scholarly journals On the precise measurement capability of the direct microscopic measurement method for wear volume characterization

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Enbiya Türedi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Wear Scar ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Microscopic Measurement

There are plenty of methods for determining the wear volume after a wear test. Due to the geometrical assumptions, some of them could unfortunately lead to mistaken results. It has been shown that a novel method, the direct microscopic measurement, is able to calculate the wear volume on a specimen surface very precisely and accurately [1-2]. It is based on creating a series of line profiles perpendicular to the wear scar. This novel method, however, needs to be characterized in terms of measurement limitations and minimum detectable volume capability. For example, how small or how shallow a wear scar could be calculated or measured with this method, must be determined. For this purpose, it has been prepared a series of wear test specimens exposed to the different amounts of wear in a “pin-on-disk” type test rig. As specimens, two different non-ferrous mold materials, Al bronze alloys, were selected and prepared metallographically. Counterpart materials were inox steel and bearing steel balls with diameter of 6 mm. Normal load was set to 5 N. Test configurations were set to 1, 5, 10 and 100 m of sliding distance values, in turn. Wear tests were conducted in according to ASTM G99 standard. Wear volume results were determined both direct microscopic measurement and also a 3D optical microscope methods. Comparison results showed that the novel method could be successfully used for wear volume calculations even with small amounts of wear volume conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Self-Generated Transfer Layer on the Tribological Properties of PTFE Composites Sliding against Steel

Coatings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xie ◽  
Shihao Feng ◽  
Yongheng Qi ◽  
Ailong Cui
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Transfer Layer ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Ptfe Composites

Coatings are normally employed to meet some functional requirements. There is a kind of self-generated coating during use, such as the transfer layer during sliding, which may greatly affect the tribological behavior. Although the transfer layer has aroused much attention recently, the formation of the transfer layer closely depends on the service conditions, which need to be further studied. In this paper, the effects of sliding speed, normal load, and duration of wear test on the transfer layer thickness during friction of Ni/PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) composites were experimentally investigated. The formation mechanism of transfer layer and the relationships between tribological properties and transfer layer thickness were analyzed in detail. It was found that the transfer layer thickness increased with increases of sliding speed and normal load; and after a period of wear test, the transfer layer thickness remained stable. The transfer layer thickness correlates linearly with the friction coefficient and wear volume of the PTFE composites. With the increase of the transfer layer thickness, the friction coefficient decreased, while the wear volume increased, which means that a uniform, thin, and stable transfer layer is beneficial for the reduction of friction and wear of the polymeric composites.

Characterisation of Plasticity Response for Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test of Ti-6Al-4V under Variables Normal Load

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Harun ◽  
Abdul Latif Mohd Tobi ◽  
A. Singh Chaal ◽  
Ramdziah Md. Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Track ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Wear Scar ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding ◽  
Applied Normal Load ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding Wear

Reciprocating sliding wear test of uncoated titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is investigated using pin-on-flat arrangement under variable applied normal load. The wear scar produced by the reciprocating sliding wear test is analysed by surface profile examination using 2D and 3D optical microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Through SEM, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used to characterise the composition of the substance on the worn surface. The hardness value of the wear scar is investigated at three regions which are; worn, unworn and the end of the wear track using Micro Vickers Hardness Test. The presence of moderate oxygen composition and the increasing in hardness value at the end of wear track suggesting evidence of plastic deformation. The increase in hardness value at the end of wear track indicates increase in plastic deformation with increasing applied normal load.

Effect of Sliding Velocity on Wear Behaviour of TiAlN Coatings

2016 ◽  
Vol 1137 ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Jasmaninder Singh Grewal ◽  
Buta Singh Sidhu ◽  
Satya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Boiler Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Wear Rates

