Neonatal Birthweight, Infant Feeding, and Childhood Metabolic Markers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Pippen ◽  
Bethany Stetson ◽  
Lindsay Doherty ◽  
Michael W. Varner ◽  
Brian M. Casey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Feeding Groups

Objective Antenatal and early neonatal nutritional environment may influence later metabolic health. Infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have higher risk for childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Leptin and adiponectin are known biomarkers for MetS and may guide interventions to reduce later obesity. We sought to examine the relationship between birthweight, early infancy feeding practices, and biomarkers for MetS in offspring of women with mild GDM. Study Design Secondary analysis of a prospective observational follow-up study on the offspring of women who participated in a multicenter randomized treatment trial on mild GDM. Children were evaluated by research coordinators and biospecimens collected at the age of 5 to 10. Plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were compared between large for gestational age (LGA) and average birthweight (AGA) infants, and according to whether solid foods were introduced early (<6 months of age) or at the recommended age (≥6 months of age). Multivariable analysis adjusted for fetal sex, race/ethnicity, and maternal body mass index. Results Leptin and adiponectin were measured in 336 plasma samples. In bivariate analysis, compared with AGA children, LGA children had lower leptin (5.0 ng/mL [3.6–6.0] vs. 5.8 ng/mL [4.5 = 6.6], p = 0.01) and similar adiponectin (6.3 µg/mL [5.1–7.9] vs. 6.4 µg/mL [5.3–8.6], p = 0.49) concentrations. Maternal/child characteristics were similar between the early/delayed solid feeding groups. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were similar in the early fed and delayed feeding groups (5.8 ng/mL [4.6–6.7] vs. 5.6 ng/mL [4.2–6.6], p = 0.50 and 6.4 µg/mL [5.4–8.1] vs. 6.4 µg/mL [5.1–8.8], p = 0.85, respectively). After controlling for covariates, children who were LGA and AGA at birth had similar leptin concentrations. Conclusion Birthweight and early infancy feeding practice are not associated with alterations in leptin and adiponectin in children of women with mild GDM. Key Points

scholarly journals Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia: Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (EDHS 2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ataklti Gebretsadik Woldegebriel ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher ◽  
Asfawosen Aregay Berhe ◽  
Kiros Fenta Ajemu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Bivariable Analysis ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

Background. Dietary diversity is one of the key elements of diet quality. Even though different measures were taken to increase dietary diversity feeding practice in Ethiopia, the problem still remains high. Therefore, this study was done to identify determinants of inadequate minimum dietary practice among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia. Method. Secondary analysis of the data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was done on a weighted sample of 5161 children aged 6-59 months. Data analysis was done using STATA v.14. Variables with P value < 0.05 in the bivariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable analysis to identify independent determinants of dietary diversity. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. A total of 5161 children aged 6 to 59 months were enrolled in the study. Only 8.5% of the children had the recommended minimum dietary diversity. Mother’s education (adjusted odds ratio AOR=2.51 (1.65, 3.83)), mothers currently working (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.83 (1.47, 2.29)), mother’s wealth index (adjusted odds ratio AOR=4.75 (3.31, 6.81)), age of a child (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.72 (1.24, 2.39)), and number of under-five children (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.49 (1.12, 2.00)) were significantly associated with the minimum dietary diversity. Conclusion. The minimum dietary diversity was not achieved by most children 6-59 months of age in Ethiopia. Ensuring large-scale interventions that focus on the identified factors should be considered by concerned bodies to improve the dietary diversity practice.

scholarly journals Associations between maternal BMI, breastfeeding practices and infant anthropometric status in Colombia; secondary analysis of ENSIN 2010.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Aldana-Parra ◽  
Gilma Olaya ◽  
Mary Fewtrell
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Maternal Bmi ◽  
Anthropometric Status

Abstract Background: Maternal malnutrition and infant feeding mode impact short and long term infant and child morbidity and mortality. The period of lactation may provide an opportunity to modulate the risk of disease later in life. Our aim was to estimate the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant feeding mode, particularly breastfeeding practices, on the anthropometric status of children under two years in Colombia. Methods: A secondary analysis was performed using the data from ENSIN 2010. Term infants under 2y, singleton, with a mother older than 18y, were included in the analysis. Outcomes were wasting (WLZ<-2SD), overweight (WLZ>+2SD) and stunting (LAZ<-2SD). Predictors were infant feeding (exclusive and predominant BF constructed from 24-hour recall, age at introduction of liquids, semisolids and solids) and maternal BMI. Socioeconomic variables, maternal education and age, conditions during pregnancy and birth weight were analyzed as covariates. Results: Mothers of overweight infants had higher BMI (Mean dif=1.47 kg/m2; 95% CI=2.1, 0.8) than those with normal weight infants. Stunting and wasting were not predicted by maternal anthropometry or infant feeding mode. Fewer maternal years of education were associated with wasting (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.86, 0.97; p=0.003) and stunting (OR=0.92; 95% CI=0.89, 0.94; p<0.0001), while more maternal years of education were associated with overweight (OR=1.06; 95% CI=1.02, 1.01; p=0.001); higher birth weight was associated with overweight (OR=1.001; 95% CI=1.00, 1.001; p<0.0001) and lower birth was associated with stunting (OR=0.99; 95% CI=0.89; p<0.0001) in the final regression model. Conclusions: Maternal BMI is a modifiable target for public health policy to promote healthy infant growth. Infant nutritional status is affected by direct and indirect factors that need to be addressed in further studies.

