scholarly journals Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and the Long-Term Health Consequences

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Torbati ◽  
Erika Dutra ◽  
Chrisandra Shufelt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe menstrual cycle is a reproductive vital sign and provides insight into hormonal imbalance as well as pregnancy. The significance of estrogen, however, extends beyond fertility and plays a role on tissues and organs throughout the body. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is a common form of secondary amenorrhea resulting in estrogen deficiency in young premenopausal women. While reversible, the cause of this disorder is related to psychological stress, excessive exercise, disordered eating, or a combination of these factors resulting in suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. The resulting loss of estrogen has profound effects on many systems throughout the body, including cardiac, skeletal, psychological, and reproductive. Often, these young women are “walking well,” as they do not have bothersome symptoms of low estrogen and are unaware of the consequences of estrogen deficiency. This review focuses on the health consequences of hypothalamic amenorrhea, current research, and available treatment options.

scholarly journals Human Body Burden of Heavy Metals and Health Consequences of Pb Exposure in Guiyu, an E-Waste Recycling Town in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12428
Author(s):  
Wenlong Huang ◽  
Xiaoling Shi ◽  
Kusheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pb Exposure

Guiyu accommodates millions of tons of e-waste from overseas and domestic sources each year and is notorious for its e-waste dismantling industry. As a consequence, Guiyu has been described as “the world’s most toxic place” and “junk town”. Informal e-waste recycling activities have caused severe pollution to the local environment and are associated with extensive health problems to the residents. This review provides updated insights on the body burden of heavy metals derived from e-waste and health outcomes resulted from lead (Pb) exposure. The review identified that Guiyu has been highly contaminated by heavy metals, especially Pb. Excessive exposure to Pb has been associated with multi-system and long-term effects in neonates and children, covering nervous, cardiovascular, adaptive immune, and hematologic systems as well as chromosome and DNA damage. Our review indicates strong associations that emphasize the need to develop strong regulations for prevention of exposure and health consequences in Guiyu and similar sites around the world.

scholarly journals Macro, Micro, and Molecular. Changes of the Osteochondral Interface in Osteoarthritis Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwei Fan ◽  
Xiaoxin Wu ◽  
Ross Crawford ◽  
Yin Xiao ◽  
Indira Prasadam
Keyword(s):  
Joint Pain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osteochondral Unit ◽  
Vital Structure

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-term condition that causes joint pain and reduced movement. Notably, the same pathways governing cell growth, death, and differentiation during the growth and development of the body are also common drivers of OA. The osteochondral interface is a vital structure located between hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone. It plays a critical role in maintaining the physical and biological function, conveying joint mechanical stress, maintaining chondral microenvironment, as well as crosstalk and substance exchange through the osteochondral unit. In this review, we summarized the progress in research concerning the area of osteochondral junction, including its pathophysiological changes, molecular interactions, and signaling pathways that are related to the ultrastructure change. Multiple potential treatment options were also discussed in this review. A thorough understanding of these biological changes and molecular mechanisms in the pathologic process will advance our understanding of OA progression, and inform the development of effective therapeutics targeting OA.

Infections

2019 ◽  
pp. 995-1002
Author(s):  
Scott D. Oates
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Surgical Intervention

Because of their exposed nature during human activities, infections of the hand are common. The anatomy of the hand and fingers also lends itself to unique types of infections that do not occur in other areas of the body, such as paronychia, felons, and fungal infections. Because of these unique types of infections, early surgical intervention is often necessary to prevent long-term functional sequelae. This requires healthcare providers to be knowledgeable of the signs and symptoms of these distinct infections in order to effectively treat these patients. This chapter describes many common hand infections and their treatment options.

