Biodiesel Production from Wet Spirulina sp. by One-Step Extraction-Transesterification

Microalgae has gained immense interests as the raw material for biofuel production. The lipid content in microalgae can be converted into biodiesel through conventional method which involves separated process of extraction and transesterification. In this study, the production of biodiesel from Spirulina sp. was performed through one-step extraction-transesterification using KOH as base catalyst to simplify the production of biodiesel. The mixture of methanol-hexane was employed as both solvent and reactant in the process. The resulting biodiesel was found to be mainly composed of methyl oleate and methyl palmitate. On the other hand, increasing the reaction temperature and reducing the quantity of methanol in solvent mixture would also increase the yield of biodiesel. The optimum methanol-hexane volumetric ratio and temperature which gave the highest biodiesel yield were 3:7 and 50°C, respectively.

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PENGARUH PERBEDAAN UMUR PANEN TERHADAP KANDUNGAN LEMAK Nitzschia sp.

JURNAL BIOLOGI TROPIS ◽

10.29303/jbt.v15i2.203 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Baiq Tri Khairina Ilhami, Lalu Japa Sri Puji Astuti dan Rina Kurnianingsih

Keyword(s):

Lipid Content ◽

Light Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Wide Area ◽

Experiment Research ◽

Soxhlet Method ◽

Sun Light

ABSTRAK Mikroalga merupakan protista berklorofil yang memanfaatkan energi matahari dan CO2 dalam proses fotosintesis sehingga dalam biomassanya terkandung bahan-bahan seperti: lemak, protein, dan karbohidrat. Salah satu jenis mikroalga yang memiliki kandungan lemak adalah Nitzschia sp. Kelebihan mikroalga sebagai bahan baku biodiesel jika dibandingkan dengan jarak, biji bunga matahari, jagung, dan tumbuhan lainnya yaitu pertumbuhan mikroalga yang sangat cepat, tidak bersaing dengan produksi pangan, tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas, dan ramah lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kandungan lemak tertinggi pada Nitzschia sp. berdasarkan umur kultivasi. Dilakukan penelitian eksperimental kuantitatif menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 kali panen dan 3 kali ulangan, percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Pakan Alami Balai Budidaya Laut (BBL) Lombok, Sekotong pada bulan Agustus sampai September 2014. Kadar lemak ditentukan dengan Metode Soxhlet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan umur pemanenan hari ke-13 memiliki kandungan lemak tertinggi dengan persentase sebesar 1,84% sedangkan kandungan lemak terendah pada umur panen hari ke-11 dengan persentase sebesar 0,89%. Tinggi rendahnya kandungan lemak Nitzschia sp. dipengaruhi oleh nutrien, kepadatan sel dan faktor lingkungan media kultur. ABSTRACT Photosynthetic Protist, microalgae can trap sun light energy and CO2 for photosynthesis process, and they produce lipid, protein, and carbohydrate. One species of microalga that can produce lipid in high portion of their total dry wight is Nitzschia sp. The lipid can highly use as raw material for biodiesel production. The benefits of microalga as source of biodiesel are they grow faster, they do not compete with other food soruces production, they do not need wide area, and they are invironmental friendly. A quantitative experiment research of rendom complete design was done in the Laboratorium Pakan Alami Balai Budidaya Laut (BBL) Lombok, Sekotong during the months of August to September 2014. The research was conducted in five time harfesting of each in three repetation The lipid content was ditermined using Soxhlet method. The results showing that the highest lipid content (1.84%) of Nitzschia sp. occurred at the day of thirteen of culturing, and the lowest lipid content (0.89%) of Nitzschia sp. was in the day of eleven of culture.

