scholarly journals Continuous Valorization of Glycerol into Solketal: Recent Advances on Catalysts, Processes, and Industrial Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-324
Author(s):  
Isabella Corrêa ◽  
Rui P. V. Faria ◽  
Alírio E. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Production ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Recent Advances

With the global biodiesel production growing as never seen before, encouraged by government policies, fiscal incentives, and emissions laws to control air pollution, there has been the collateral effect of generating massive amounts of crude glycerol, a by-product from the biodiesel industry. The positive effect of minimizing CO2 emissions using biofuels is jeopardized by the fact that the waste generated by this industry represents an enormous environmental disadvantage. The strategy of viewing “waste as a resource” led the scientific community to propose numerous processes that use glycerol as raw material. Solketal, the product of the reaction of glycerol and acetone, stands out as a promising fuel additive capable of enhancing fuel octane number and oxidation stability, diminishing particle emissions and gum formation, and enhancing properties at low temperatures. The production of this chemical can rely on several of the Green Chemistry principles, besides fitting the Circular Economy Model, once it can be reinserted in the biofuel production chain. This paper reviews the recent advances in solketal production, focusing on continuous production processes and on Process Intensification strategies. The performance of different catalysts under various operational conditions is summarized and the proposed industrial solketal production processes are compared.

scholarly journals The use of microalgae as the raw material of bioethanol

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luthfi Assadad ◽  
Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo ◽  
Rodiah Nurbaya Sari
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Optimum Utilization

Biofuel is one of alternative fossil fuel, in which the raw materials come from biological resources.One of the raw materials for biofuel production is microalgae. Microalgae grows rapidly, does notcompete with food for humans, and needs small areas to cultivate. Utilization of microalgae forbiofuel research nowadays is focusing on biodiesel production, but actually microalgae can beused to produce other biofuels such as bioethanol. The carbohydrate content of the microalgaecan be converted into glucose and fermented into alcohol. Carbohydrate content of the microalgaeis about 5.0–67.9%, which could produce bioethanol up to 38%. A harmony between bioethanoland biodiesel production from microalgae is needed for the optimum utilization of microalgae.Bioethanol production from microalgae can be done using de-oiled microalgae.

scholarly journals GLYCERCHEMISTRY: A RENEWABLE PETROCHEMISTRY

2006 ◽  
Vol 06 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Claudio J. A. MOTA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Considerable Portion

Glycerin from biodiesel production processes can become an important raw material for the chemical industry, occupying a considerable portion of petrochemical naphtha in the production of plastics and other chemicals. This article will show some possibilities for glycerochemistry.

scholarly journals Biofuel Production with Castor Bean: A Win–Win Strategy for Marginal Land

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Carrino ◽  
Donato Visconti ◽  
Nunzio Fiorentino ◽  
Massimo Fagnano
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Economic Implication

The urgency to reduce resource depletion and waste production is expected to lead to an economy based on renewable resources. Biofuels, for instance, are a great green alternative to fossil fuel, but they are currently derived from edible vegetable oils such as soybean, palm, and sunflower. Concerns have been raised about the social–economic implication and ecological impacts of biodiesel production. Cultivating new lands as biodiesel feedstock rather than food supply, with the consequent increase in food prices, leads to so-called indirect land-use change (ILUC). Establishing bioenergy crops with phytoremediation ability on contaminated soils offers multiple benefits such as improving soil properties and ecosystem services, decreasing soil erosion, and diminishing the dispersion of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the environment. Castor bean is an unpalatable, high-biomass plant, and it has been widely demonstrated to possess phytoremediation capability for several PTEs. Castor bean can grow on marginal lands not suitable for food crops, has multiple uses as a raw material, and is already used in biodiesel production. These characteristics make it perfect for sustainable biodiesel production. Linking biofuel production with environmental remediation can be considered a win–win strategy.

scholarly journals Unconventional vegetable oils as raw materials for biodiesel production

2017 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Marta AMBROSEWICZ-WALACIK ◽  
Małgorzata TAŃSKA ◽  
Marek WALACIK ◽  
Michał KOZŁOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Evening Primrose

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of using the unconventional vegetable oils for the biofuel production. The research material were cold-pressed oils from the seeds of milk thistle, hemp and evening primrose. After conducting the initial physicochemical characteristics of oil samples, including the determination of sulphur content, acid number, viscosity at 40°C, density at 15ºC, oxidation stability and fatty acid composition, analysed oils have been subjected to the transesterification process. The roduced methyl esters were further characterized by the above-mentioned features. Additionally, the temperatures of cold filter plugging point, cloud point and flash point were determined. On the basis of the conducted analyses it was demonstrated that the obtained oils, due to the high, far in excess of acceptable, values of the viscosity and density, and too low oxidative stability could not be used as a pure fuel. A similar conclusion was formulated in case of the produced methyl esters.

