Barley yield and grain protein concentration as affected by assimilate and nitrogen availability

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boonchoo ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
Suzan E. Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Two types of experiments were conducted with the malting barley cv. Grimmett to examine how assimilate and nitrogen (N) availability at different growth stages determined yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in south-east Queensland. In one series of experiments, plants were sown in April, June, and August so that they would experience different growing conditions, and responses to N application rate were examined. Another experiment examined response of growth, yield, and GPC to variation of assimilate production pre and post anthesis, caused by the canopy manipulation treatments of opening, closure, and 50% shading at 3 different growth stages. Without N application all 3 sowings produced similar yields (1·9-2·3 t/ha), but when N was applied, yield was higher and responded more to applied N in the June sowing than in the other sowings.The different responses of grain yield to N application rate among the 3 sowing dates were not due to differences in N uptake but to the efficiency of N use; with favourable temperatures throughout crop growth, the crop sown in June utilised N most eciently to develop a large number of grainsand to produce sufficient as similates to fill these grains. When yield had a positive response to low N application rates, then there was generally no response of GPC, whereas when there was no response of grain yield to further rate of N application then GPC increased. The results of the second experiment show that N uptake depended on plant N demand at early stages of growth when N was still available in the soil, but total N content of tops at maturity was similar among canopy manipulation treatments. Canopy opening at any stage of growth tended to increase tiller number, leaf area index, and above-ground dry matter, but the effect was greater attillering stage which produced the highest yield because of the greatest number of heads. Shading reduced yield at all stages, but particularly at pre-anthesis. Shading and canopy closure during grain filling reduced grain yield, but with similar N uptake these treatments significantly increased GPC .These results indicate that GPC depends on both assimilate and N availability to grain, and GPC can increase sharply when grain yield is reduced with low assimilate availability as a result of adverse growing conditions. Responses of grain yield to applied N depended on environmental conditions, particularly the patterns of air temperature during growth, and the crop utilised N more efficiently to produce higher yield when it was not exposed to extreme temperatures during the latter stages of growth.

scholarly journals Comparison of Agronomic Performance between Japonica/Indica Hybrid and Japonica Cultivars of Rice Based on Different Nitrogen Rates

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Tao Sun ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Xiaoli Tan ◽  
Kefeng Han ◽  
Sheng Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Indica Hybrid Rice

Previous studies have revealed that the japonica/indica hybrid rice has a higher yield potential, biomass production, and nitrogen (N) accumulation than japonica rice in China, however, at a single N application rate. It remains unclear whether it also occurs at a higher or lower N application rate under the same field condition. To investigate the effects of nitrogen application rates on grain yield, N uptake, dry matter accumulation, and agronomic N use efficiency, field experiments were conducted in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Two japonica/indica hybrid varieties (Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 538) and two japonica varieties (Xiushui 134 and Jia 58) were exposed to five N application rates (0, 150, 225, 300, and 375 kg ha−1). The results showed that grain yields of all the varieties increased with increasing nitrogen application rates, except for Jia 58 whose optimum nitrogen level was 225 kg ha−1, because no significant difference was observed between N225 and N300. Across the four rice varieties, N uptake increased significantly with increased N-fertilizer rates at all the growth stages (p < 0.05). Across the three planting years, the average grain yield of japonica/indica hybrid rice was higher than that of japonica rice by 75.6% at N0, 57.2% at N150, 41.1% at N225, 38.3% at N300, and 45.8% at N375. We also found that as compared with japonica rice, the japonica/indica hybrid rice had more grain yield, higher dry matter, and higher N uptake at all growth stages, regardless of the N application rate.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission and fertiliser nitrogen efficiency in a tropical sugarcane cropping system applied with different formulations of urea

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijin Wang ◽  
Glen Park ◽  
Steven Reeves ◽  
Megan Zahmel ◽  
Marijke Heenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Coated Urea