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The use of microalgae as the raw material of bioethanol

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v5i2.47 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luthfi Assadad ◽

Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo ◽

Rodiah Nurbaya Sari

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuel ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Small Areas ◽

Optimum Utilization

Biofuel is one of alternative fossil fuel, in which the raw materials come from biological resources.One of the raw materials for biofuel production is microalgae. Microalgae grows rapidly, does notcompete with food for humans, and needs small areas to cultivate. Utilization of microalgae forbiofuel research nowadays is focusing on biodiesel production, but actually microalgae can beused to produce other biofuels such as bioethanol. The carbohydrate content of the microalgaecan be converted into glucose and fermented into alcohol. Carbohydrate content of the microalgaeis about 5.0–67.9%, which could produce bioethanol up to 38%. A harmony between bioethanoland biodiesel production from microalgae is needed for the optimum utilization of microalgae.Bioethanol production from microalgae can be done using de-oiled microalgae.

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Effect of Nitrogen Limitation on Growth, Biochemical Composition and Cell Ultrastructure of the Microalga Picocystis Salinarum

10.21203/rs.3.rs-103539/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ronald Tarazona Delgado ◽

Mayara dos Santos Guarieiro ◽

Paulo Wagnner Antunes ◽

Sérvio Túlio Cassini ◽

Haydee Montoya Terreros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Biochemical Composition ◽

Nitrogen Limitation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cell Ultrastructure ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Content Increase ◽

N Limitation

Abstract In recent years, biodiesel production has attracted worldwide attention due to the awareness of fossil fuel depletion, and microalgae biomass is considered a promising raw material for its formulation. The present study evaluated the effects of different levels of nitrogen limitation (37.5, 18.75, 9.375 mg L-1 NaNO3) on the growth, cell ultrastructure and biochemical composition of Picocystis salinarum as a potential raw material source for biodiesel. During a culture period of 20 days, the growth measurements were estimated, and cell density, dry weight and chlorophylls a, b content decreased with time as nitrogen limitation increase, however, carotenoids content increased. The high N limitation (9.375 mg L-1) had a highly significant effect on the accumulation of total lipid content (33.87% dry weight), carbohydrate content increase (30.98% dry weight), but protein content decrease (1.89% dry weight). The lipid content showed a differential FAME profile with high saturated fatty acid values (996.08 µg g-1 dry weight) mainly C16:0, compare with the unsaturated ones that showed low values under high N limitation. The gradual increase of lipid content was also corroborated by transmission electron microscopy images with lipid droplet cell formation. Therefore, evaluation of the algal culture conditions such as N limitation, as a strategy to maximize lipid content and improve the fatty acid profile in unexplored halophilic P. salinarum showed a potential biomass yield as a suitable candidate for biodiesel production.

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Synthesis of Carbide Lime Derived Strong Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 317 ◽

pp. 251-256

Author(s):

Lim Hong Hua ◽

Fei Ling Pua ◽

Rohaya Othman ◽

Taufiq Yap Yun Hin ◽

Sharifah Nabihah

Keyword(s):

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Potassium Fluoride ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Minor Amount ◽

Base Catalyst ◽

Strong Base ◽

Base Strength

Carbide lime is a result of acetylene production. Carbide lime made out of calcium hydroxide with minor amount of calcium carbonate. In this study, carbide lime was used as the raw material to synthesize a new base catalyst with high base strength. A strong base catalyst was prepared through calcination and impregnation with potassium fluoride. The structure and morphology of catalyst were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The base strength was determined by Hammett Indicator test, temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (TPD-CO2). The surface area of the catalyst was determined by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller isotherm (BET). The catalytic performance was examined through transesterification reaction. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was successfully synthesized with the presence of carbide lime derived catalyst. The highest biodiesel conversion rate for sunflower oil was 95.83% with 6 wt% of catalyst loading while palm oil was 88.07% with 3 wt% of catalyst loading. The presence of the ester functional group was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

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Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal: Recent Advances on Catalysts, Processes, and Industrial Perspectives

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

10.3390/suschem2020017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 286-324

Author(s):

Isabella Corrêa ◽

Rui P. V. Faria ◽

Alírio E. Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Continuous Production ◽

Oxidation Stability ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Fuel Additive ◽

Production Chain ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Production Processes ◽

