scholarly journals CeO2-dolomite as fire retardant additives on the conventional intumescent coating in steel substrate for improved performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 04009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Zoleta ◽  
Gevelyn Itao ◽  
Vannie Joy Resabal ◽  
Arnold Lubguban ◽  
Ryan Corpuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Fire Exposure ◽  
Improved Performance

Multiple combinations of CeO2-Dolomite as fillers and Intumescent Flame Retardant (IFR) ingredients were used to optimize the intumescent coatings designed for I-beam steel substrates. The influenced of fillers and various combinations of flame-retardants on the fire protective performance of the coatings were evaluated using vertical Bunsen burner fire test and various characterization techniques. Formula C and Formula F having 1:1 and 2:2 CeO2-Dolomite ratio, obtained the lowest substrate temperature around 150oC and 150.4oC, respectively after 90 minutes fire exposure. Also, the morphological structures of intumescent char observed by SEM-EDX, demonstrated that Formula C and Formula F stimulated the formation of homogeneous and more compacted surface structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provide the binding energies of C and O constituents, it was observed that [-(C2H4)n-] was the most important free radical as it could promote the formation of aromatic carbon chain in the char surface. Finally, the findings of this study revealed that the selection of appropriate fillers and combinations of flame-retardant ingredients significantly influenced the morphological structure of the char layer, of which, Formula C and Formula F produced a char with higher thermal stability, resulting to a more fire resistive IFR coating during fire exposure.

scholarly journals Self-Extinguishing Resin Transfer Molding Composites Using Non-Fire-Retardant Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Geng ◽  
Shuaishuai Yang ◽  
Lianwang Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhen Huang ◽  
Qichao Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Resin Transfer Molding ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Transfer Molding ◽  
Halogen Free

Introducing fire-retardant additives or building blocks into resins is a widely adopted method used for improving the fire retardancy of epoxy composites. However, the increase in viscosity and the presence of insoluble additives accompanied by resin modification remain challenges for resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. We developed a robust approach for fabricating self-extinguishing RTM composites using unmodified and flammable resins. To avoid the effects on resin fluidity and processing, we loaded the flame retardant into tackifiers instead of resins. We found that the halogen-free flame retardant, a microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) additive, was enriched on fabric surfaces, which endowed the composites with excellent fire retardancy. The composites showed a 79.2% increase in the limiting oxygen index, a 29.2% reduction in heat release during combustion, and could self-extinguish within two seconds after ignition. Almost no effect on the mechanical properties was observed. This approach is simple, inexpensive, and basically applicable to all resins for fabricating RTM composites. This approach adapts insoluble flame retardants to RTM processing. We envision that this approach could be extended to load other functions (radar absorbing, conductivity, etc.) into RTM composites, broadening the application of RTM processing in the field of advanced functional materials.

Infrared Analysis on Pyrolysis Products of Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 900-906
Author(s):  
Ze Jiang Zhang ◽  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Zi Qiong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Flame Retarded

Infrared spectra of the pyrolysis gases of polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide, or antimony trioxide flame retardants was analyzed online by FTIR method. At 600°C, the polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide or antimony trioxide flame retardants released more hydrogen cyanide than the pure polyurethane foam, proved that the MPOP, MP, MC and magnesium hydroxide flame retardants could change the law that the polyurethane released hydrogen cyanide. At 600 °C, the peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1730cm-1did not appear for the flame-retardant polyurethane, indicating that the flame retardants can make the polyurethane rapidly carbonize and the fewer C=O intermediate was produced. The absorbent peaks of the fire-retardant samples at 1604cm-1, 1538 cm-1, 1250 to 1230 cm-1and 1450cm-1implied that the flame retardants could delay the oxidative decomposition of the polyurethane component at 600 °C, so that more components may be carbonized. When increasing the pyrolysis temperature, the perlite would make polyurethane foam release fewer hydrogen cyanide.

scholarly journals Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1311-1324
Author(s):  
Yating Hua ◽  
Chungui Du ◽  
Huilong Yu ◽  
Ailian Hu ◽  
Rui Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

scholarly journals Antipyrene composition for fire prorotection of cellulose-containing material

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Sirko ◽  
◽  
E. Starysh ◽  
N. Tsireny ◽  
O. Tsapcko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties ◽  
Properties Of Materials

