Industrial Implementation of the New Nir Laser-Based Sensor for Measuring Surface Moisture in Polymers

Abstract The use of atomic force probe (AFP) analysis in the analysis of semiconductor devices is expanding from its initial purpose of solely characterizing CMOS transistors at the contact level with a parametric analyzer. Other uses found for the AFP include the full electrical characterization of failing SRAM bit cells, current contrast imaging of SOI transistors, measuring surface roughness, the probing of metallization layers to measure leakages, and use with other tools, such as light emission, to quickly localize and identify defects in logic circuits. This paper presents several case studies in regards to these activities and their results. These case studies demonstrate the versatility of the AFP. The needs and demands of the failure analysis environment have quickly expanded its use. These expanded capabilities make the AFP more valuable for the failure analysis community.

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WLCSP Laminate Removal Using NIR Laser

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0486 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Chun Haur Khoo

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Laser Energy ◽

Photon Emission ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Fault Isolation ◽

Wafer Level ◽

Isolation Technique ◽

Laminate Layer ◽

Nir Laser

Abstract Driven by the cost reduction and miniaturization, Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging (WLCSP) has experienced significant growth mainly driven by mobile consumer products. Depending on the customers or manufacturing needs, the bare silicon backside of the WLCSP may be covered with a backside laminate layer. In the failure analysis lab, in order to perform the die level backside fault isolation technique using Photon Emission Microscope (PEM) or Laser Signal Injection Microscope (LSIM), the backside laminate layer needs to be removed. Most of the time, this is done using the mechanical polishing method. This paper outlines the backside laminate removal method of WLCSP using a near infrared (NIR) laser that produces laser energy in the 1,064 nm range. This method significantly reduces the sample preparation time and also reduces the risk of mechanical damage as there is no application of mechanical force. This is an effective method for WLCSP mounted on a PCB board.

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Mathematical model for combined extrusion of bar stock into cylindrical die by ﬂ at working surface punch

Blanking productions in mechanical engineering (press forging, foundry and other productions) ◽

10.36652/1684-1107-2020-18-7-309-312 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 309-312

Author(s):

S.N. Larin S.N. ◽

V.I. Tregubov ◽

A.N. Isaeva

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Extrusion Force ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Thin Walls ◽

Working Surface ◽

Industrial Implementation ◽

Pressure Estimation

Combined extrusion processes can be in demand in the production of body products with jumper in the central part and thin walls. Often, their industrial implementation requires theoretical justiﬁ cation of power regimes. Mathematical model of combined extrusion created on the basis of the upper estimates method is presented. The effect of technological parameters on extrusion force is established based on the obtained expressions for pressure estimation.

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Annual Variability in Summer Evapotranspiration and Water Balance at a Subarctic Forest Site

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.1994.0012 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 331-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Peter M. Lafleur

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

The Other ◽

Forest Site ◽

Net Radiation ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Surface Moisture ◽

Equilibrium Evaporation ◽

Subarctic Forest ◽

Single Regression

Evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation were measured during five summers (1989-1993 inclusive) at a subarctic forest site near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Mean daily ET varied from 2.14-3.18 mm d−1 during the five summers, while mean daily precipitation (P) ranged from 1.46-3.15 mm d−1. Yearly variability in summer ET was most influenced by availability of surface moisture, then by atmospheric conditions (i.e. temperature), and least of all by net radiation. In four of the five years total summer ET exceeded P resulting in significant soil water deficits and in the other year summer ET and P were similar in magnitude. The use of equilibrium evaporation (EE) as a predictor of ET was explored. Separate relationships between ET and EE were computed for all five years. Three statistically dissimilar groups of equations were found: 1989/1990, 1991/ 1992, and 1993. A single regression equation describing all years is presented.

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NIR Laser Photobiomodulation Induces Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia

Molecular Neurobiology ◽

10.1007/s12035-021-02496-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elisabetta Gerace ◽

Francesca Cialdai ◽

Elettra Sereni ◽

Daniele Lana ◽

Daniele Nosi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Radiation ◽

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Hippocampal Slices ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Synaptic Activity ◽

Laser Source ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Hypoxia Ischemia ◽

