Enzymatic textile recycling – best practices and outlook

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110291
Author(s):  
Benjamin Piribauer ◽  
Andreas Bartl ◽  
Wolfgang Ipsmiller
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Textile Recycling ◽  
Textile Sector ◽  
Suitable Process

Recently, textiles and their end-of-life management have become the focus of public and political attention. In the European Union the revised waste framework directive defines textiles as municipal waste and stipulates their separate collection by 2025. In the context of these developments, this paper summarises briefly the current state-of-the-art in textile recycling. It is evident that recycling methods are not yet fully developed. This is especially the case with multi-material textiles, which are composed of two or more polymers that are incompatible for recycling. In the practical part of the communication, results are presented which show that enzymatic hydrolysis is a suitable process for recycling textiles made of cotton and polyester. After a complete removal of cotton, the remaining pure polyester fibres undergo a re-granulation and post-condensation step. The so obtained recycled polyester is fed back into the textile processing chain and finally towels are obtained. The main steering parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis process are described. The study proves that solutions in accordance with the Circular Economy in the textile sector are available but an industrial implementation has not yet been realised.

scholarly journals Assessing the Level of Renewable Energy Development in the European Union Member States. A 10-Year Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3765
Author(s):  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Magdalena Tutak ◽  
Peter Bindzár
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Renewable Energy Development ◽  
European Union Countries

The global economic development is, to a great extent, dependent on access to large amounts of cheap energy sources. The growing social awareness of ecology and the enormous damage to the Earth’s ecosystem due to the production of energy from conventional sources have forced fundamental changes in the energy sector. Renewable energy is considered to be an opportunity for such changes. The current state of the art allows such changes to be made without restricting economic development. Therefore, activities related to the energy transition are being taken all over the world. The European Union has definitely managed to achieve the most tangible effects in this regard. This article presents the findings of the research aimed at presenting the current state of renewable energy in the European Union and analyzing the changes reported in this sector in the last decade. The research was carried out using a selected set of 11 indicators characterizing renewable energy in individual countries. These indicators were selected on the basis of literature review and own studies of the state of renewable energy and its development prospects. Based on these indicators, changes in the energy structure of individual European Union countries between 2008–2018 were determined. The study is divided into two main stages. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the first analysis. In turn, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to assess the level of renewable energy development in the European Union countries. Both these methods and the extended statistical analysis were applied to determine the state of renewable energy development in the European Union countries in the studied period and to divide the Member States into classes with different levels of development. The results of the study showed that the EU countries are characterized by significant differences in the development of RES during the period in question. The unquestionable leaders in this respect are Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Latvia. Based on the findings, it is possible to evaluate the effects of activities related to renewable energy development and to prepare assumptions for future activities. Additionally, both the research and its findings broaden the knowledge of the directions of renewable energy development in individual European Union countries. This is particularly important in the context of changes related to the need to reduce harmful substance emissions and the implementation of the European Green Deal idea.

scholarly journals Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch to produce reducing sugar and its kinetic Hidrolisis enzimatik tandan kosong kelapa sawit untuk menghasilkan gula pereduksi dan kinetikanya