scholarly journals Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes Alter Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxidative Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Gupta ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Karla Luna ◽  
Anjali Logue ◽  
Alexander J Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1

Rationale: Chronic electronic cigarette (EC) users exhibit a higher susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to undergo oxidation as compared to non-user controls. However, there is a paucity of data regarding EC effects on lipid peroxidation in the blood and their relationship to cardiovascular risk. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic (≥1 year) EC use exerts intermediate effects on plasma lipid peroxidation and/or antioxidant defense compared to chronic tobacco cigarette (TC) smoking. Methods and Results: We enrolled EC-users (n=32), TC-smokers (n=29) and non-users (n=45), with mean ages of 28.3, 27.8 and 27.4 years, respectively. Plasma concentrations of free polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidized metabolites were assessed by mass spectrometry. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), concentrations of glutathione, bilirubin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and functional activity of paraoxonase1 (PON1) were determined by colorimetric and enzymatic assays. Multivariable analysis was performed using classification models for segregating participants based on biomarker profiles. Plasma arachidonic acid (AA) concentration was higher in TC-smokers but lower in EC-users, together with linoleic acid (LA) concentration, as compared to TC-smokers and non-users (p<0.05). Oxidized LA metabolites (9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE)) were lower in EC-users and TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p<0.001). Consistently, TAC and bilirubin were elevated in EC-users and TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p<0.05). Of interest, plasma HO-1 concentration was higher in TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p=0.01) with intermediate levels in EC-users. Multivariable analysis identified 5 biomarkers (13-HODE, LA, 9-HODE, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), AA) that discriminated EC-users from TC-smokers and non-users with an accuracy of 73.4%. Conclusions: Chronic use of EC induces common (i.e. lower 9- and/or 13-HODEs and higher TAC and bilirubin) as well as differential effects (i.e. altered AA and LA concentrations) to those induced by TC, along with intermediate plasma HO-1 concentration, suggesting that EC, likewise TC smoke, could impact cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals Comparison of Early Feeding Practices in Mother–Father Dyads and Possible Generalization of an Efficacious Maternal Intervention to Fathers’ Feeding Practices: A Secondary Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6075
Author(s):  
Lynne A. Daniels ◽  
Kimberley M. Mallan ◽  
Elena Jansen ◽  
Jan M. Nicholson ◽  
Anthea M. Magarey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Intervention

To compare feeding practices within mother–father dyads and explore whether outcomes of an efficacious intervention for mothers generalised to fathers’ feeding practices. The NOURISH RCT evaluated an early feeding intervention that promoted positive feeding practices to support development of healthy eating habits and growth. The intervention was delivered to first-time mothers via 2 × 12 week modules commencing when children were 4 and 14 months. Mothers self-reported feeding practice outcomes at child age 2 years using validated scales (1 = low to 5 = high) from the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Nine months later, an independent cross-sectional descriptive study to investigate fathers’ feeding practices was initiated. Fathers were recruited by contacting (via letter) mothers participating in two pre-existing studies, including the NOURISH trial. Fathers completed a feeding practices questionnaire, similar to that used for NOURISH outcome assessments. Seventy-five fathers recruited via the NOURISH cohort (21% response) returned questionnaires. Response data from this subset of fathers were then linked to the corresponding NOURISH maternal data. Complete data were available from 70 dyads. Compared with mothers, fathers self-reported higher concern about child overweight (2.2 vs. 1.3), restriction (3.6 vs. 2.9) and pressure (2.6 vs. 2.1), all p < 0.001. Fathers whose partners were allocated to the intervention group used less pressure (mean difference 0.46, p = 0.045) and were more willing to let the child decide how much to eat (−0.51, p = 0.032). Fathers’ higher concern about child weight and more frequent use of non-responsive feeding practices, when compared with mothers, identify them as potentially potent contributors to child feeding. This preliminary evidence for modest generalisation of an efficacious maternal intervention to apparent effects on some paternal feeding practices speaks to the importance and promise of including fathers in early feeding interventions.