In the present work TiAlN coatings were deposited by plasma spray process as titanium aluminium based nitride (Ti, Al)N coatings possess excellent tribological behaviour with respect to metal cutting and polymer forming contacts. Three coatings of TiAlN were deposited on AISI-304 grade boiler steel substrate out of which two were thin nanocoatings deposited at different temperatures of 500°C and 200°C and one conventional coating was deposited by plasma spraying. The as sprayed coatings were characterized with relative to coating thickness, microhardness, porosity and microstructure. The optical microscopy (OM), the XRD analysis and field mission scanning electron microscope (FESEM with EDAX attachment) techniques have been used to identify various phases formed after coating deposited on the surface of the substrate. Subsequently the sliding wear behaviour of uncoated, PVD sprayed nanostructured thin TiAlN coatings deposited at 500°C and 200°C and plasma sprayed conventional coated AISI-304 grade boiler steel were investigated according to ASTM standard G99-03 using pin on disk wear test rig. Cumulative wear volume loss and coefficient of friction, μ were calculated for the coated as well as uncoated specimens for 0.5, 1 and 2 m/sec sliding velocities at a constant normal load of 10 N. The worn out samples were analysed with SEM/EDAX. Wear rates in terms of volumetric loss (mm3/g) for uncoated and coated alloys were compared. The nanostructured TiAlN coatings deposited at 500°C and 200°C has shown minimum wear rate as compared to conventional TiAlN coating and uncoated AISI-304 grade boiler steel. Nanostructured TiAlN coatings were found to be successful in retaining surface contact with the substrate after the wear tests.

Development of a Fretting Wear Evaluation Method in the Nuclear Fuel Fretting by Using a Wear Scar Shape

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 1231-1234
Author(s):  
Young Ho Lee ◽  
Hyung Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Scar ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Critical Ratio ◽  
Applied Normal Load ◽  
Scar Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wear Tests

In order to evaluate the effects of a variation of a supporting springs' shape on the wear behavior of a nuclear fuel rod, sliding wear tests have been performed in room temperature air and water. The objective of the tests is to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between a worn area and a wear volume, and the formation behavior of a worn area with a variation of the slip amplitudes, applied normal loads and supporting spring shapes. The results indicated that the variation behavior of the volume and the wear scar size was influenced by the contact shape between the springs and the fuel rods. Also, it was found to be possible to evaluate a critical ratio (Tc) for each spring shape and test condition when the T was defined as the ratio of an applied normal load (Ln) to a wear scar size (At). Below this Tc, the wear volume was rapidly increased and the Tc was determined by a variation of the At under the same applied normal load condition. This result enables us to evaluate a wear resistant spring shape by using an analysis of a wear scar after wear tests have been completed. Based on the above results, the relationship between At and a worn area (Aw), a wear mechanism and an evaluation method for a wear resistance were discussed.

The Effect of Surface Treatment on 0.16% Chromium and 1.32% Nickel Alloyed Ductile Iron (Di) through Boronizing Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Khalissah Muhammad Yusof ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Haziq Samion ◽  
Mohd Faizul Idham ◽  
Nor Hayati Saad
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
High Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Slurry Erosion ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effect Of Surface

This paper aim to investigate the effect on microstructure, hardness and wear (slurry erosion) of alloyed ductile iron (DI) with addition of 0.16% Chromium and 1.32% Nickel before and after boronizing process. The specimens were prepared by melting the Ductile Iron compositions through CO2 sand casting method. Specimens were fully coated with boronizing paste and heated at 850°C and 900°C for 8 hours holding time. Microstructures of the specimens were observed under Olympus BX 41M Optical Microscope. Vickers Micro Hardness Tester was used to determine the hardness of the specimens while Wear Test (Slurry Erosion) to measure the wear volume of each specimen. After boronizing process, the boron element diffused into the specimens which make the surface harden. The thickest boride layer was detected at sample with temperature 900°C. The samples of 900°C give higher hardness than temperature 850°C which is 2909 HV and 1395 HV respectively. Referring to surface roughness test, samples boronized at 900oC had high wear resistance compared to sample boronized at 850oC and as cast. The selection temperature in boronizing treatment can prevent the rate of wear thus can identify the hardness of surface in order to prolong the equipment and application or even structure.