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera BARLIANTI ◽  
Deliana DAHNUM ◽  
. MURYANTO ◽  
Eka TRIWAHYUNI ◽  
Yosi ARISTIAWAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
First Order ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstrak Sebagai salah satu Negara penghasil minyak kelapa sawit mentah (CPO), Indonesia juga menghasilkan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dalam jumlah besar. TKKS terdiri dari-tiga-komponen utama, yaitu selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Pengolahan awal TKKS secara alkalindi ikuti dengan hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik menggunakan kombinasi enzim selulase dan β-glukosidase akan menghasilkan gula-gula yang mudah difermentasi.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi substrat, kon-sentrasi enzim, dan suhu selama proses hidrolisis berlangsung.  Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi gula maksimum (194,78 g/L) dicapai pada konsentrasi TKKS 20% (b/v), konsentrasi campuran enzim yang terdiri dari selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase sebesar 3,85% (v/v), dan suhu 50oC. Perbandingan antara selulase dan β-1,4 glukosidase adalah 5:1 dengan masing-masing aktivitas enzim sebesar 144.5 FPU/mL dan 63 FPU/mL. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika yang sesuai untuk proses hidrolisis TKKS secara enzimatik adalah model kinetika Shen dan Agblevor dengan reakside aktivasi enzim orde satu.  Hasil ini mendukung studi kelayakan ekonomi dalam pemanfaatan TKKS untuk produksi bioetanol.AbstractAs one of the crude palm oil producers, Indonesia also produces empty fruit bunches (EFB)in large quantities. The oil palm EFB consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Alkaline pretreatment of EFB, followed by enzymatic hydro-lysis of cellulose using combination of cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes produce fermentable sugars. This paper reported the effects of substrate loading, enzyme concentration, and temperature of hydrolysis process on reducing sugar production. The  maximum  sugar  concentration (194.78 g/L) was produced at 50oC using 20% (w/v) EFB and 3.85% (v/v) mixed enzymes of cellulase and β-1,4 glucosidase in volume ratio of 5:1 (v/v), with enzyme activity of 144.5 FPU/mL and 63 FPU/mL, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis process of oil palm EFB follow Shen and Agblevor model with first order of enzyme deactivation. These results support the economic feasibility study in utilization of EFB of oil palm for bioethanol production.    

scholarly journals Accumulation of dry substances in hydrolysate during the processing of barley malt sprouts with a celluloid enzyme complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
O. N. Vetrova ◽  
O. Y. Eremina ◽  
N. V. Seregina ◽  
N. V. Shuldeshova
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Barley Malt ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Parameter Values

The article presents the results of a study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of barley malt sprouts by cellulolytic enzymes. The influence of the process parameters (temperature, substrate concentration, concentration of the enzyme preparation, duration of the process) on the output of dry substances in the hydrolysate is shown. The results of the experiments were presented by a mathematical model of the process and graphically-in the form of surface projections reflecting the mutual influence of each possible pair of factors on the dry matter content in the hydrolysate. It is found that all the studied factors have an effect on the accumulation of dry substances in the hydrolysate. As a result of optimization the parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the following parameter values were obtained: temperature - 50 ˚С, duration of enzymatic hydrolysis-89 min, substrate concentration - 0.37 (hydromodule 1:10), concentration of the enzyme preparation - 0.05 %.

scholarly journals FOREIGN POLICY OF UKRAINE UNDER CURRENT CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SECURITY

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Anna Taranenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Current State ◽  
Current Stage

Foreign policy as one of the key areas for the functioning of sovereign states is designed to protect their national interests and promote maintenance of the welfare of the population. For Ukraine, such vectors of foreign policy as European, Euro-Atlantic, Eurasian, Middle Eastern, and Asian are traditionally important. One of the main vectors of Ukraine's foreign policy at the current stage is integration into the European Union. At the same time, an extremely important task for Ukrainian diplomacy is countering Russian aggression, protection of the population in the East of the state and in the Crimea and the soonest possible resolution of the conflict in the Donbas region. Consequently, this topic is of considerable interest, and it is worth examining in detail the current state of Ukraine's foreign policy, in particular, in view of the current challenges of global and regional security. Analysis of foreign and Ukrainian sources on this topic indicates the interest of researchers in matters of foreign policy of Ukraine, as well as international conflicts and their settlement. The purpose of this article is to study the current state of Ukraine's foreign policy in the context of the current challenges of global and regional security. Based on the analysis, it was determined that at the current stage there is sufficient potential for further development of Ukraine's foreign policy, in particular in view of the current challenges of global and regional security. On the basis of the analysis, one can arrive at conclusions that among the successes of Ukraine's foreign policy in recent years one can mention withstanding Russian aggression, introduction of a visa-free regime with the European Union, further deepening of cooperation within the framework of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and deepening of Euro-Atlantic integration. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the effective use of the foreign policy resource to efficiently respond to the challenges of global and regional security. There are further prospects for research related to the effective resolution of international conflicts at the current stage.

