scholarly journals Comparison of Integrated Optical Phase Shifters Designed in Different Regime

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Haoran Meng ◽  
Xinyue Liu ◽  
Junke Ding ◽  
Jianguang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Length Difference ◽  
Integrated Optical ◽  
Refractive Index Difference ◽  
Fabrication Tolerance ◽  
Waveguide Core

A comparative study, in aspects of both wavelength dependence and fabrication tolerance, is carried out between silica-based phase shifters designed in two different regime, namely length difference regime and refractive index difference regime. Results show that in the wavelength range of 1500-1600 nm, phase shifter designed in refractive index difference regime has a working wavelength range 2.8~3.1 times wide as that designed in length difference regime; while in the aspect of fabrication tolerance, phase designed in length difference regime is advantageous, with respect to waveguide core dimension error, and waveguide core refractive index error as well.

Comparison of wavelength dependence of integrated optical phase shifter

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 520001
Author(s):  
丁君珂 Ding Junke ◽  
陈 浩 Chen Hao ◽  
蒋建光 Jiang Jianguang ◽  
孟浩然 Meng Haoran ◽  
刘欣悦 Liu Xinyue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Optical Phase ◽  
Integrated Optical

scholarly journals Model of the planar broadband differential waveguide interferometer as a humidity sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Gut
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Silk Fibroin ◽  
Chemical Sensor ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Refractive Index Sensor ◽  
Regenerated Silk Fibroin ◽  
Integrated Optical

The paper presents a model of the planar broadband differential waveguide interferometer. Its response to the change in thickness and refractive index of the waveguide layer due to the change in humidity is presented. The analysis was carried out for the wavelength range from 450 nm to 850 nm. The orthogonal modes TE0 and TM0, which propagate in this wavelength range, are considered. It is shown that by using light near the maximum of the system characteristic, instead of the spectrometer, the total power at the system output can be measured. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. Kitsara, K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, and E. Makarona, "Integrated optical frequency-resolved Mach-Zehnder interferometers for label-free affinity sensing", Opt. Express 18, 8193 (2010). CrossRef K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, A. Salapatas, E. Makarona, A. Bostials, et al., "Broad-band Mach-Zehnder interferometers as high performance refractive index sensors: Theory and monolithic implementation", Opt. Express 22, 8856 (2014). CrossRef K. Misiakos, I. Raptis, E. Makarona, A. Botsialas, A. Salapatas, et al "All-silicon monolithic Mach-Zehnder interferometer as a refractive index and bio-chemical sensor", Opt. Express 22, 26803 (2014). CrossRef K. Misiakos, E. Makarona, M. Hoekman, R. Fyrogenis, K. Tukkiniemi, et al., "All-Silicon Spectrally Resolved Interferometric Circuit for Multiplexed Diagnostics: A Monolithic Lab-on-a-Chip Integrating All Active and Passive Components", ACS Photonics 6, 1694 (2019). CrossRef E. Makarona, A. Salapatas, I. Raptis, P. Petrou, S. Kakabakos, et al., "Broadband Young interferometry for simultaneous dual polarization bioanalytics", J Opt Soc Am B 34, 1691 (2017). CrossRef K. Gut, "Broad-band difference interferometer as a refractive index sensor", Opt. Express 25, 3111 (2017). CrossRef K. Gut, "Study of a Broadband Difference Interferometer Based on Low-Cost Polymer Slab Waveguides", Nanomaterials 9, 729 (2019). CrossRef W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 29, 37 (1995). CrossRef W. Knoll, O. Azzaroni, H. Duran, J. Kunze-Liebhäuser, K. Lau, et al. "Nanoporous thin films in optical waveguide spectroscopy for chemical analytics", Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 412, 3299 (2020). CrossRef A. Bucciarellia, V. Mullonib, D. Maniglio, R.K. Pal, V.K. Yadavalli, at al., "A comparative study of the refractive index of silk protein thin films towards biomaterial based optical devices", Optical Materials 78, 407 (2018). CrossRef V.Prajzler, K. Min, S. Kim, and P. Nekvindova, "The Investigation of the Waveguiding Properties of Silk Fibroin from the Visible to Near-Infrared Spectrum", Materials 11, 112 (2018). CrossRef Q. Li, N. Qi, Y. Peng, Y. Zhange, L.Shi, et al. "Aggregation induced red shift emission of phosphorus doped carbon dots", RSC Advances 7, 178889 (2017). CrossRef P. Giovanni, Z. Yuji, N. Deboki, P. Nereus, D. Kaplan, et al. "The optical properties of regenerated silk fibroin films obtained from different sources", App. Phys. Lett. 111, 103702 (2017). CrossRef M. Procek, Z. Opilski, A. M. Maquenda, X.M. Berbel, S.Aznar-Cervantes et al., "Silk fibroin thin films for optical humidity sensing", Proceedings of SPIE 11204,1120409 (2019). CrossRef https://www.thorlabs.com/thorproduct.cfm?partnumber=M595F2 DirectLink

