Doppelphotonen-Absorptiometrie: Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Knochenmineralgehaltes. I. Grundlagen

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eiber ◽  
J. Hennig ◽  
H W. Pabst ◽  
G. Buttermann
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

Today dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) is recommended as the best procedure for diagnosing osteoporosis at an early stage considering its low cost, low radiation exposure and reasonable reliability. Cortical (neck of femur) and trabecular (L 2-4) bone mass has been determined repeatedly with DPA using 153Gd (NOVO Lab 22 a) in 545 females and 112 males with no evidence of bone diseases. Measured “normal” (age-and sex-related average) values for bone mineral content (BMC) differed significantly (p <0.01) from those of US inhabitants determined by the same equipment, i. e., they were on average about 30% lower, but matched well with corresponding results from Belgium. BMC-area was found the most suitable parameter both for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, since it is independent of height and weight. But there is still need to reduce the overlap and improve accuracy and reproducibility for making decisions after shorter intervals. - Assessment of the individual mineral loss and fracture risk by comparison with average values remains problematical due to the wide range of “normal” BMC values, and in women additionally due to the variable onset of menopause. For estimations of the individual fracture risk of elderly patients BMC should not be normalized on age, because at the age of 65 half of the women had “pathologic” values, i.e. were below the so-called “osteoporosis threshold”. Comparison of the individually measured postmenopausal BMC with average values of premenopausal women and with BMC values normalized to their menopausal age may be helpful approaches to overcoming these difficulties. Because of the lack of earlier individual data in most cases repeated BMC measurements are still required for assessment of demineralization speed.

scholarly journals Design of Personalized Devices—The Tradeoff between Individual Value and Personalization Workload

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Juliane Kuhl ◽  
Andreas Ding ◽  
Ngoc Tuan Ngo ◽  
Andres Braschkat ◽  
Jens Fiehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Flow Diverter ◽  
New Method ◽  
Product Families ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Value

Personalized medical devices adapted to the anatomy of the individual promise greater treatment success for patients, thus increasing the individual value of the product. In order to cater to individual adaptations, however, medical device companies need to be able to handle a wide range of internal processes and components. These are here referred to collectively as the personalization workload. Consequently, support is required in order to evaluate how best to target product personalization. Since the approaches presented in the literature are not able to sufficiently meet this demand, this paper introduces a new method that can be used to define an appropriate variety level for a product family taking into account standardized, variant, and personalized attributes. The new method enables the identification and evaluation of personalizable attributes within an existing product family. The method is based on established steps and tools from the field of variant-oriented product design, and is applied using a flow diverter—an implant for the treatment of aneurysm diseases—as an example product. The personalization relevance and adaptation workload for the product characteristics that constitute the differentiating product properties were analyzed and compared in order to determine a tradeoff between customer value and personalization workload. This will consequently help companies to employ targeted, deliberate personalization when designing their product families by enabling them to factor variety-induced complexity and customer value into their thinking at an early stage, thus allowing them to critically evaluate a personalization project.

The Development of an Electronically Controlled Petrol Injection System

1970 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
B. H. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Original System ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Wide Range

The requirements of the modern automotive petrol engine in relation to higher specific power outputs while retaining good driveability and satisfying the impending exhaust emission control regulations, motivated an investigation into the potential of petrol injection. Consideration of the control requirements and accuracy necessary led, at an early stage, to the selection of electronic control on the basis of control capability, long term reliability, relatively low cost and the potential for future development. The fuel system was designed round the electronic control, manifold injection being used instead of direct injection on the basis of simplicity, lower cost and greater installation flexibility. The original system concept has changed only in detail, development effort being applied to the refinement of the system components to achieve a high standard of performance and the facility to apply the system with minimal modification to a wide range of engine types. The system is described in some detail and typical examples of the system performance on vehicles are presented.

scholarly journals Disentangling the Main Components of Hydromorphological Modifications at Reach Scale in Rivers of Greece

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Stefanidis ◽  
Anna Latsiou ◽  
Theodora Kouvarda ◽  
Anastasia Lampou ◽  
Nektarios Kalaitzakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Ecological Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cross Sectional Profile ◽  
Sectional Profile ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Individual ◽  
River Habitat Survey