eParticipation in Europe

2015 ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Efthimios Tambouris ◽  
Ann Macintosh ◽  
Efpraxia Dalakiouridou ◽  
Simon Smith ◽  
Eleni Panopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Vast Range

During the past few years, information and communication technologies and especially the internet are increasingly used in a vast range of human activities, including citizens' interaction with government. In this context, advanced technologies are also being used to more actively engage citizens in democratic processes, which are termed as electronic participation (eParticipation). eParticipation has attracted considerable attention worldwide. In Europe, a large number of initiatives have been funded providing valuable lessons. The aim of this chapter is to map the current state of eParticipation in Europe and provide practical recommendations. More specifically, the authors first present the results of a review of policy documents in the European Union in order to understand how eParticipation fits into European policies. They then present an analytical framework to aid theoretical understanding of eParticipation, followed by the results of a European study on eParticipation initiatives. Based on all these, the authors propose a number of recommendations on eParticipation for policy makers, practitioners, evaluators and research funders.

Does the Current State of Environmental Impact Assessment in Armenia Pose a Challenge for the Future?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950004
Author(s):  
Sophya Geghamyan ◽  
Katarina Pavlickova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State

Many post-Soviet countries are still improving their Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems, and Armenia is no exception. In recent years, approximation to and harmonisation with the laws of the European Union has seen Armenia increasingly adopt and apply EU regulations and directives, and this process was supported by adoption of the new law on EIA and Expertise in 2014. The main objectives of this study are to review and analyse the current state of the Armenian EIA system and to assess its legal framework. We applied a method divided into two parts: review and analysis of the legislative aspects of the EIA system in Armenia and the circulation of a survey-questionnaire to EIA experts to establish current practices. The findings of this research provided positive and negative factors which can both be used to improve the assessment system in Armenia. While the most significant EIA strength combines the existence of a systematic law and public involvement in this process, the law has weaknesses in its monitoring, informative and quality control provisions. Moreover, public participation has many weaknesses in practice, including the definition of stakeholders and the lack of guidelines and manuals which challenges expert action. Finally, this paper has explored the major positives and negatives of the Armenian EIA system in practice, and we consider that this should help other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries define and combat the challenges of their EIA systems.

scholarly journals Production of Cellulosic Ethanol from Enzymatically Hydrolysed Wheat Straws

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7638
Author(s):  
Vasile-Florin Ursachi ◽  
Gheorghe Gutt
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions ◽  
Pretreated Wheat Straw ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study is to find the optimal pretreatment conditions and hydrolysis in order to obtain a high yield of bioethanol from wheat straw. The pretreatments were performed with different concentrations of sulphuric acid 1, 2 and 3% (v/v), and were followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis that was performed by varying the solid-to-liquid ratio (1/20, 1/25 and 1/30 g/mL) and the enzyme dose (30/30 µL/g, 60/60 µL/g and 90/90 µL/g Viscozyme® L/Celluclast® 1.5 L). This mix of enzymes was used for the first time in the hydrolysis process of wheat straws which was previously pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid. Scanning electron microscopy indicated significant differences in the structural composition of the samples because of the pretreatment with H2SO4 at different concentrations, and ATR-FTIR analysis highlighted the changes in the chemical composition in the pretreated wheat straw as compared to the untreated one. HPLC-RID was used to identify and quantify the carbohydrates content resulted from enzymatic hydrolysis to evaluate the potential of using wheat straws as a raw material for production of cellulosic ethanol in Romania. The highest degradation of lignocellulosic material was obtained in the case of pretreatment with 3% H2SO4 (v/v), a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1/30 and an enzyme dose of 90/90 µL/g. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, and for monitoring the fermentation process a BlueSens equipment was used provided with ethanol, O2 and CO2 cap sensors mounted on the fermentation flasks. The highest concentration of bioethanol was obtained after 48 h of fermentation and it reached 1.20% (v/v).