scholarly journals Heterogeneously-Integrated Optical Phase Shifters for Next-Generation Modulators and Switches on a Silicon Photonics Platform: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Younghyun Kim ◽  
Jae-Hoon Han ◽  
Daehwan Ahn ◽  
Sanghyeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Photonics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Optical Modulators ◽  
Optical Phase ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Integrated Optical

The realization of a silicon optical phase shifter marked a cornerstone for the development of silicon photonics, and it is expected that optical interconnects based on the technology relax the explosive datacom growth in data centers. High-performance silicon optical modulators and switches, integrated into a chip, play a very important role in optical transceivers, encoding electrical signals onto the light at high speed and routing the optical signals, respectively. The development of the devices is continuously required to meet the ever-increasing data traffic at higher performance and lower cost. Therefore, heterogeneous integration is one of the highly promising approaches, expected to enable high modulation efficiency, low loss, low power consumption, small device footprint, etc. Therefore, we review heterogeneously integrated optical modulators and switches for the next-generation silicon photonic platform.

Analysis of Optimum Precoding schemes in Millimeter Wave System

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Singh ◽  
Aasheesh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Achievable Rate ◽  
Wave System ◽  
Digital To Analog Converter ◽  
Hybrid Precoding ◽  
Analog Converter

Background : Millimeter wave technology is the emerging technology in wireless communication due to increased demand for data traffic and its numerous advantages however it suffers from severe attenuation. To mitigate this attenuation, phased antenna arrays are used for unidirectional power distribution. An initial access is needed to make a connection between the base station and users in millimeter wave system. The high complexity and cost can be mitigated by the use of hybrid precoding schemes. Hybrid precoding techniques are developed to reduce the complexity, power consumption and cost by using phase shifters in place of converters. The use of phase shifters also increases the spectral efficiency. Objective: Analysis of Optimum Precoding schemes in Millimeter Wave System. Method: In this paper, the suitability of existing hybrid precoding solutions are explored on the basis of the different algorithms and the architecture to increase the average achievable rate. Previous work done in hybrid precoding is also compared on the basis of the resolution of the phase shifter and digital to analog converter. Results: A comparison of the previous work is done on the basis of different parameters like the resolution of phase shifters, digital to analog converter, amount of power consumption and spectral efficiency. Table 2 shows the average achievable rate of different algorithms at SNR= 0 dB and 5 dB. Table 3 also compares the performance achieved by the hybrid precoder in the fully connected structure with two existing approaches, dynamic subarray structure with and without switch and sub connected or partially connected structure. Table 4 gives the comparative analysis of hybrid precoding with the different resolutions of the phase shifter and DAC. Conclusion: In this paper, some available literature is reviewed and summarized about hybrid precoding in millimeter wave communication. Current solutions of hybrid precoding are also reviewed and compared in terms of their efficiency, power consumption, and effectiveness. The limitations of the existing hybrid precoding algorithms are the selection of group and resolution of phase shifters. The mm wave massive MIMO is only feasible due to hybrid precoding.