Treatment strategies for encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during slow sleep, a narrative review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 793-802
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Tangfeng Su
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Deficits ◽  
Slow Sleep ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Review Current

AbstractEncephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during slow Sleep (ESES) is an age-dependent syndrome characterized by the appearance of neuropsychological and behavioral disorders associated with extreme activation of epileptic activity during sleep. The major goal of therapy in ESES is to prevent neuropsychological deficits. Effective therapy to reduce seizures and resolve the EEG pattern of status epilepticus during sleep (SES) may be crucial to improve long-term prognosis. However, whether to improve neurodevelopmental deficits by suppressing or eliminating SES remains unknown. The purpose of this article is to review current therapeutic options in ESES, in order to provide better alternatives. Treatment options consist of antiepileptic drugs, steroids, immunoglobulins, the ketogenic diet, and surgery. Maybe therapy targeted mechanisms can be developed with deep insight into the etiology of ESES.

scholarly journals Persistent Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Hemodialyzed Patients—A Longitudinal Cohort Study from the North of Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 4451
Author(s):  
Aleksander Och ◽  
Piotr Tylicki ◽  
Karolina Polewska ◽  
Ewelina Puchalska-Reglińska ◽  
Aleksandra Parczewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
The North

Background: After recovery from COVID-19, patients frequently face so-called “Post-COVID-19 Syndrome” defined by clusters of persistent symptoms lasting for >12 weeks which may arise from any system in the body. The long-term health consequences of COVID-19 in maintenance hemodialyzed (HD) patients remain to be investigated. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study we described the health consequences in HD patients requiring hospitalization due to COVID-19. They were interviewed three and six months (M3 and M6) after discharge with a series of standardized questionnaires. Results: Of 144 HD patients discharged from the 7th Naval Hospital in Gdansk, 79 participants were enrolled, 39 m (49.4%) and 40 f (50.6%) with a median age of 70.0 (64.0–76.5) and an HD vintage of 40 months (17.5–88). After discharge, 93.7% and 81% reported at least one persistent symptom at M3 and M6, respectively. The most common symptoms were fatigue or muscle weakness (60.76% and 47.04%) and palpitations (40.51% and 30.14%). Dyspnea with an mMRC scale grade of at least 1 was reported by 21.5% before infection, and by 43.03% and 34.25% at M3 and M6, respectively. A decrease in the quality of life was reported in all domains of the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire but mainly in the pain/discomfort and anxiety dimensions. Mean EQ-VAS scores were 69.05, 61.58 and 64.38, respectively. Conclusion: Our study showed that HD patients may still experience persistent symptoms six months after recovery from COVID-19, which can further reduce their already poor health-related quality of life. This study highlights the need for long-term follow-up on these patients for diagnostic and rehabilitation programs.

Biomaterials for meniscus and cartilage in knee surgery: state of the art

2021 ◽  
pp. jisakos-2020-000600
Author(s):  
Louis Kluyskens ◽  
Pedro Debieux ◽  
Keng Lin Wong ◽  
Aaron J Krych ◽  
Daniel B F Saris
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Osteochondral Lesions ◽  
Cartilage Injuries ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
And Cartilage

Meniscus and cartilage injuries of the knee joint lead to cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis (OA). The research on biomaterials and artificial implants as substitutes in reconstruction and regeneration has become a main international focus in order to solve clinical problems such as irreparable meniscus injury, postmeniscectomy syndrome, osteochondral lesions and generalised chronic OA. In this review, we provide a summary of biomaterials currently used in clinical practice as well as state-of-the-art tissue engineering strategies and technologies that are developed for articular cartilage and meniscus repair and regeneration. The literature was reviewed over the last 5 years on clinically used meniscus and cartilage repair biomaterials, such as Collagen Meniscal Implant, Actifit, NUsurface, TruFit, Agili-C and MaioRegen. There are clinical advantages for these biomaterials and the application of these treatment options should be considered individually. Standardised evaluation protocols are needed for biological and mechanical assessment and comparison between different scaffolds, and long-term randomised independent clinical trials with large study numbers are needed to provide more insight into the use of these biomaterials. Surgeons should become familiar and stay up to date with evolving repair options to improve their armamentarium for meniscal and cartilage defects.