The article presents the results of research on the creation of flame retardant composition for fire protection of cellulose-containing materials. The analysis was performed of flame retardant compositions for impregnation of cellulose-based materials. Phosphorus-based compounds have been shown to be most effective in providing fire protection in the solid phase and during decomposition. They are able to decompose when heated to form phosphoric acid, which inhibits direct oxidation and greatly reduces the spread of fire. Also, noteworthy are compositions based on salts and acids of phosphorus and nitrogen. The mechanism of action of these compositions is aimed at reducing the amount of heat during combustion and becomes insufficient for self-combustion. It was also found that during ignition fire-retardant compositions interact with the components of cellulose, which forms residual phosphorus and nitrogen, resulting in increased efficiency of fire-retardant action. Fire-retardant impregnating compositions are aqueous solutions of flame retardants. The materials are impregnated in a container with a flame retardant solution or sprayed on the surface of the material with an industrial spray. This method is simple and effective, but the result is short-lived. More effective is the method of introducing flame retardant at the molecular level into the fiber structure. One of the important methods is to restore the fire-retardant properties of materials during their operation and products from them.

Preparation and Application of Water-Based Fire Retardant of Ammonium Phosphate

2014 ◽  
Vol 1015 ◽  
pp. 287-290
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Hua Xie ◽  
Di Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Detergent Solution ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Decomposition Properties

The water-based fire retardant is one kind of additive type flame retardant, which uses water as the dispersion medium and improves the flame retardant performance of wood, fabric or cardboard by spraying or dipping. In this paper, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and diammonium phosphate were used as raw materials for preparing the water-based flame retardants according to four different proportions of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Three kinds of fabrics were disposed with the retardant firstly, and then dried in the air, at last immersed in water, liquid soap and detergent solution with one hour. Air dried fabrics were characterized by differential thermal and thermal gravimetric analysis, and effect of water-based fire retardant of ammonium phosphate on the thermal decomposition properties also discussed on the basis of the experimental data. These results may have significant potential towards exploring preparation and application of other water-based flame retardants.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STEEL TUBE CONFINEMENT CONCRETE PILLARS PROTECTION BY FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS

Fire Safety ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
M. Semerak ◽  
D. Kharyshyn ◽  
N. Ferents ◽  
T. Berezhanskyi
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Rapid Heating ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Concrete Columns ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Mineral Wool ◽  
Concrete Core

Currently, in Ukraine and abroad for the construction of high-rise buildings and structures using pipe-like structures. Wide application of pipe concrete columns is due to their high carrying capacity at relatively smaller overall dimensions due to the blocking of cracking in concrete by a steel clasp. The advantages of concrete columns should include more simplified conditions of technology of manufacturing and installation on their basis of bearing structures of floor covering. Piping constructions consist of steel shells and concrete core. Since the steel pipe mainly provides the bearing capacity of the concrete column, its failure or reduction of stiffness, which is characteristic of the fire under the influence of its thermal factors, leads to destruction. Investigation of fire resistance of concrete structures, which are not protected by flame retardant coatings, showed that a steel clasp during a fire after 15 minutes is heated to a critical temperature of 500 ° C.The use of flame retardant coatings is an effective method of fire protection of concrete constructions, which prevents the rapid heating of steel welds and provides a normalized fire resistance limit for such structures. In this work, studies were carried out on the effectiveness of fire protection of concrete columns with different types of fire-retardant materials - mineral wool slabs, special flame retardants and flame-retardant coatings. For fire protection mineral wool materials were used ROCKWOOL plates of the series "Conlit SL150". Mineral wool plates "Conlit SL 150" consist of fibers of rocks of a basalt group, they can withstand, without melting, temperature more than 1000 ° С. The silica-based adhesive "Conlit Glue" can withstand temperatures above 900 ° C, has good adhesion when bonding Conlit SL 150 mineral wool slabs with protective structures. From the second type of fire-retardant materials, the fire-proof composition "Naktresk" was chosen on the basis of gypsum. The coating is formed in the process due to hardening of the mixture on protected surfaces. The third type of flame retardant materials is the flame-retardant intumessent coating "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2".It has been established that with the use of fire protection systems on the basis of mineral wool plates "Conlit SL150" and fire retardant "Nutresc", the fire resistance class of reinforced concrete columns increases from R 15 to R 180. The fire protection system on the basis of the painted paint "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2" »Increases fire resistance from R 15 to R 75

