do indivíduo e o coletivo como um problema que transcende o plano biológico da doença e explica a construção social em que as práticas, o conhecimento, o imaginário e os sentimentos convergem.Palavras-Chave: Cuidadores, doenças crônicas, hemofilia A, mães  


Harmoni ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-240
Author(s):  
M. Alie Humaedi

The relationship between Islam and Christianity in various regions is often confronted with situations caused by external factors. They no longer debate the theological aspect, but are based on the political economy and social culture aspects. In the Dieng village, the economic resources are mostly dominated by Christians as early Christianized product as the process of Kiai Sadrach's chronicle. Economic mastery was not originally as the main trigger of the conflict. However, as the political map post 1965, in which many Muslims affiliated to the Indonesian Communist Party convert to Christianity, the relationship between Islam and Christianity is heating up. The question of the dominance of political economic resources of Christians is questionable. This research to explore the socio cultural and religious impact of the conversion of PKI to Christian in rural Dieng and Slamet Pekalongan and Banjarnegara. This qualitative research data was extracted by in-depth interviews, observations and supported by data from Dutch archives, National Archives and Christian Synod of Salatiga. Research has found the conversion of the PKI to Christianity has sparked hostility and deepened the social relations of Muslims and Christians in Kasimpar, Petungkriono and Karangkobar. The culprit widened by involving the network of Wonopringgo Islamic Boarding. It is often seen that existing conflicts are no longer latent, but lead to a form of manifest conflict that decomposes in the practice of social life.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Rosseel ◽  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts

AbstractRecently, sociolinguistic attitude research has adopted a number of new implicit attitude measures developed in social psychology. Especially the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has proven a successful new addition to the sociolinguist’s toolbox. Despite its relative success, the IAT has a number of limitations, such as the fact that it measures the association between two concepts (e.g. ‘I’ and ‘skinny’) without controlling for the relationship between those two concepts (e.g. ‘I am skinny’ vs. ‘I want to be skinny’). The Relational Responding Task (RRT), a novel implicit attitude measure recently developed by social psychologists, makes up for exactly that limitation by presenting participants with full propositions expressing beliefs rather than loose concepts. In this paper, we present a study that explores the RRT as a novel implicit measure of language attitudes. We employ the method to investigate the social meaning of two varieties of Dutch: Standard Belgian Dutch and colloquial Belgian Dutch. In total 391 native speakers of Belgian Dutch took part in the study. A training effect in the data aside, our results show that the latter variety is associated with dynamism, while the former is perceived as prestigious.


Few world regions today are of more pressing social and political interest than the Middle East: hardly a day has passed in the last decade without events there making global news. Understanding the region has never been more important, yet the field of Middle East studies in the United States is in flux, enmeshed in ongoing controversies about the relationship between knowledge and power, the role of the federal government at universities, and ways of knowing other cultures and places. This book explores the big-picture issues affecting the field, from the geopolitics of knowledge production to structural changes in the university to broader political and public contexts. Tracing the development of the field from the early days of the American university to the Islamophobia of the present day, this book explores Middle East studies as a discipline and, more generally, its impact on the social sciences and academia. Topics include how different disciplines engage with Middle East scholars, how American universities teach Middle East studies and related fields, and the relationship between scholarship and U.S.–Arab relations, among others. This book presents a comprehensive, authoritative overview of how this crucial field of academic inquiry came to be and where it is going next.


Pragmatics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Argente ◽  
Lluís Payrató

The study of language contact has been traditionally carried out from a structural perspective (synchronic or diachronic), from a sociolinguistic perspective and/or from a rather psychological perspective, centered on the linguistic and communicative competence of the multilingual individual. However, a great number of linguistic and sociolinguistic topics that appear in language contact situations may be productively tackled from a pragmatic viewpoint. This pragmatic perspective takes into account linguistic use in communication contexts and raises, at a different level, questions that deal with the structures and the evolution of the codes in contact. The main aim of this presentation is the analysis of some of the specific problems that arise in given language contact situations from a pragmatic perspective, considering the adaptation processes of the speakers, their particular interactive strategies and the social meaning generated. Understanding pragmatics in its original sense, i.e. as the study of the relationship between linguistic signs and speakers (users of certain resources), these phenomena should be understood as the result of speakers’ adaptation to changing sociocultural circumstances. This adaptation creates a new distribution of the verbal resources (or linguistic economy) of the community and, consequently, modifies its varieties as far as form and function are concerned.


Author(s):  
Marco Briziarelli ◽  
Joseph Flores

In this chapter, the authors explore the deep level of ambiguities that characterizes the relationship between social media and capitalism, and the social, political economic context in which in several regions of world they operate. This reflection is provided in a particular moment of history in which media may have become at the same time the main “language” in order to decipher contemporary economics as well as the material terrain in which those economic activities develop. Yet, while social media seems to have been more and more integrated within the logic of capitalism, and capitalism has increasingly assumed the morphology of an informational dispersal, their relationship is not straightforward but defined by a series of deep rooted tensions.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 546-552
Author(s):  
R Balkaran S.