Estrogen status and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (5) ◽  
pp. R498-R500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma O'Donnell ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
Paula J. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea ◽  
Disease Entities

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is integrally involved in multiple cardiovascular physiological processes including arterial blood pressure (BP) regulation. Over activity of the RAAS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular disease entities, including hypertension. Several lines of evidence suggest estrogen favorably modulates the RAAS. Conversely, estrogen deficiency due to menopause may contribute to over activity of the RAAS. Of importance, estrogen deficiency in women is not exclusive to the postmenopausal period. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is a reversible cause of premenopausal hypoestrogenemia. In contrast to postmenopausal women (PMW), premenopausal women with exercise-associated functional hypothalamic amenorrhea demonstrate decreased, not increased, resting BP compared with their estrogen-replete eumenorrheic counterpart. In this review we briefly examine the effects of estrogen status on the RAAS and present the hypothesis that the RAAS is altered in physically active women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

scholarly journals Endocrine Therapy in Early Breast Cancer

Breast Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Katja Krauss ◽  
Elmar Stickeler
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Endocrine Treatment ◽  
Adjuvant Setting ◽  
Standard Duration ◽  
Multiple Trials

Background: Endocrine therapy with a standard duration of 5 years is well known as an effective treatment for endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. Summary: In the adjuvant setting this treatment reduces the 15-year mortality rates by about 30 and 40% with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor, respectively. The well-known long-term recurrence risk of luminal cancers led to multiple trials examining the benefit of extended endocrine treatment for up to 15 years. Additional benefit with extended therapy was seen for patients with high recurrence risk. Also, additional ovarian suppression for premenopausal women exhibited a significant benefit for patients at higher risk. Key Messages: The data of the last years will be summarized and discussed, also considering the side effects of the different treatment options.

Quantum dots have the potential to be used in gene therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Semiconductor Crystals ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Insight Into

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor crystals shown to be intriguing materials in several domains, including biology. Alexei Ekimov originally discovered QDs in the 1980s. The development and utilization of chemical, physical and biological disciplines and new approaches are expected to be available for clinical usage in the near future (e.g., surface functionalization techniques). These efforts should focus largely on overcoming the long-term toxicity of QDs to produce a pharmaceutical QD product for clinical and industrial applications. Other issues include repeatability in QD manufacturing and setting uniform quality standards to ensure batch-to-batch differences are minimized. Additionally, the techniques of administering produced QDs into the body and their regimens should be fully assessed and assessed to fulfill clinical criteria. It is suggested that recent improvements in our understanding of the body's molecular interactions give an insight into the prospective use of QDs in customized treatment. Non-specific QD binding to cell and tissue molecular compartments (e.g. proteins) remains a challenge and researchers worldwide are recommended to focus more on it. Another major impediment to the widespread use of QDs is the heterogeneity in the structure and content of QDs (whether bare or functional), which makes it difficult to draw conclusions about their potential in therapeutic applications and necessitates additional research to develop dependable techniques. Although the barriers to employing QDs in clinical applications have not been completely solved, emerging advances allow this class of materials to approach its therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals Achilles Tendon Rupture: Mechanisms of Injury, Principles of Rehabilitation and Return to Play

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Domiziano Tarantino ◽  
Stefano Palermi ◽  
Felice Sirico ◽  
Bruno Corrado
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Achilles Tendon Rupture ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Prolonged Recovery ◽  
Tendon Ruptures ◽  
Insight Into

The Achilles tendon is the thickest, strongest and largest tendon in the human body, but despite its size and tensile strength, it frequently gets injured. Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) mainly occur during sports activities, and their incidence has increased over the last few decades. Achilles tendon tears necessitate a prolonged recovery time, sometimes leaving long-term functional limitations. Treatment options include conservative treatment and surgical repair. There is no consensus on which is the best treatment for ATRs, and their management is still controversial. Limited scientific evidence is available for optimized rehabilitation regimen and on the course of recovery after ATRs. Furthermore, there are no universally accepted outcomes regarding the return to play (RTP) process. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to give an insight into the mechanism of injuries of an ATR, related principles of rehabilitation, and RTP.

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