Nir Laser

AbstractBrain photobiomodulation (PBM) is an innovative treatment for a variety of neurological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. However, the capability of PBM for ischemic stroke needs to be further explored and its mechanisms of action remain currently unclear. The aim of the present research was to identify a treatment protocol capable of inducing neuroprotection and to investigate the molecular mechanisms activated by a dual-wavelength near infrared (NIR) laser source in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of hypoxia/ischemia. Hippocampal slices were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 30 min followed by NIR laser light (fluence 3.71, 7.42, or 14.84 J/cm2; wavelengths 808 nm and 905 nm) delivered immediately or 30 min or 60 min after OGD, in order to establish a therapeutic window. Neuronal injury was assessed by propidium iodide fluorescence 24 h later. Our results show that NIR laser irradiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity once applied immediately or 30 min after OGD. Western blot analysis of proteins involved in neuroinflammation (iNOS, COX-2, NFkB subunit p65, and Bcl-2) and in glutamatergic-mediated synaptic activity (vGluT1, EAAT2, GluN1, and PSD95) showed that the protein modifications induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser application. Moreover, CA1 confocal microscopy revealed that the profound morphological changes induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser radiation. In conclusion, NIR laser radiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices through attenuation of inflammatory mechanisms. These findings shed light on molecular definition of NIR neuroprotective mechanisms, thus underlining the potential benefit of this technique for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.

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Enzymatic textile recycling – best practices and outlook

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211029167 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110291

Author(s):

Benjamin Piribauer ◽

Andreas Bartl ◽

Wolfgang Ipsmiller

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Complete Removal ◽

The European Union ◽

Textile Processing ◽

Current State ◽

Industrial Implementation ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Textile Recycling ◽

Textile Sector ◽

Suitable Process

Recently, textiles and their end-of-life management have become the focus of public and political attention. In the European Union the revised waste framework directive defines textiles as municipal waste and stipulates their separate collection by 2025. In the context of these developments, this paper summarises briefly the current state-of-the-art in textile recycling. It is evident that recycling methods are not yet fully developed. This is especially the case with multi-material textiles, which are composed of two or more polymers that are incompatible for recycling. In the practical part of the communication, results are presented which show that enzymatic hydrolysis is a suitable process for recycling textiles made of cotton and polyester. After a complete removal of cotton, the remaining pure polyester fibres undergo a re-granulation and post-condensation step. The so obtained recycled polyester is fed back into the textile processing chain and finally towels are obtained. The main steering parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis process are described. The study proves that solutions in accordance with the Circular Economy in the textile sector are available but an industrial implementation has not yet been realised.

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Influence of moisture content on the contact angle and surface tension measured on birch wood surfaces

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products ◽

10.1007/s00107-021-01666-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rami Benkreif ◽

Fatima Zohra Brahmia ◽

Csilla Csiha

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Contact Angle ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Solid Wood ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Surface Moisture ◽

Wood Coatings ◽

The Relationship ◽

Wood Surfaces

AbstractSurface tension of solid wood surfaces affects the wettability and thus the adhesion of various adhesives and wood coatings. By measuring the contact angle of the wood, the surface tension can be calculated based on the Young-Dupré equation. Several publications have reported on contact angle measured with different test liquids, under different conditions. Results can only be compared if the test conditions are similar. While the roles of the drop volume, image shooting time etc., are widely recognized, the role of the wood surface moisture content (MC) is not evaluated in detail. In this study, the effect of wood moisture content on contact angle values, measured with distilled water and diiodomethane, on sanded birch (Betula pendula) surfaces was investigated, in order to find the relationship between them. With increasing MC from approximately 6% to 30%, increasing contact angle (decreasing surface tension) values were measured according to a logarithmic function. The function makes possible the calculation of contact angles that correspond to different MCs.

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Experimental determination of reflectance spectra of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Scotia Sea

Antarctic Science ◽

10.1017/s0954102021000262 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Anna Belcher ◽

Sophie Fielding ◽

Andrew Gray ◽

Lauren Biermann ◽

Gabriele Stowasser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antarctic Krill ◽

Euphausia Superba ◽

Reflectance Spectra ◽

Spectral Signature ◽

Absorption Feature ◽

Scotia Sea ◽

Surface Ocean ◽

Measuring Surface ◽

Ground Truthing

Abstract Antarctic krill are the dominant metazoan in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass; however, their wide and patchy distribution means that estimates of their biomass are still uncertain. Most currently employed methods do not sample the upper surface layers, yet historical records indicate that large surface swarms can change the water colour. Ocean colour satellites are able to measure the surface ocean synoptically and should theoretically provide a means for detecting and measuring surface krill swarms. Before we can assess the feasibility of remote detection, more must be known about the reflectance spectra of krill. Here, we measure the reflectance spectral signature of Antarctic krill collected in situ from the Scotia Sea and compare it to that of in situ water. Using a spectroradiometer, we measure a strong absorption feature between 500 and 550 nm, which corresponds to the pigment astaxanthin, and high reflectance in the 600–700 nm range due to the krill's red colouration. We find that the spectra of seawater containing krill is significantly different from seawater only. We conclude that it is tractable to detect high-density swarms of krill remotely using platforms such as optical satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, and further steps to carry out ground-truthing campaigns are now warranted.

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