scholarly journals Feeding Practice during Diarrheal Episode among Children Aged between 6 to 23 Months in Mirab Abaya District, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Teshale Fikadu ◽  
Shimels Girma
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Diarrheal Episode ◽  
Gamo Gofa

Background. Diarrheal disease is one of the main causes of childhood malnutrition. In developing countries 30% of pediatric beds are occupied with children having diarrheal disease. Fluid replacement, continued feeding, and increasing appropriate fluid at home during the diarrhea episodes are the cornerstone of treatment package. The purpose of this study was to assess feeding practice during diarrheal episodes among children aged 6 to 23 months in Mirab Abaya district, Gamo Gofa Zone, South Ethiopia. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to March 2016 among children aged 6 to 23 months. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A total of 661 participants were included in our study. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20.0 statistical software for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were done to assess factors associated with feeding practices during a diarrheal episode. Odds ratio with 95% CI was used to identify a statistically significant association between independent variables and feeding practice during diarrheal episode. Result. The proportion of proper feeding practice during diarrheal episode was 467 (70.7%). Boy children were about 1.6 times [AOR; 1.62 (95%CI=1.04, 2.50)] more likely to receive increased food and fluid than girl children. Mothers who have one under-five child were 2 times [AOR 2.11 (95% CI =1. 38, 3.23)] more likely to have proper feeding practice during diarrheal episode as compared to those have two and more under-five children. The likelihood of increasing food and fluid during diarrheal episodes was 2 times [AOR 2.46 (95% CI=1. 55, 3.88)] higher among children from maternal age of 30-39 years than those from 20-29 years. Mothers who get information about feeding practices during diarrheal episodes were 2 times [AOR 2.19 (95% CI=1. 43, 3.36)] more likely to increase food and fluid to their child compared to their counterparts. Conclusion. In this study educational status, number of antenatal care visits, sex, number of under-5 children, maternal age, and mothers information about feeding practice were independently associated with feeding practices during a diarrheal episode. Therefore, intensive intervention programme should focus on these determinants to reduce child mortality and morbidity and realize sustainable development goals.

scholarly journals Impact of Obesity on the Rate of Recurrent Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women Treated with 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (09) ◽  
pp. 809-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Lemon ◽  
Allison Serra ◽  
Shringi Sharma ◽  
Raman Venkataramanan ◽  
Steve Caritis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Birth ◽  
Obesity Class ◽  
Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate ◽  
The Impact

Objective We sought to determine if the rate of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) in women treated with 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) is modified by maternal body mass index (BMI). Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to prevent recurrent PTB randomized controlled trial. All women received 17-OHPC. Results A total of 708 women were included. Rates of spontaneous PTB did not vary significantly by BMI category. With stratification by obesity class and gestational age at delivery, the unadjusted risk for PTB using earlier gestational cutoffs (< 35, 32, and 28 weeks) demonstrated an association between preterm delivery and increasing severity of obesity. With adjustment for potential confounders, there was no statistically significant relationship between BMI and spontaneous PTB. Conclusion We demonstrated that the risk of PTB in women receiving 250 mg 17-OHPC is not dependent on maternal BMI after adjustment for confounding variables. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated a wide variation in plasma concentration of 17-OHPC across the population with likely considerable overlap in plasma concentrations among the obese and nonobese population. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of BMI on efficacy of 17-OHPC prior to any dose adjustment in this population.

scholarly journals High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 3005-3012
Author(s):  
Shaikh M Ahmad ◽  
M Nazmul Huda ◽  
Rubhana Raqib ◽  
Firdausi Qadri ◽  
Md Jahangir Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Plasma Retinol

