The partition of nutrients in ewes maintained in a moderate compared with a lean body condition in late pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Free Body

The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term was tested without the confounding effects of placental weight and feed intake. We hypothesised that fetal weights should be similar in fat or lean ewes with placentas of a similar size, and tested the hypothesis by manipulating nutrition so that, at mating, Merino ewes carrying a single fetus were in a medium (score 2·9, liveweight 46·6 kg) or lean (score 2·0, liveweight 40·6 kg) condition. They were maintained at this fatness difference until slaughter at Day 146 of pregnancy when fetal, placental, and maternal tissues were weighed and analysed for composition. Subgroups (n = 8 per fatness group) slaughtered at Day 110, a stage when most placental hypertrophy is complete but the majority of fetal hypertrophy is yet to occur, confirmed that the treatments differed in ewe fatness (3·82 v. 9·19 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960; P < 0·001) but not placental weight (487 v. 538 g, s.e.m. = 41·5, P > 0·05). By Day 146, fatness differences (4·77 v. 9·56 kg empty-body fat, s.e.m. = 0·960, P < 0·001) and placental similarities (434 v. 502 g, s.e.m. = 38·3, P > 0·05) were maintained, and both groups produced fetuses of similar size (4408 v. 4382 g, s.e.m. = 204·6, P > 0·05). However, the fetuses in the lean ewes had 20% less fat/kg fat-free body weight (24 v. 30 g/kg, s.e.m. = 1·3, P < 0·01). Fetal weight was correlated with placental weight (r = 0·70; P < 0·01) but not with ewe fatness. Fetal fatness, however, was correlated with ewe fatness (r = 0·69; P < 0·01). Ewe fatness per se did not influence fetal size but did influence the deposition of fat in the fetus, possibly via a greater ability of fatter ewes to partition more glucose toward their fetus.

Partition of nutrients in moderately fat ewes compared with lean ewes given ad libitum access to feed in late pregnancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

The effect of a difference in voluntary feed intake on fetal weight was tested in lean v. moderately fat ewes (0·15 v. 0·32 kg/kg fat-free empty body weight), by giving them ad libitum access to feed from Day 110 to 146 of pregnancy when both had placentas of a similar size (at Day 146: 437 v. 467 g, s.e.m. = 49·5, P > 0·05). Although the lean ewes ate 29% more than the fatter ewes above their estimated requirements (1258±106·9 v. 978±105·8 g/ewe · day, P = 0·08) fetal weights were not affected (4744 v. 4590 g, s.e.m. = 282·1, P > 0·05). Instead, the lean ewes partitioned more of their intake into body fat than the fatter ewes (0·13 v. 0·01 kg/kg fat-free empty body weight, P < 0·05). The results support the concept that the placenta places an upper limit to the uptake of nutrients by the fetus.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
◽  
Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Luanna Lopes Paiva Copat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Deposition

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.

Responses of Matebele goats of Zimbabwe to feeding level: late pregnancy

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
L Majele Slbanda ◽  
M.J. Bryant ◽  
L.R. Ndlovu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Mineral Lick

Under conventional husbandry conditions, Matabele goats kid all year round and, as they receive no supplementary feed, they are frequently exposed to periods of feed scarcity. The aim of this experiment was to determine maternal and foetal responses to different feeding levels during pregnancy.The work was carried out at the Thuli Breeding Station, in Matebeleland, south western Zimbabwe. Forty-two Matebele goats carrying single kids were individually penned and randomly allocated to each of three treatments as they reached week 14 of gestation. The treatments were; Low (L)=0.25 MJ ME / kg0.75, Medium (M)=1.5xL and High (H)=2.5xL. Whole maize grain, lucerne hay and veld hay (see Table 1) were offered at levels calculated to provide 0.2, 0.24 and 0.56 of the total ME. Drinking water and an iodized mineral lick were available to all goats ad libitum. Feed intake was measured daily. Does were weighed and body condition scored (on a scale of 1-10) weekly and within 8 hours of parturition. Kids were weighed at or soon after birth.

Maternal fatness influences fetal size in ewes underfed in late pregnancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Maintenance ◽  
Water Dilution

The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term in ewes underfed in late pregnancy was tested by minimising the confounding effect of differences between fatness groups in placental weight. Twin-bearing Merino ewes in a fat (n = 9, condition score 3.8 units) or moderate (n =9, condition score 2.9) body condition were underfed to 0.6 of their requirements for energy maintenance from Day 108 to 144 of pregnancy. The fatness groups were developed over an 80-day period prior to mating by splitting a flock into 2 groups, each of similar mean liveweight and body condition score, and then enhancing the nutrient intake of one whilst restricting that of the other to maintenance levels until mating. After mating, both groups were fed similarly until Day 108 of pregnancy in an attempt to allow the development of placentas of a similar size in each. Maternal fat and protein mobilised between Day 108 and 144 of pregnancy were calculated on a per animal basis as the difference between maternal fat and protein weights at Day 108, estimated by the tritiated water dilution technique, and at Day 144, estimated by chemical analysis of fat and protein tissue following slaughter. At slaughter, the fat ewes had placentas of a size similar to those of the leaner ewes (588 v. 507 g, pooled s.e. = 50.7, P > 0.10) but produced a total weight of fetus that was 14% heavier (6646 v. 5826 g, pooled s.e. = 257.6, P < 0.05). The fat ewes also mobilised more body fat between Day 108 and 144 (3.62 v. 2.58 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.446, P < 0.10), and maintained higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids in their plasma during late pregnancy. There was no effect of ewe fatness on the extent of protein mobilisation (0.66 v. 0.62 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.623, P > 0.10) over late pregnancy. We conclude that additional maternal fat reserves can limit the extent to which fetal growth is restricted in ewes undernourished during late pregnancy.