scholarly journals More Competitiveness of the Port of Koper Through Supply Chain Integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-257
Author(s):  
Igor Trupac ◽  
Elen Twrdy
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Supply Chain Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
Strategic Goal

With the European Union growing eastwards and with the establishment of important production facilities in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the hinterland potential is bound to grow even more. The strategic goal of the Port of Koper is to become one of the best ports in the Southern Europe, to develop from a handling port into a commodity distributional centre. Penetrating and exploiting these markets demands cooperation (integration) with the existing inland terminals (logistic centres) and establishing of new ones positioned between Eastern and Western Europe. This paper aims to present and analyse: (I) supply chains of the flow of goods through the Port of Koper to/from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, (II) the current state and strategies to optimize the flow of goods, (III) market potential, investments in new terminals and capacities. KEY WORDS: Port of Koper, strategies, goals, supply chains, integration, new terminals, market potential, investments

scholarly journals Recycling of Communal Waste: Current State and Future Potential for Sustainable Development in the EU

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Taušová ◽  
Eva Mihaliková ◽  
Katarína Čulková ◽  
Beáta Stehlíková ◽  
Peter Tauš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

The constant consumption of resources exerts pressure on the environment. In this sense, waste management has obtained increasing attention from the view of a circular economy. The European Union deals with these mentioned aspects, trying maintain long-term competitiveness and to provide sustainable development in accordance with all related environmental aspects. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the production of communal waste in 36 EU countries. The main aim is to evaluate the success of countries’ efforts to decrease waste production and increase recycling rates. The methodology used for the evaluation included data collected from the publicly available database Eurostat, consequent analyses and evaluation in the statistical software JMP 13 through regression, distribution, and cluster analysis, and the interpretation of the results. The results of the cluster analysis showed that despite clear EU waste management legislation, EU member states have significantly different waste management systems at the national level. However, generally, we could see positive correlation between the generation of waste and recycling rates. Although, Malta, Austria, Greece, and Norway recorded a decreasing level of waste recycling over the last several years, some countries (Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania) had significantly lower recycling rates accompanied by low landfill taxes. The evaluation of waste production and recycling can be used for government policy in the area of waste management, as well as for individual communities dealing with communal waste.

scholarly journals Formation of a marketing support complex for an export-oriented enterprise in conditions of risk and uncertainty

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 01014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Maslak ◽  
Petro Sokurenko ◽  
Natalya Grishko ◽  
Mariya Maslak
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Harmful Effects

The work covers the theoretical and methodological foundations of marketing for an export-oriented enterprise. At the present stage of development of the economy, the use of marketing tools in activities is a powerful means of increasing the enterprises` competitiveness, strengthening adaptive characteristics when external conditions and market conditions change. Consumption volumes are the driving force of the production activity of the enterprise, affecting the nomenclature, range and scale of production. The introduction of the marketing concept, which focuses on the production of products that are in the market demand, stimulates the production of products needed by the consumer. Theoretical and methodological issues of marketing aimed at restricting the demand for irrational demand products (opposing marketing) attract the attention of scientists and practitioners. At the same time, the choice of the topic was due to insufficient research of this scientific problem as a whole and its relevance for the economy of Ukraine, especially in the context of the development of cooperation with the European Union. A detailed study of the tools of opposing marketing allows export-oriented enterprises to ensure the profitability of commercial and marketing activities, while the harmful effects of the consumption of goods of irrational demand determine the feasibility of research and analysis of the conditions and their consumption motivation. The demand for these products is undesirable; therefore, countermeasure marketing at the state level is controlled by the relevant organizations. In this study, attention is paid to the analytical and regulatory aspects of determining the current state and trends of marketing support for the tobacco industry enterprises activities. The features of a complex of marketing support formation of their activities in the conditions of risk and uncertainty are determined.

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