Visitor attractions become the nexus in the relationship between the Tourism sector and the city of Durban as a competitive destination and are arguably the most significant component within the tourism system. To become competitive within the attraction sector there is a need to have a combination of attractions, like sightseeing, shopping, entertainment, gaming, culture and recreation and these plays an important role in determining the competitiveness of a destination. The increase in tourist activity creates an environment where all stakeholders within the tourism system have an opportunity to exercise their function in the most appropriate way. This however does not occur without challenges and clearly, from general observations, the Tourism sector is faced with several challenges in Durban such as the lack of synergy between the stakeholders within the tourism system; standards and quality between various groups differ which impact on service delivery, price structure and foreign expectations; sustaining a high cost capital and labour intensive industry throughout the year; domestic tourists having to compete with currency fluctuations; and the social, political, economic and technological challenges. The development of a competitive model would contribute to tourism sustainability, which is vital for the economy, growth and further development of the Tourism sector in Durban, South Africa.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aji Septiaji

Literature as one of the works that involve the text as a medium in delivering form and meanings. It has a role that affects other works or readers’ point of view. In the process of creating a work, an author is inseparable from his involvement with other texts which have existed before that surround them. It shows the influence of other texts that included into the result of literary text. Thus, there is no original text belongstoanauthor.Themethodusedinthisstudyisdescriptivequalitative.Thedata were analyzed by reading and identifying which determined through the relationship between the structures and the social problems of the story. The result indicates that intertextuality is established through the social conflict relationship. The stories give a portrait on how social situation and discrimination cultural conditions become a reflection of society in the era of globalization and information.


The question of inequality has moved decisively to the top of the contemporary intellectual agenda. Going beyond Thomas Piketty’s focus on wealth, increasing inequalities of various kinds, and their impact on social, political and economic life, now present themselves among the most urgent issues facing scholars in the humanities and the social sciences. Key among these is the relationship between inequality, crime and punishment. The propositions that social inequality shapes crime and punishment, and that crime and punishment themselves cause or exacerbate inequality, are conventional wisdom. Yet, paradoxically, they are also controversial. In this volume, historians, criminologists, lawyers, sociologists and political scientists come together to try to solve this paradox by unpacking these relationships in different contexts. The causal mechanisms underlying these correlations call for investigation by means of a sustained programme of research bringing different disciplines to bear on the problem. This volume develops an interdisciplinary approach which builds on but goes beyond recent comparative and historical research on the institutional, cultural and political-economic factors shaping crime and punishment so as better to understand whether, and if so how and why, social and economic inequality influences levels and types of crime and punishment, and conversely whether crime and punishment shape inequalities.


Author(s):  
Т.А. Жданова

Постановка задачи. В статье анализируется языковая репрезентация ментальных представлений людей о простейших орудиях труда с целью показать, что данные технические примитивы можно рассматривать в качестве составных элементов знаний людей об окружающей действительности и о самих себе, хранимых в социальной памяти носителей языка. Результаты исследования. В ходе исследования рассмотрено, как знания об орудиях труда представлены в различных письменных источниках. Показана взаимосвязь между востребованностью инструмента в обществе и его словарным описанием. Выявлена антропоцентричность образных переосмыслений орудий труда. Сопоставлено функционирование лексики, репрезентирующей орудия труда, в русском и английском языках. Полученные выводы. Знания об орудиях труда были приобретены людьми в результате знакомства с их устройством, а также в процессе их применения. Именно имеющиеся у людей сведения об их внешних характеристиках (атрибут зрительной памяти человека), а также знания об их функциональной предназначенности (сложившиеся опытным путем) детально прописаны в толковых словарях, художественной литературе, произведениях фольклора. Словарные объективации инструментов отражают уровень представления о них людей. По мере выхода орудий из употребления, их описания в словарных статьях изложены менее детально. В образных переосмыслениях технических примитивов находит подтверждение идея о том, что человек создает их по своему образу и подобию, впоследствии используя свои внешние и внутренние качества как образец для описания созданных им самим орудий. Доказывается аналогичность ментальных репрезентаций орудий труда носителей русской и английской речи. Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the analysis of people's linguistic representation of mental images of the simplest tools to show that these technical primitives can be considered as components of people's knowledge of the surrounding reality and of themselves stored in the social memory of native speakers. Results. The paper examined the people's knowledge about the tools, presented in various written sources. The relationship between the relevance of the instrument in society and its vocabulary description is shown. The anthropocentricity of figurative reconsideration of tools is revealed. The functioning of this vocabulary in Russian and English is compared. Conclusion. Knowledge of tools includes information about their structure and the principle of working with them. This knowledge is so close and understandable to people that they are described in detail in various written sources. The way how the tools are objectified in lexicographic sources reflects how people perceive them. When tools are no longer used, the detail of their description in dictionaries decreases. The imaginative reconsideration of technical primitives is supported by the idea that a person creates them similar to himself. The opposite is also true. Subsequently, a man himself serves as a model for the tool description. The similarity of tools mental representations of English speakers is proved.


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