The Location Choice of Offices of International Companies

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Dunning ◽  
G Norman
Keyword(s):  
Location Choice ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Choice Analysis ◽  
Foreign Operations ◽  
High Skill ◽  
Office Location

There has been a structural shift of employment in developed countries towards the tertiary sector, and an increase in the proportion of economic activity being conducted by international firms. This paper is an examination of the factors that influence location choice of international offices, by means of survey data that facilitate a sectoral analysis of location choice. Analysis of the motives that lead to direct foreign operations is based on the ownership–location–internalisation paradigm, which suggests that international firms tend to be most active in those sectors in which their ownership advantages are most pronounced, and in which these advantages are best exploited internally to the firm. A branch–regional classification is used to distinguish cases in which office-location choice is dominated by external market forces (branch offices) and those in which location is determined by internal organisational forces. The primary influences on location choice are market size and the need for personal presence to serve this market. There is also clear evidence of a ‘bandwagon’ effect. But more detailed influences vary with office type and sector. In this respect, the quality and availability of resources are generally more important than direct costs. The United Kingdom emerges as a high-skill economy with a flexible labour force and good communications facilities. It is also the case that, although proximity to London remains important, there is a clear tendency to consider locations further from London, a tendency that will be further encouraged by technical change and improvement in domestic travel infrastructure.

'Restrictive Business Practices', report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, April 1972.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Administrative Structures

The report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, submitted to the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Santiago (Chile) in April 1972, deals with the restrictive business practices of the multinational corporations with special reference to the export interests of the developing countries. Since the world war, there has been a tremendous growth in the size and activities of many international firms. They have grown from the national corporation to the multidivisional corporation and now to the multinational corporation. With each step they acquired greater financial power, better technology and know-how and more complex administrative structures. They have subsidiaries and branches all over the world. In the course of the sixties they became one of the dominant factors in determining the pattern of world trade. At the same time, their increasingly restrictive business practices, which tended to adversely affect world trade and the export interest of less developed countries, attracted the attention of the governments both in developed and less developed countries and serious concern was shown at the international level. It is against this background that the UNCTAD undertook the study on the question of restrictive business practices.

ICT and the Returns to Schooling and Job-Specific Experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kirby ◽  
Rebecca Riley
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Industry Sectors

We use the United Kingdom Labour Force Survey to estimate the returns to schooling and job-specific experience in sixteen different industry sectors over the period 1994-2001. Next, assuming skill levels are fixed, we assess the marginal effect on these returns of the capital intensity of production and the ICT intensity of capital. Our results indicate that in the UK, over the period 1994-2001, the rising ICT intensity of capital was associated with a rise in the return to schooling, and a reduction in the return to job-specific experience.

scholarly journals The Hybridisation of Conventional Higher Education: UK Perspective

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Open Learning ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Radical Approach

Before the creation of the United Kingdom Open University (UKOU) - its Charter was given in 1969 and the first students were admitted in 1971 - the full-time residential model of higher education was pervasive, with part-time and distance modes of study seen as separate and inferior. The UKOU demonstrated the effectiveness of distance learning but also, because of its success, in some ways inhibited change in the mainstream tertiary sector. As social and political pressures on the sector grew, higher education providers were forced to innovate and models of “open learning” offered ways forward. As a result, the distinction between “distance” and “face-to-face” delivery rapidly eroded during the 1990s. However, barriers still remain to a more radical approach to provision as a whole.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Copyright Exception for Teaching Purposes: Australia, Malaysia and the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratnaria Wahid ◽  
Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Public Access ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Copyright Exception ◽  
Materials Used

While education is considered a basic human right, the copyright system however seems to hamper public access to information and knowledge. This is especially so when information that largely comes from developed countries are used as commodities that have to be bought by developing countries. This paper compares the international and national laws in Malaysia, United Kingdom and Australia on the copyright exceptions to materials used for teaching purposes. It analyzes the different ways countries manage and balance between copyright owners and copyright users’ interest and shows that in many circumstances, copyright owners are over-protected by national copyright systems although this is not required by international copyright law. This paper also shows that international treaties governing copyright law do allow some flexibility for member countries to implement copyright systems based on their own needs and circumstances but such opportunity is not fully utilized by member countries for the benefit of the public.  

scholarly journals International Student Transitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sharif Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Students ◽  
International Student ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The U.S

Andrade and James Hartshorn (2019) surrounds the transition that international students encounter when they attend universities in developed countries in pursuit of higher education. Andrade and James Hartshorn (2019) describe how some countries like Australia and the United Kingdom host more international students than the United States (U.S.) and provides some guidelines for the U.S. higher education institutions to follow to host more international students. This book contains seven chapters.