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires from member states to monitor hydromorphological features of rivers in order to assess their ecological quality. Thus, numerous hydromorphological assessment methods have been developed with most of them focusing on the dynamics of hydrology, geomorphology and riparian zone extent. Within the scope of this study, we assessed the hydromorphological features of 106 river reaches distributed among thirteen WFD River Basin Districts (RBDs) to identify the main drivers of hydromorphological perturbation at a national scale. The studied reaches reflect a wide range of natural variability as they include various types of watercourses extending from lowlands to mid-altitude and mountainous systems. We employed the River Habitat Survey (RHS), and we recorded hydromorphological features and modifications in both banks and the channel bed along 500 m for each reach. Then, the Habitat Modification Score (HMS) and the individual sub-scores that indicate the extent of specific modifications (e.g., bridges, fords, weirs, bank reprofiling, bank reinforcement, etc.) were calculated in order to a) assess the severity of the total artificial modification and b) to highlight the most common and severe causes of overall alteration. The results showed that alterations such as reprofiling and reinforcement of banks contributed the most to the total HMS followed by the presence of fords and bridges. Particularly, the bank alterations indicate a serious deterioration of the longitudinal profile of the reaches, while the occurrence of many fords and bridges is the main cause for perturbations that affect locally the stream cross-sectional profile. Overall, these results compile a first nationwide assessment of the hydromorphological status of Greek rivers in line with the WFD and set the basis for further research that will focus on the diversity of stream habitat features as a measure for the overall ecological quality.

Discharge Jet Interaction With Multiple Port Diffusers

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Sorrell ◽  
B. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Jet Interaction ◽  
Round Jets ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Similarity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over The Top

A model for the flow dynamics and mixing in the near-field of a multiple port outfall diffuser is postulated. It employs the equations for gross conservation of mass, momentum, and buoyancy of the fluid in the discharge jet or plume. These equations are obtained by assuming flow similarity and then integrating over the cross-sectional area of the plume. Two distinct interactions of the discharge jets or plumes are included in the model. These are the interaction of the individual round jets from the diffuser ports and the merging of the plume from either side of the diffuser, over the top of the diffuser. The resulting equations are closed by the “entrainment assumption” and solved numerically. Results provide the velocity, width, and dilution of the jet or plume. Calculations were made for a number of cases where experimental results were available. The model gives reasonable agreement with the experiments over a wide range of discharge conditions and over the complete range of flow patterns. In most cases it slightly underestimates the mixing or dilution. Therefore the model should be useful in determining the minimum dilution that can be expected from any marine outfall.

scholarly journals COVID-19-related stigma and its influencing factors: a nationwide cross-sectional study during the early stage of the pandemic in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e048983
Author(s):  
Tianyu Jiang ◽  
Xudong Zhou ◽  
Leesa Lin ◽  
Yanzheng Pan ◽  
Yuyuan Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Health Literacy ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

ObjectivesTo describe the situation of COVID-19-related stigma towards patients with COVID-19 and people from the city of Wuhan in China and to assess the associations between COVID-19-related stigma, health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics during March 2020, the early stage of the pandemic.DesignA cross-sectional online survey.SettingThe study surveyed 31 provinces in China.ParticipantsThis study surveyed 5039 respondents in China.Outcome measuresPublic stigma towards both patients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents was measured. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with public COVID-19-related stigma.ResultsAmong the participants, 122 (2.4%) reported themselves and 254 (5.0%) reported the communities they lived in as holding a stigmatising attitude towards patients with COVID-19, respectively. Additionally, 114 (2.5%) and 475 (10.3%) reported that themselves and the communities they lived in, respectively, held a stigma against people from Wuhan, which was the most severely affected area in China. People aged over 40, lived in areas with severe epidemics (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.03, 95% CI (1.05 to 3.92)) and who felt it difficult to find and understand information about COVID-19 (aOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.37); aOR=1.88, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.29)) were more likely to stigmatise patients with COVID-19. People who were male, aged 41–50 and had difficulty understanding information (aOR=2.08, 95% CI (1.17 to 3.69)) were more likely to stigmatise people from Wuhan.ConclusionsPatients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents suffered stigma at both the individual and the community levels. Those who had low health literacy, who lived in areas with a large number of COVID-19 cases and who were of ethnic minorities were more likely to stigmatise others. Tailored interventions are encouraged to improve health literacy and consequently to reduce public COVID-19-related stigma.

scholarly journals Miniaturised Rod-Shaped Polymer Structures with Wire or Fibre Reinforcement—Manufacturing and Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Michael Kucher ◽  
Martin Dannemann ◽  
Ansgar Heide ◽  
Anja Winkler ◽  
Niels Modler
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pultrusion Process ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Manufacturing Methods

Rod-shaped polymer-based composite structures are applied to a wide range of applications in the process engineering, automotive, aviation, aerospace and marine industries. Therefore, the adequate knowledge of manufacturing methods is essential, covering the fabrication of small amounts of specimens as well as the low-cost manufacturing of high quantities of solid rods using continuous manufacturing processes. To assess the different manufacturing methods and compare the resulting quality of the semi-finished products, the cross-sectional and bending properties of rod-shaped structures obtained from a thermoplastic micro-pultrusion process, conventional fibre reinforced epoxy resin-based solid rods and fibre reinforced thermoplastic polymers manufactured by means of an implemented shrink tube consolidation process, were statistically analysed. Using the statistical method one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the differences between groups were calculated. The statistical results show that the flexural moduli of carbon fibre reinforced polymers were statistically significantly higher than the modulus of all other investigated specimens (probability value ). The discontinuous shrink tube consolidation process resulted in specimens with a smooth outer contour and a high level of roundness. However, this process was recommended for the manufacturing of small amounts of specimens. In contrast, the pultrusion process allowed the manufacturing of high amounts of semi-finished products; however, it requires a more extensive process controlling and manufacturing equipment.