Recent Advances

With the global biodiesel production growing as never seen before, encouraged by government policies, fiscal incentives, and emissions laws to control air pollution, there has been the collateral effect of generating massive amounts of crude glycerol, a by-product from the biodiesel industry. The positive effect of minimizing CO2 emissions using biofuels is jeopardized by the fact that the waste generated by this industry represents an enormous environmental disadvantage. The strategy of viewing “waste as a resource” led the scientific community to propose numerous processes that use glycerol as raw material. Solketal, the product of the reaction of glycerol and acetone, stands out as a promising fuel additive capable of enhancing fuel octane number and oxidation stability, diminishing particle emissions and gum formation, and enhancing properties at low temperatures. The production of this chemical can rely on several of the Green Chemistry principles, besides fitting the Circular Economy Model, once it can be reinserted in the biofuel production chain. This paper reviews the recent advances in solketal production, focusing on continuous production processes and on Process Intensification strategies. The performance of different catalysts under various operational conditions is summarized and the proposed industrial solketal production processes are compared.

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JATROPHA CURCAS PLANT AS A POTENTIAL BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK IN INDONESIA

Jurnal Dampak ◽

10.25077/dampak.10.2.94-103.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fadjar Goembira ◽

Taufiq Ihsan

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Economic Values ◽

Biodiesel Feedstock ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

By Products ◽

Different Parts

One of the alternatives for biodiesel feedstock is oil from Jatropha curcas plant. The advantages ofusing this plant are due to its ability to grow in poor soils, different parts of the plant can also be usedfor different purposes, the by products of biodiesel productions have economic values, and biodiesel ismore environmentally friendly when it is being produced and being used, compared to mineral derivedoils. Although Indonesia has another alternative raw material for biodiesel production, i.e. palm oil,however the use of palm oil will affect its supply for the other sectors that have already established,e.g. for producing cooking oils. This situation will not happen to Jatropha curcas oil, due to itsinedible characteristic.Keywords: Biodiesel, Jatropha curcas, Indonesia

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Biofuel Production with Castor Bean: A Win–Win Strategy for Marginal Land

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10111690 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1690 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda Carrino ◽

Donato Visconti ◽

Nunzio Fiorentino ◽

Massimo Fagnano

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soils ◽

Castor Bean ◽

Environmental Remediation ◽

Food Prices ◽

Ecological Impacts ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Bioenergy Crops ◽

Economic Implication

The urgency to reduce resource depletion and waste production is expected to lead to an economy based on renewable resources. Biofuels, for instance, are a great green alternative to fossil fuel, but they are currently derived from edible vegetable oils such as soybean, palm, and sunflower. Concerns have been raised about the social–economic implication and ecological impacts of biodiesel production. Cultivating new lands as biodiesel feedstock rather than food supply, with the consequent increase in food prices, leads to so-called indirect land-use change (ILUC). Establishing bioenergy crops with phytoremediation ability on contaminated soils offers multiple benefits such as improving soil properties and ecosystem services, decreasing soil erosion, and diminishing the dispersion of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the environment. Castor bean is an unpalatable, high-biomass plant, and it has been widely demonstrated to possess phytoremediation capability for several PTEs. Castor bean can grow on marginal lands not suitable for food crops, has multiple uses as a raw material, and is already used in biodiesel production. These characteristics make it perfect for sustainable biodiesel production. Linking biofuel production with environmental remediation can be considered a win–win strategy.

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Characterization and identification of freshwater microalgal strains toward biofuel production

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.7.1.686-695 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 686-695

Author(s):