The influence of motivations on international location choice in least developed, emerging and developed countries: evidence from Chinese MNEs

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Angulo-Ruiz ◽  
Albena Pergelova ◽  
William X. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Location Choice ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developed Economies

Purpose This research aims to assess variations of motivations when studying international location decisions. In particular, this study aims to assess the influence of diverse motivations – seeking technology, seeking brand assets, seeking markets, seeking resources and escaping institutional constraints – as determinants of the international location choice of emerging market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) entering least developed, emerging, and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a set of hypotheses based on the ownership–location–internalization framework and complement it with an institutional perspective. The conceptual model posits that the different internationalization motivations (seeking technology, seeking brand assets, seeking markets, seeking resources and escaping institutional constraints) will impact the location choice of EM MNEs in developed economies, emerging markets or least developed countries. This study uses the 2013 survey data collected by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. The final sample of analysis of this research includes 693 observations. Findings After controlling for several variables, two-stage Heckman regressions show there is a variation of motivations when EM MNEs enter least developed countries, emerging markets and developed economies. EM MNEs are motivated to enter least developed countries to seek markets and resources. Conversely, those firms enter developed countries in their search for technological assets and to escape institutional constraints at home. While the present study findings show a clear difference in the motivations that lead to location choice in least developed vs developed countries, the results are not as clear for location in other emerging countries. Research limitations/implications The paper offers empirical support for the importance of motivations as crucial determinants of location choice. Originality/value This paper provides a detailed quantitative study on the internationalization location choice of EM MNEs based on their motivations. Though theoretical models underscore the importance of motivations, we know very little about how, in practice, motivations drive location choice. This study contributes to the international location choice literature a deeper understanding of how diverse motivations drive choices of expansion into developed economies, emerging markets or least developed countries.

Nice Work if You can Get it: Ethnic Penalties in Great Britain

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIN YI CHEUNG ◽  
ANTHONY HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Visible Minorities ◽  
First And Second Generation

Britain has long been home to migrants from Ireland (which until 1921 had been part of the United Kingdom). More recently, it has seen major inflows from a number of less-developed countries such as Jamaica, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, and Hong Kong that had formerly been part of the British Empire. While there is some reason to believe that the Irish experienced some discrimination in Britain in the first half of the twentieth century or before, evidence implies that the Irish, both first and second generation, now compete on equal terms with the indigenous British. The ethnic penalties experienced by the visible minorities from the less-developed members of the Commonwealth have declined markedly in the second generation, but all the major visible minorities still find it more difficult to obtain jobs commensurate with their qualifications than do the various white groups, even in the second generation. Continuing discrimination against visible minorities is likely to be a major part of the explanation for the difficulty in gaining employment.

Breast malignancy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1025-1052
Author(s):  
Kieran Horgan ◽  
Barbara Dall ◽  
Rebecca Millican-Slater ◽  
Russell Bramhall ◽  
Fiona MacNeill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Western World ◽  
Breast Malignancy ◽  
The United Kingdom

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer to affect women in developed countries and is increasing in frequency in the Western world. Approximately 50,000 women and 400 men are diagnosed with breast cancer in the United Kingdom each year. Eighty per cent of these individuals will survive for at least 5 years after diagnosis. In 2012, 11,762 women died of breast cancer in the United Kingdom. Age-standardized rates of new invasive breast cancer diagnosis have increased from 75 to 126 per 100,000 population in the United Kingdom between 1977 and 2010.

The Impact of Awareness Regarding Environmental Protection Laws on Ecological Degradation

2022 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Atul Bamrara
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Global environmental troubles are gaining significance because of the speedy and antagonistic speed of urbanization. Environmental degradation restricts the flow of environmental services. Dumping of pollutants in excess of its assimilative capacity into air, water, and soil results in deterioration of the quality of these vital resources. The nature of environmental problem depends upon the level of economic development and the geographical condition of the area under consideration. India being a developing economy with a low per capita income, high population density, agriculture-dependent labour force, and high percentage of rural areas, the problems here are different from those in developed countries. The chapter highlights the impact of knowledge regarding environmental protection issues on environmental degradation.

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