An Experimental Study of the Fretting Wear Coefficient for the Dimple-Gimbal Interface

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqiang Tang ◽  
Frank E. Talke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Scar ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Coefficient ◽  
Scanning Electron

The effect of normal load on fretting wear of the dimple-gimbal interface is investigated. The wear volume, the wear coefficient and the friction-displacement loops are studied as a function of the number of fretting wear cycles. The wear volume of the dimple is calculated from the radius of the wear scar obtained using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the wear coefficient decreases with an increase in the number of fretting wear cycles.

scholarly journals Formation of Nanocrystallized Structure in Worn Surface Layer of T10 Steel against 20CrMnTi Steel during Dry Rubbing

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Xicheng Wei ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Rongbin Li ◽  
Meng Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Nanocrystalline Structure ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Worn Surface

T10 steel slid against 20CrMnTi steel on a pin-on-disc wear test rig. Optical Microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) methods were used to analyze the microstructures in the worn surface layers. The microstructures in the worn surface layers of pins and discs were all severely plastically deformed. Furthermore, the ultrafine and even nanoferrite structure (10 nm to 100 nm) was observed when the normal load reached 60 N. The mechanism of forming nanocrystalline structure in the sliding friction induced deformation layer (SFIDL) was elucidated as the result of the simultaneous and recursive actions of (i) severe shear deformation and (ii) friction heat on the contact surface.

scholarly journals High Temperature Dry Tribological Behavior of Nb-Microalloyed Bearing Steel 100Cr6

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucheng Zhu ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Chaolei Zhang ◽  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Huan Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Nb Content ◽  
Worn Surface

100Cr6 steel is one of the most widely used bearing steels and a representative of first-generation bearing steel. Many engineering applications require rolling bearings to run at a high temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the high temperature properties of 100Cr6 steel. In this paper, the effect of Nb on high temperature dry tribological behavior, including worn surface and friction coefficient, was analyzed by a wear test when Nb content was 0.018% and 0.040%. The results show that the microstructure is refined gradually, the hardness is improved, and wear volume decreases by 31.8% at most with the increase of Nb content. At 50 °C, the friction coefficient of 100Cr6 steel can be reduced by adding a small amount of Nb, but this effect will be weakened if the content of Nb is too high. In addition, excess Nb increases the hard precipitation of NbC, which aggravates the abrasive wear and leads to the increase in the depth of the worn surface. At 125 °C, the effect of Nb on tribological properties is weaker. With the increase of temperature, the steel substrate softens, and the oxide particles increase, which aggravates the abrasive wear and oxidation wear and makes the wear volume increase significantly.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Plasticity Response for Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test of Ti-6Al-4V under Variables Number of Cycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
D. Harun ◽  
D. Nalatambi ◽  
Ramdziah Md. Nasir ◽  
Abdul Latif Mohd Tobi
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Wear Track ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Reciprocating Sliding Wear

Reciprocating sliding wear test of uncoated titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is investigated using pin-on-flat contact arrangement of Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-6Al-4V pair under variable number of cycles at low number of cycles. The worn surfaces of the titanium alloy specimens were analyzed with the use of optical microscope (2D and 3D OM) and Vickers Hardness analysis was carried on. The pattern of the wear scar characteristics determined and the finding at the end of wear track had been focus through the presence at the end of wear track. It is suggesting an evidence of plastic deformation with the increasing in hardness value. The increase in hardness value at the end of wear track indicates increase in the plastic deformation with increasing number of cycles.

scholarly journals Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation at High Temperature of New-Generation Bearing Steel

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Wu ◽  
Maosheng Yang ◽  
Kunyu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Scanning Electron

The new generation of bearing steel has good comprehensive properties, which can satisfy most of the requirements of bearing steel in a complex environment. In the presented work, fatigue properties of 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2 bearing steel have been investigated by means of rotating bending fatigue tests on smooth bar specimens after carburization and heat treatment. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and Image-Pro Plus software were used to analyze the fracture, microstructure, and carbides. The results suggest that the fatigue strength at room temperature and 500 °C is 1027 MPa and 585 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron micrographic observations on the fracture surface of the fatigue specimens at 500 °C show that fatigue cracks usually initiate from voids in the carburized case and oxide layer on the surface of steel. The failure mode in the carburized case is a quasi-cleavage fracture, and with the increase of crack propagation depth, the failure mode gradually changes to fatigue and creep-fatigue interaction. With the increase of the distance from the surface, the size of the martensite block decreases and the fracture surface shows great fluctuation.

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