scholarly journals USE OF BEEF TALLOW AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CONSOLIDATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZILIAN STATE OF TOCANTINS: A STUDY OF OXIDATIVE STABILITY VIA SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS IN THE UV-VIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
Carolina Porto PRADO ◽  
Kytéria Sabina Lopes DE FIGUEREDO ◽  
Igor Hernandes Santos RIBEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
The City

Brazil has emerged as producer of alternative fuels derived from biomass, such as biodiesel, which can replace fossil diesel and is less polluting. However, there is a concentration of income in the production chain, since most of the biodiesel produced in the world is derived from soy oil from major producers. This scenario also corresponds to Brazil, and Tocantins state could not frame in the National Program for Biodiesel Production. In this study, the biodiesel was produced from beef tallow obtained from slaughterhouses in the city of Gurupi-TO. The beef tallow was characterized in its raw state, processed and then the biodiesel was synthesized. We studied the oxidation stability through spectroscopic analysis in the UV-vis, and we observed their stability to oxidation via spectroscopic analysis in the UV-vis, and observed that the beef tallow biodiesel showed increased absorption in 234 nm and 268 nm after reduction in oxidative stress. We checked an early stage of oxidation after the seventh day with the maximum concentration of primary oxidation compounds. We obtained a satisfactory biodiesel within some of the parameters of the National Agency of Petroleum, Gas Naturale Biofuels (ANP).

scholarly journals Model for Simulating the Financial Viability of a Just-in-Time Maintenance Program in an Agribusiness Company

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Candeo Fontanini ◽  
Dewey Wollmann
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Financial Viability ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Maintenance Program

Research Question: The objective of this article is to present the model for simulating the financial viability of a Just-in-Time Maintenance Program in an agribusiness company.  Motivation: Maintenance management in agro-industrial environments lacks effective systems to optimize the production process. The existing maintenance program have proven to be ineffective, from the point of view that unscheduled production downtime continues to occur. It is important to highlight that the types of maintenance used today, considering that their characteristics are not able to reduce or minimize the errors caused by human limited capacity, which has contributed to the increase of unscheduled production stoppages, causing equipment unavailability, low quality of final products and, mainly, failing to deliver products as agreed with customers. Idea: The maintenance program called Just-In-Time Maintenance Program - Maintenance Just in Time – consists of an integrated system for monitoring physical phenomena, with sensors installed in the equipment, connected to a central diagnosis able to predict failures in real time. With this program, it is possible to know in advance what may happen, taking the necessary measures regarding the acquisition of parts, repairs, and personnel allocation, among others, making these stops compatible or readjusting them with the production plan to minimize the undesirable stops. Data: The choice of the company participating in the research is made due to its continuous production process. The present study used a non-probabilistic sample for convenience with that provided by the observed company. The information collected in the agribusiness regarding the selling price, cost of raw material, cost of electricity, and total expenditure on maintenance, refer to the year 2020. Tools: A mathematical model was developed that estimates variations in the company's productivity and the consequent financial impacts. The results, operational and financial, of the model allow assessing the feasibility of implementing each of these programs. Findings: The results obtained indicate losses with the current maintenance program and show the potential for implementing the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. This research concludes that it is possible to reduce unscheduled stoppages that cause production interruptions, increasing profit, with the implementation of the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. Contribution: This article contributes to the literature as it presents an equipment maintenance model based on operational conditions, in contrast to other existing maintenance programs.

scholarly journals Analysis of Production and Consumption of Palm-Oil Based Biofuel using System Dynamics Model : Case of Indonesia

2019 ◽  
pp. 600-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otaigo Elisha ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi ◽  
Eva Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Production And Consumption