scholarly journals Co-infections by non-interacting pathogens are not independent & require new tests of interaction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric M. Hamelin ◽  
Linda J.S. Allen ◽  
Vrushali A. Bokil ◽  
Louis J. Gross ◽  
Frank M. Hilker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Epidemic Models ◽  
Statistical Independence ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIf pathogen species, strains or clones do not interact, intuition suggests the proportion of co-infected hosts should be the product of the individual prevalences. Independence consequently underpins the wide range of methods for detecting pathogen interactions from cross-sectional survey data. However, the very simplest of epidemiological models challenge the underlying assumption of statistical independence. Even if pathogens do not interact, death of co-infected hosts causes net prevalences of individual pathogens to decrease simultaneously. The induced positive correlation between prevalences means the proportion of co-infected hosts is expected to be higher than multiplication would suggest. By modeling the dynamics of multiple non-interacting pathogens, we develop a pair of novel tests of interaction that properly account for non-independence. Our tests allow us to reinterpret data from previous studies including pathogens of humans, plants, and animals. Our work demonstrates how methods to identify interactions between pathogens can be updated using simple epidemic models.

scholarly journals Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Galagan ◽  
Mykola Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Form

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.

Evaluation of the Safety of Ovarian Preservation at Early Stage of Endometrial Cancer in Premenopausal Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Shirali ◽  
Mitra Modarres Gilani ◽  
Fariba Yarandi ◽  
Omid Hemmatian ◽  
Azar Ahmadzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ovarian Preservation ◽  
Stage Ib ◽  
Stage Ia

Background: Endometrial cancer usually occurs at postmenopause stage of life but its incidence in younger patients is increasing in the last decades. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ovarian preservation in the early stage of endometrial cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 174 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy in 5 years were included. Results: The results showed that 51.1% of the patients were at stage IA, 28.7% at stage IB, 6.9% at stage II, 11.5% at stage III and 1.7% at stage IV of endometrial cancer when they underwent surgery. One patient (1.12%) at stage IA of endometrial cancer, one patient (2%) at stage IB and one patient (8.3%) at stage II had micrometastasis in ovaries, and 8 patients (40%) at stage III and 2 patients (66.6%) at stage IV had micrometastasis and co-existing tumor. Conclusion: In conclusion, findings revealed the high safety of ovarian preservation in endometrial cancer at earlier stages of the endometrial cancer with low risk of ovarian involvement.

Characterization of Dichlorosilane Based Tungsten Silicide Films For Local Interconnects

1996 ◽  
Vol 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz S. Ozkan ◽  
Mansour Moinpour ◽  
Mehmet Sarikay
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tungsten Silicide ◽  
High Temperature Furnace ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Film Substrate

AbstractUltrathin refractory metal silicide films, such as tungsten silicide (WSix) offer a wide range of applications in VLSI and ULSI circuits such as local interconnects, bit lines and wordlines. One practical way of depositing WSix is by a CVD technique in which WF6 is reduced by either SiH4 or SiH2Cl2. For sub 0.5 micron technologies, SiH4 based WSix shows limitations due to poor step coverage and high F incorporation (>1020 atoms/cm3 ). If the reducing agent is changed to SiH2Cl2, then these problems are largely eliminated. However, interactions between processing parameters and film properties to achieve compositionally and structurally uniform films are not well understood. In this investigation, SiH2Cl2 based WSix films (60-200 nm) deposited on undoped poly-Si, doped poly-Si and oxide substrates were studied after a high temperature furnace anneal and oxidation cycle. Electron transparent samples were prepared by a low temperature ion beam technique and the individual films of Si-SiO2-poly Si-WxSiy layers were investigated by high resolution cross sectional transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and electron nanospectroscopy techniques with a beam energy of 300 kV. RBS measurements were used to determine the composition profile through the depth of the film and Si/W uniformity in terms of Si-rich and W-rich interfaces. SIMS measurements were used to determine the impurity content in the silicide film and at the film/substrate interface. This paper focuses on the processing-structure relationships in terms of development of defect structures within WxSiy, the non-stoichiometric W-Si compositons and related crystal structures and the role of the nucleation step in modulating the Si/W ratio at the WSix, /poly-Si interface and discusses their implications on future process development.

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