Leptin interrelationships to energy-related metabolites and hormones in fed and fasted sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 87-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
D.J. Devlin ◽  
A.J. Bjourson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Condition Score

A review of published leptin data for growing lambs, older ewes and mature dairy cows in late lactation showed that only 0.30-0.37 of the variation in blood leptin concentration was explained by differences in body fat variably expressed as % of liveweight (LW), backfat thickness and body condition score (BCS) respectively (Wylieet al., 2002). In dairy cows between 15d and 226d postpartum, Wylieet al(2002) observed no overall correlation between leptin at slaughter and lipid expressed as % of LW, empty body weight or carcase weight and only a weak correlation in cows in mid-lactation. Losses of fat during early lactation may ‘uncouple’ the link between leptin and fat and produce a bias across all of lactation. Another explanation is that leptin may be more closely linked with lipogenesis than with the amount of stored fat. This study revisits some metabolite and hormone data from a previous investigation of IGF-1 changes in fed, fasted and re-fed sheep in the light of more recently obtained leptin concentrations in the same animals.

THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.

scholarly journals Rottlerin, a Polyphenolic Compound, Alleviate Body Adiposity by Enhancing Lipolysis and Thermogenesis in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1222-1222
Author(s):  
Hyun Kyung Kim ◽  
Eun Young Kang ◽  
Gwang-woong Go
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Polyphenolic Compound ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Body Adiposity

Abstract Objectives Rottlerin (mallotoxin) is a polyphenolic compound in Mallotus philippensis. The anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and mitochondrial uncoupling regulation effects of rottlerin have been known. However, the anti-obesity effect was not reported yet. Thus, we hypothesized that rottlerin would suppress body fat accumulation in obesity-induced mice. Methods Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% kcal from fat) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Mice were randomly assigned to five groups as follows: 1) normal diet (18% kcal from fat), 2) negative control (60% kcal from fat), 3) rottlerin 10 (HFD + rottlerin 10 mg/kg bw), 4) rottlerin 20 (HFD + 20 mg/kg bw), 5) positive control (HFD + metformin 150 mg/kg bw). Rottlerin was daily supplemented by oral gavage. Body weight and feed intake were measured each week. Results Body weight and weight gain were reduced in rottlerin 20 compared to the control (P &lt; 0.001). Body fat mass was also significantly decreased by rottlerin (P &lt; 0.05). Total feed intake and lean mass were similar among HFD groups. Furthermore, energy expenditure was dose-dependently facilitated by rottlerin. RNA-sequencing results supported these findings that rottlerin 20 up-regulated fatty acid beta-oxidation, heat generation, and brown cell differentiation in white-adipose tissues. Rottlerin promoted a catabolic pathway such as lipolysis, thermogenesis, and oxidation in white adipose tissues. Moreover, non-esterified fatty acid levels were decreased by rottlerin (P &lt; 0.05), and hepatic triglyceride contents tended to decline in rottlerin 20 without hepatotoxicity. Non-shivering thermogenesis enzymes, PRDM16 (P = 0.06) and UCP1 (P &lt; 0.01), were stimulated by rottlerin. Conclusions Rottlerin supplementation altered body adiposity accumulation via enhancing fat utilization, lipolysis, and thermogenesis in obese mice. We suggest that rottlerin is a potent nutraceutical for anti-obesity. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT; MSIT).

Ewe nutrition in early and mid- to late pregnancy has few effects on fetal development

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Martín ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
P. C. H. Morel ◽  
S. J. Pain ◽  
C. M. C. Jenkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Fetal Thyroid ◽  
Lifetime Effects

Maternal nutrition affects fetal development, with potential lifelong consequences. The study reported here compared the anatomical development (dimensions and organs) of twin fetuses at Day 140 of gestation, from 58 twin-bearing ewes fed at one of three different nutritional treatments in early pregnancy [Day 21–50, Low (LD21–50) versus Medium (MD21–50) versus High (HD21–50)] and one of two different nutritional treatments in mid- to late pregnancy (Day 50–140, Medium (MD50–140) versus High (HD50–140)]. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of either early or mid- to late pregnancy nutrition on placental weight and fetal bodyweight or size measurements at Day 140. Semitendinosus muscles from LD21–50-HD50–140 fetuses were heavier (P < 0.05) than those from LD21–50-MD50–140 and HD21–50-HD50–140 fetuses, and fetuses from LD21–50 dams had lighter (P < 0.05) mammary glands compared with those from MD21–50 and HD21–50 dams, even after adjustment for fetal weight. Maternal nutrition also affected (P < 0.05) the weights of the fetal thyroid and brain. These results suggest that farmers can limit ewe nutrition in early pregnancy with only minor effects on the fetus. To investigate potential lifetime effects, a larger cohort of these animals is currently being monitored.

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