Indonesia biodiesel blending mandate emerged in 2006 driven by strengthening energy security while in parallel reducing and toning down the need for fossil fuels, strengthen the country's balance of payments and increasing environmental demand to reduce CO2 emission while leveraging the abundance of Crude Palm Oil as raw material. The purposes of this study were to analyze production and consumption of palm Oil-based biofuel. System dynamics model was developed based on 4 stages, Palm Oil Plantation, CPO Production, Palm Oil-based biofuel production and consumption and the validation of the model through Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) test confirms the correspondence between structures and phenomena. Baseline simulation analysis shows that there is no single strategy capable of improving the production and consumption of palm-based Palm Oil-based biofuel. We suggest that combined strategies such as government support hand in hand with industrial conversion efficiency, increase in palm oil on-farm productivity, 5% reduction in CPO export, Increase biodiesel production capacity and generally biodiesel utilization target cannot be achieved without the support from the government in form of subsidy which require additional IDR 409 a 15% increase in subsidy.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from alternative raw materials using a heterogeneous low ordered biosilicified enzyme as biocatalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Orlando Ferrero ◽  
Edgar Maximiliano Sánchez Faba ◽  
Griselda Alejandra Eimer
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Abstract Background Cumulative reported evidence has indicated that renewable feedstocks are a promising alternative source to fossil platforms for the production of fuels and chemicals. In that regard, the development of new, highly active, selective, and easy to recover and reuse catalysts for biomass conversions is urgently needed. The combination of enzymatic and inorganic heterogeneous catalysis generates an unprecedented platform that combines the advantages of both, the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of enzymes with the ordered structure, high porosity, mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance of mesoporous materials to obtain enzymatic heterogeneous catalysts. Enzymatic mineralization with an organic silicon precursor (biosilicification) is a promising and emerging approach for the generation of solid hybrid biocatalysts with exceptional stability under severe use conditions. Herein, we assessed the putative advantages of the biosilicification technology for developing an improved efficient and stable biocatalyst for sustainable biofuel production. Results A series of solid enzymatic catalysts denominated LOBE (low ordered biosilicified enzyme) were synthesized from Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase and tetraethyl orthosilicate. The microscopic structure and physicochemical properties characterization revealed that the enzyme formed aggregates that were contained in the heart of silicon-covered micelles, providing active sites with the ability to process different raw materials (commercial sunflower and soybean oils, Jatropha excisa oil, waste frying oil, acid oil from soybean soapstock, and pork fat) to produce first- and second-generation biodiesel. Ester content ranged from 81 to 93% wt depending on the raw material used for biodiesel synthesis. Conclusions A heterogeneous enzymatic biocatalyst, LOBE4, for efficient biodiesel production was successfully developed in a single-step synthesis reaction using biosilicification technology. LOBE4 showed to be highly efficient in converting refined, non-edible and residual oils (with high water and free fatty acid contents) and ethanol into biodiesel. Thus, LOBE4 emerges as a promising tool to produce second-generation biofuels, with significant implications for establishing a circular economy and reducing the carbon footprint.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from alternative raw materials using a heterogeneous Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme as biocatalyst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Orlando Ferrero ◽  
Edgar Maximiliano Sánchez Faba ◽  
Griselda Alejandra Eimer
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Abstract Background: Cumulative reported evidence has indicated that renewable feedstocks are a promising alternative source to fossil platforms for the production of fuels and chemicals. In that regard, the development of new, highly active, selective, and easy to recover and reuse catalysts for biomass conversions is urgently needed. The combination of enzymatic and inorganic heterogeneous catalysis generates an unprecedented platform that combines the advantages of both, the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of enzymes with the ordered structure, high porosity, mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance of mesoporous materials to obtain enzymatic heterogeneous catalysts. Enzymatic mineralization with an organic silicon precursor (biosilicification) is a promising and emerging approach for the generation of solid hybrid biocatalysts with exceptional stability under severe use conditions. Herein, we assessed the putative advantages of the biosilicification technology for developing an improved efficient and stable biocatalyst for sustainable biofuel production. Results: A series of solid enzymatic catalysts denominated LOBE (Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme) were synthesized from Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase and tetraethyl orthosilicate. The microscopic structure and physicochemical properties characterization revealed that the enzyme formed aggregates that were contained in the heart of silicon-covered micelles, providing active sites with the ability to process different raw materials (commercial sunflower and soybean oils, Jatropha excisa oil, waste frying oil, acid oil from soybean soapstock, and pork fat) to produce first and second generation biodiesel. Ester content ranged from 81 to 93% wt depending on the raw material used for biodiesel synthesis. Conclusions: A heterogeneous enzymatic biocatalyst, LOBE4, for efficient biodiesel production was successfully developed in a single step synthesis reaction using biosilicification technology. LOBE4 showed to be highly efficient in converting refined, non-edible and residual oils (with high water and free fatty acid contents) and ethanol into biodiesel. Thus, LOBE4 emerges as a promising tool to produce second-generation biofuels, with significant implications for establishing a circular economy and reducing the carbon footprint.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Wet Spirulina sp. by One-Step Extraction-Transesterification

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Fariz Azwar Azmi ◽  
Wildan Masruri ◽  
Muhamad Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Oleate ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Methyl Palmitate ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
One Step

Microalgae has gained immense interests as the raw material for biofuel production. The lipid content in microalgae can be converted into biodiesel through conventional method which involves separated process of extraction and transesterification. In this study, the production of biodiesel from Spirulina sp. was performed through one-step extraction-transesterification using KOH as base catalyst to simplify the production of biodiesel. The mixture of methanol-hexane was employed as both solvent and reactant in the process. The resulting biodiesel was found to be mainly composed of methyl oleate and methyl palmitate. On the other hand, increasing the reaction temperature and reducing the quantity of methanol in solvent mixture would also increase the yield of biodiesel. The optimum methanol-hexane volumetric ratio and temperature which gave the highest biodiesel yield were 3:7 and 50°C, respectively.

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