Xun Yang ◽

Pinghuai Liu ◽

Zongdi Hao ◽

Jie Shi ◽

Sen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Biomass Concentration ◽

Lipid Productivity ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

High Lipid

Fifty-three algal cultures were isolated from freshwater lakes in Hainan, China. Four microalgal isolates were selected because they could be successfully cultivated at high density and demostrated a strong fluorescence after being stained with nile red. These cultures were identified as strains of Chlorella sp. C11, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii C22, Monoraphidium dybowskii C29, and Chlorella sp. HK12 through microscopic and 18S rDNA analysis. Under similar conditions, the lipid productivity of Chlorella sp. C11, Chla. reinhardtii C22, M. dybowskii C29 , and Chlorella sp. HK12 were 1.88, 2.79, 2.00, and 3.25 g L-1, respectively. Chla. reinhardtii C22 yielded a higher lipid content (51%), with a lower biomass concentration (5.47 g dwt L-1). Chlorella sp. HK12 reached a growth rate of 0.88 day-1 at OD540nm and yielded a biomass concentration of 7.56 g dwt L-1, with a high lipid content of 43%. Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry analysis indicated that lipid fraction mainly comprises hydrocarbons including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acids. Our results suggest that Chlorella sp. HK12 is a promising species for biodiesel production, because of its high lipid productivity and a relatively high content of oleic acid.

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Potential of Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana for Biodiesel Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1509 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 779-780 ◽

pp. 1509-1513

Author(s):

Jing Han Wang ◽

Hai Zhen Yang ◽

Feng Wang

Keyword(s):

Lipid Content ◽

Synergetic Effect ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽

Lipid Productivity ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Mixotrophic Cultivation ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Microalgal Biodiesel

Biodiesel from microalgae provides a promising alternative for biofuel production. Microalgal biodiesel can be produced under three major cultivation modes, namely, photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Studies of biodiesel production from microalgae have been reported mostly focusing on photoautotrophic cultivation, mixotrophic cultivation has rarely been researched. This paper compared the biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity ofChlorella sorokinianaunder photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Glucose was adopted as organic carbon source at five concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0% glucose w/v). Results displayed that microalgal growth was significantly improved in glucose supplied cultures. Synergetic effect of photoautotrophy and heterotrophy existed in mixotrophic cultivation except for 5.0% culture. Highest biomass productivity of 1.178 g·L-1·d-1and highest lipid productivity of 582 mg·L-1·d-1was observed under mixotrophic cultivation with 2.0% (w/v) glucose addition. Lipid content ofC. sorokinianawas mostly higher in stationary phase than in exponential phase. Highest lipid content of 49.37% was observed in 2.0% mixotrophic culture, followed by 47.09% in 2.0% heterotrophic culture.

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Development of a Screening Method for Isolation of Microalgae Strains That Accumulate Lipids Under Nitrate-replete Conditions

10.21203/rs.3.rs-86947/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tomoki Oyama ◽

Yuichi Kato ◽

Katsuya Satoh ◽

Yutaka Oono ◽

Tomohisa Hasunuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Content ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Screening Method ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Sequential Procedures ◽

High Lipid ◽

Green Microalga ◽

One Step ◽

Mutant Cells

Abstract Background: Microalgae biofuels have attracted global attention as an alternative to fossil fuels as an energy resource. Microalgae generally accumulate lipids under nitrogen-depleted conditions, but cell growth is depressed under these conditions which causes decrease in lipid productivity. To realize one-step cultivation for biofuel production, microalgae that highly accumulate lipids even under nitrogen-replete conditions are needed. This study aimed to develop a screening method for microalgae mutants with high lipid content even in the presence of a nitrogen source.Results: Mutant cells were generated by irradiating the oleaginous green microalga Chlamydomonas sp. KOR1 with carbon ion beams, cultured under nitrate-replete conditions, and then subjected to FACS-based screening for lipid-rich cells. By repeatedly performing the sequential procedures of cultivation and selection, strains KAC1710 and KAC1801, which highly accumulate lipids under nitrate-replete conditions, were successfully obtained. These mutants formed significant lipid droplets in the cells even in the presence of abundant nitrate and achieved 1.5- and 2.1-fold greater lipid content compared to KOR1, respectively.Conclusion: This study developed a novel nitrogen-conditioned screening method for microalgae mutants that accumulate lipids in the presence of a nitrogen source. This method should contribute to microalgae biofuel production via one-step cultivation under nitrogen-replete conditions.

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