A study on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties of epoxy/expandable graphite composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Mamani ◽  
Morteza Ebrahimi ◽  
Maryam Ataeefard
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of expandable graphite (EG) plates’ incorporation on the mechanical, thermal and fire-retardant properties of an epoxy–aliphatic amine system. In addition, the optimum amount of EG in epoxy/EG composites is determined to achieve the best thermal and mechanical properties at the same time. Design/methodology/approach The epoxy/EG composites were prepared by using (1-4) phr of EG. The morphological structure of epoxy/EG composites was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy/EG composites were evaluated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), oxygen index test and dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile and impact test, respectively. Findings TGA results showed that the incorporation of EG to the epoxy resin increased the initial decomposition temperature and residue weight of the composites. It was found that, with increasing EG concentration up to 4 phr, the oxygen index, glass transition temperature and Young’s modulus of epoxy/EG composites increased up to 60 per cent, 4.1°C and 50 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, the sample with 2 phr EG provided the maximum values of tensile strength, storage modulus, cross-linking density, ultimate tensile strain and impact strength. Practical implications Prepared epoxy/EG composites can be used as halogen-free flame-retardant composites. The proposed process for the preparation of the composites is simple and can easily be implicated in the industry. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no other publication that considers mechanical, thermal and fire-retardant properties of epoxy/EG composites in one paper. In this work, the optimum concentration of EG in epoxy/EG composites was determined, considering all these properties.

scholarly journals Flame Retardance and Char Analysis of an Eco-Friendly Polyurethane Hyperbranched Hybrid Using the Sol–Gel Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Ming-Yuan Shen ◽  
Chen-Feng Kuan ◽  
Hsu-Chiang Kuan ◽  
Cing-Yu Ke ◽  
Chin-Lung Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Hybrid Material ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Flame Retardance ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sol Gel Method ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

This study used the sol–gel method to synthesize a non-halogenated, hyperbranched flame retardant containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon (HBNPSi), which was then added to a polyurethane (PU) matrix to form an organic–inorganic hybrid material. Using 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of P- and Si-mapping, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, this study determined the organic and inorganic dispersity, morphology, and flame retardance mechanism of the hybrid material. The condensation density of the hybrid material PU/HBNPSi was found to be 74.4%. High condensation density indicates a dense network structure of the material. The P- and Si-mapping showed that adding inorganic additives in quantities of either 20% or 40% results in homogeneous dispersion of the inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix without agglomeration, indicating that the organic and inorganic phases had excellent compatibility. In the burning test, adding HBNPSi to PU made the material pass the UL-94 test at the V2 level, unlike the pristine PU, which did not meet the standard. The results demonstrate that after non-halogenated flame retardant was added to PU, the material’s flammability and dripping were lower, thereby proving that flame retardants containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon exert an excellent flame-retardant synergistic effect.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF KINETIC PARAMETERS OF THERMODESTRUCTION AND GROUPS OF FIREPROOF EFFICIENCY OF PINE WOOD, MODIFIED BY BORON NITROGEN FLAME RETARDANT

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
I. Kotlyarova ◽  
I. Stepina
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Entropy Factor ◽  
Boron Nitrogen

Wood is a combustible material. To reduce combustibility, wood is modified with functional compounds of phosphorus, boron and nitrogen, inoculation of which changes the chemical composition of the surface layer of wood and its structure. The mechanism of action of flame retardants is related to their influence on the energy and entropy characteristics of the thermodestruction process. Considering that boron nitrogen compounds are effective flame retardants and react with wood components under “mild” conditions, the effect of grafting of a borax modifier on the kinetic parameters of wood thermal decomposition is studied. The kinetic parameters (activation energy and preexponent value) are determined by thermal analysis using TGA curves (integral method). A 50 % aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (N→B) trihydroxyborate is used as a modifier; samples of unmodified pine wood are used as controls. The experimental data obtained indicate that the surface modification of pine wood with boron nitrogen fire retardant provides the material with group II fire protection efficiency (modifier consumption-150g/m2). The flame retardant effect of the boron nitrogen modifier is associated with a lower value of the activation energy of its thermal destruction process. The contribution of the entropy factor in reducing the combustibility of modified wood is less expressed. The use of monoethanolamine (N→B) trihydroxyborate as a wood flame retardant is advisable in an oxidizing atmosphere.

scholarly journals Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Shaolin Lu ◽  
Botao Shen ◽  
Xudong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Phosphorus Doped

Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P–N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document