ABSTRACT Background Vitamin A (VA) stores are low in early infancy and may impair development of the immune system. Objective This study determined if neonatal VA supplementation (VAS) affects the following: 1) development of regulatory T (Treg) cells; 2) chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) expression, which directs mucosal targeting of immune cells; and 3) systemic endotoxin exposure as indicated by changed plasma concentrations of soluble CD14 (sCD14). Secondarily, VA status, growth, and systemic inflammation were investigated. Methods In total, 306 Bangladeshi infants were randomly assigned to receive 50,000 IU VA or placebo (PL) within 48 h of birth, and immune function was assessed at 6 wk, 15 wk, and 2 y. Primary outcomes included the following: 1) peripheral blood Treg cells; 2) percentage of Treg, T, and B cells expressing CCR9; and 3) plasma sCD14. Secondary outcomes included the following: 4) VA status measured using the modified relative dose-response (MRDR) test and plasma retinol; 5) infant growth; and 6) plasma C-reactive protein (CRP). Statistical analysis identified group differences and interactions with sex and birthweight. Results VAS increased (P = 0.004) the percentage of CCR9+ Treg cells (13.2 ± 1.37%) relative to PL (9.17 ± 1.15%) in children below the median birthweight but had the opposite effect (P = 0.04) in those with higher birthweight (VA, 9.13 ± 0.89; PL, 12.1 ± 1.31%) at 6 and 15 wk (values are combined mean ± SE). VAS decreased (P = 0.003) plasma sCD14 (1.56 ± 0.025 mg/L) relative to PL (1.67 ± 0.032 mg/L) and decreased (P = 0.034) the prevalence of VA deficiency (2.3%) relative to PL (9.2%) at 2 y. Conclusions Neonatal VAS enhanced mucosal targeting of Treg cells in low-birthweight infants. The decreased systemic exposure to endotoxin and improved VA status at 2 y may have been due to VA-mediated improvements in gut development resulting in improved barrier function and nutrient absorption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01583972 and NCT02027610.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Plasma Profiles from a Prolonged-Release Protein Substitute for Phenylketonuria: A Randomized, Single-Dose, Four-Way Crossover Trial in Healthy Volunteers

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Scheinin ◽  
Anna Barassi ◽  
Jouni Junnila ◽  
Zsófia Lovró ◽  
Giorgio Reiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Primary Endpoints ◽  
Secondary Endpoints

Several disorders of amino acid (AA) metabolism are treated with a protein-restricted diet supplemented with specific AA mixtures. Delivery kinetics impacts AA absorption and plasma concentration profiles. We assessed plasma profiles after ingestion of an AA mixture engineered to prolong AA absorption with Physiomimic TechnologyTM (Test) in a randomized, single-dose, four-way crossover trial in healthy volunteers (Trial Registration: ISRCTN11016729). In a two-step hypothesis, the primary endpoints were (i) significant reduction in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of essential amino acids (EAAs) while (ii) maintaining EAA bioavailability (AUC0-300 min) compared to a free AA mixture (Reference). Secondary endpoints included effects on plasma profiles of other AA groups and effects on several metabolic markers. Thirty subjects completed the study. Both co-primary endpoints were met: Cmax for EAAs was 27% lower with the Test product compared to the Reference product (ratio, 0.726, p < 0.0001); overall plasma EAA levels from the two AA mixtures was within the pre-specified bioequivalence range (AUC0-300min ratio, 0.890 (95% CI: 0.865, 0.915)). These findings were supported by the results of secondary endpoints. Prolongation of AA absorption was associated with modulation of several metabolic markers. It will be important to understand whether this can improve the long-term management of disorders of AA metabolism.

The Prevalence and Risks of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Toronto, Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thikriat Al-Jewair ◽  
James L. Leake
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Caregiver Depression ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Childhood Caries ◽  
At Home

Abstract Aim To determine the prevalence and risks of early childhood caries (ECC) among children less than 71 months of age in Toronto, Canada, and to evaluate the association between parental/ caregiver depression and ECC. Methods and Materials A secondary analysis of data previously collected by the Toronto Public Health as part of the 2003 Toronto Perinatal and Child Health Survey was performed. The 90-item survey was conducted over the telephone to 1,000 families with children from zero years (birth) to six years of age. Parents/caregivers were asked about factors related to the development and health of their children. For this study, only children younger than six years of age (less than 71 months) were included (n=833). The primary outcome of interest was self-reported and measured by the response to the question of whether a physician/dentist had ever told the parent/caregiver his/her child had ECC. Results The prevalence of ECC was 4.7 percent (37 of 791 children). The child's age, his/her history of dental visits, teeth brushing, the use of fluoridated toothpaste, the parent's/caregiver's depressive tendencies, the language spoken at home, and the household annual income were all significant in the bivariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression identified four factors associated with ECC: the child's age (being three years of age or older), having at least one parent/ caregiver with depression, not speaking English at home, and having an annual household income less than $40,000 in Canadian dollars (CAD). Conclusion While a child's age, home language, and household income are known risks for ECC, the finding that parental/caregiver depression may be related to ECC is new. Clinical Significance Multiple risk factors are involved in the development of early childhood caries. Of particular importance are demographic (e.g., child's age), social (e.g., annual household income), and psychosocial factors (e.g., parental/ caregiver depression) that are indirectly linked to ECC. More attention needs to be placed on understanding the role and process by which these factors influence the development of ECC. Citation Al-Jewair TS, Leake JL. The Prevalence and Risks of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in Toronto, Canada. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 October; 11(5):001-008. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/ volume11-issue5-al-jewair

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