Stress Whitening in Polypropylene. I. Light Scattering Theory and Model Experiments

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1875-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holoubek ◽  
Miroslav Raab
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Embedded Particles ◽  
The One ◽  
Stress Whitening

Theoretical background for an optical method is presented which makes it possible to distinguish unambiguously between voids and particles as light scattering sites in polymeric materials. Typical dependences of turbidity as a function of diameter of scattering elements, their volume fractions and also turbidity curves as a function of the wavelength of the incident light were calculated, based both on the Lorenz-Mie theory and the fluctuation theory. Such dependences calculated for polypropylene-containing voids on the one hand and particles, differing only slightly from the surrounding matrix in their refractive index, on the other hand, are markedly different. The most significant results are: (i) Turbidity is at least by two orders of magnitude larger for voids in comparison to embedded particles of ethylene-propylene (EPDM) rubber of the same size, concentration and at the same wavelength. (ii) The wavelength dependence of turbidity for EPDM particles and the inherent refractive index fluctuations in the polypropylene matrix is much steeper as compared to voids for all considered diameters (0.1-10 μm). Thus, the nature of stress whitening in complex polymeric materials can be determined from turbidity measurements.

scholarly journals Memristors as Candidates for Replacing Digital Potentiometers in Electric Circuits

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Ivo Marković ◽  
Milka Potrebić ◽  
Dejan Tošić
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Voltage Divider ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Electric Circuits ◽  
Digital Potentiometer ◽  
Memristive Circuits ◽  
Parasitic Effects ◽  
Additional Level

Digital potentiometers are substantial components for the design of many mixed-signal electronic circuits and systems. Their capability to program resistance value almost instantly provides hardware designers an additional level of freedom. Unfortunately, this feature is limited to DC and lower frequencies, due to parasitic effects. Nowadays, memristors as continuously tunable resistors are becoming candidates for potentiometer successors. Memristors are two-terminal non-volatile devices which have less significant parasitic effects and a wide resistance range. The memristance value can be changed on the fly. Using nanotechnology, memristor implementation has a nanoscale footprint with nanosecond transition between resistive states. In this paper, we present a comparison between the frequency characteristics of digital potentiometers and the only commercially available memristors. Memristor parasitic effects dominate at higher frequencies which extends the bandwidth. In order to present the advantages of memristive circuits, we have analyzed and implemented tunable circuits such as a voltage divider, an inverting amplifier, a high-pass filter, and a phase shifter. A commercially available memristor by KnowM Inc. is used for this purpose. Experimental results obtained by the measurements verify that a memristor has equal or better characteristics than a digital potentiometer. Memristive realizations of voltage dividers and inverting amplifiers have a wider bandwidth, while filters and phase shifters with a memristor have almost identical frequency characteristics as the corresponding realizations with a digital potentiometer.

Phased-array antennas using novel PSoC-controlled phase shifters for wireless applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Aparna B. Barbadekar ◽  
Pradeep M. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Phased Array ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Control Circuit ◽  
Power Divider ◽  
Phased Array Antenna ◽  
Phased Array Antennas ◽  
Array Antennas ◽  
Low Insertion Loss

Abstract The paper proposes a system consisting of novel programmable system on chip (PSoC)-controlled phase shifters which in turn guides the beam of an antenna array attached to it. Four antennae forming an array receive individual inputs from the programmable phase shifters (IC 2484). The input to the PSoC-based phase shifter is provided from an optimized 1:4 Wilkinson power divider. The antenna consists of an inverted L-shaped dipole on the front and two mirrored inverted L-shaped dipoles mounted on a rectangular conductive structure on the back which resonates in the ISM/Wi-Fi band (2.40–2.48 GHz). The power divider is designed to provide the feed to the phase shifter using a beamforming network while ensuring good isolation among the ports. The power divider has measured S11, S21, S31, S41, and S51 to be −14, −6.25, −6.31, −6.28, and −6.31 dB, respectively at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The ingenious controller is designed in-house using a PSoC microcontroller to regulate the control voltage of individual phase shifter IC and generate progressive phase shifts. To validate the calibration of the in-house designed control circuit, the phased array is simulated using $s_p^2$ touchstone file of IC 2484. This designed control circuit exhibits low insertion loss close to −8.5 dB, voltage standing wave ratio of 1.58:1, and reflection coefficient (S11) is −14.36 dB at 2.45 GHz. Low insertion loss variations confirm that the phased-array antenna gives equal amplitude and phase. The beamforming radiation patterns for different scan angles (30, 60, and 90°) for experimental and simulated phased-array antenna are matched accurately showing the accuracy of the control circuit designed. The average experimental and simulated gain is 13.03 and 13.48 dBi respectively. The in-house designed controller overcomes the primary limitations associated with the present electromechanical phased array such as cost weight, size, power consumption, and complexity in design which limits the use of a phased array to military applications only. The current study with novel design and enhanced performance makes the system worthy of the practical use of phased-array antennas for common society at large.

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