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from sugarcane cropped soils are usually high compared with those from other arable lands. Nitrogen-efficient management strategies are needed to mitigate N2O emissions from sugarcane farming whilst maintaining productivity and profitability. A year-long field experiment was conducted in wet tropical Australia to assess the efficacy of polymer-coated urea (PCU) and nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate)-coated urea (NICU). Emissions of N2O were measured using manual and automatic gas sampling chambers in combination. The nitrogen (N) release from PCU continued for >5–6 months, and lower soil NO3– contents were recorded for≥3 months in the NICU treatments compared with the conventional urea treatments. The annual cumulative N2O emissions were high, amounting to 11.4–18.2kg N2O-Nha–1. In contrast to findings in most other cropping systems, there were no significant differences in annual N2O emissions between treatments with different urea formulations and application rates (0, 100 and 140kgNha–1). Daily variation in N2O emissions at this site was driven predominantly by rainfall. Urea formulations did not significantly affect sugarcane or sugar yield at the same N application rate. Decreasing fertiliser application rate from the recommended 140kgNha–1 to 100kgNha–1 led to a decrease in sugar yield by 1.3tha–1 and 2.2tha–1 for the conventional urea and PCU treatments, respectively, but no yield loss occurred for the NICU treatment. Crop N uptake also declined at the reduced N application rate with conventional urea, but not with the PCU and NICU. These results demonstrated that substituting NICU for conventional urea may substantially decrease fertiliser N application from the normal recommended rates whilst causing no yield loss or N deficiency to the crop. Further studies are required to investigate the optimal integrated fertiliser management strategies for sugarcane production, particularly choice of products and application time and rates, in relation to site and seasonal conditions.

Estimation of responses of yield and grain protein concentration of malting barley to nitrogen fertiliser using plant nitrogen uptake

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
I. J. Broad
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrate N

The effect of nitrogen application on the grain yield and grain protein concentration of barley was studied in 13 field trials covering a wide range of soil N conditions over 4 years at locations in south-eastern Queensland. The main objectives of the study were to quantify the response of barley to N application rate over a range of environmental conditions, and to explain the response in terms of soil mineral N, total N uptake, and N distribution in the plants. Barley made efficient use of N (60 kg grain/kg N) until grain yield reached 90% of maximum yield. Grain protein concentration did not increase to levels unacceptable for malting purposes until grain yield exceeded 85–90% of maximum yield. Nitrogen harvest index was generally high (above 0·75), and did not decrease until the total N supply exceeded that necessary for maximum grain yield. Rates of application of N for malting barley should be determined on the basis of soil analysis (nitrate-N) to 1 m depth and 90% of expected maximum grain yield, assuming that 17 kg N is taken up per tonne of grain produced. It can further be assumed that the crop makes full use of the nitrate N to 1 m present at planting, provided the soil is moist to 1 m. A framework relating grain yield to total N uptake, N harvest index, and grain N concentration is presented. Further, total N uptake of fertilised barley is related to N uptake without fertiliser, fertiliser application rate, and apparent N recovery. The findings reported here will be useful in the development of barley simulation models and decision support packages that can be used to aid N management.

scholarly journals Herbage and animal production responses to fertilizer nitrogen in perennial ryegrass swards. I. Continuous grazing and cutting

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-203
Author(s):  
P.J.A.G. Deenen ◽  
E.A. Lantinga
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Continuous Grazing

The effects of fertilizer N application on herbage intake and animal performance under continuous grazing management with dairy cows, and on herbage accumulation under a weekly and an approximately 4-weekly cutting regime were studied in 1986-1988 in resown Lolium perenne cv. Wendy grassland on a silty loam soil in Oostelijk Flevoland, Netherlands. 250-700 kg N/ha was applied annually under grazing and from 0 to 700 kg N/ha was applied under cutting. At an assumed marginal profitability of 7.5 kVEM per kg N applied the optimum N application rate was on average 511 and 308 kg/ha per year for 4-weekly cutting and continuous grazing, respectively (1 kVEM = 6.9 MJ Net Energy for lactation). However, especially under grazing, there was a great variation in response to N between years which could be related to soil N availability, length of the growing season and sward quality. Throughout the experimental period the mean tiller density in the grazed swards was hardly affected by the level of N application. However, there were temporary differences in openness of the sward which increased with the level of N application, leading to a loss of productivity as a result of impeded N uptake. Herbage N was poorly converted into animal products. The average efficiency of use of ingested N at 250 kg N was 23%. Higher rates of fertilizer N decreased N use efficiency (19% at 700 kg N/ha per year) but markedly increased N excreted per ha.

scholarly journals How Does Nitrogen Application Rate Affect Plant Functional Traits and Crop Growth Rate of Perennial Ryegrass-Dominated Permanent Pastures?

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2499
Author(s):  
Tammo Peters ◽  
Friedhelm Taube ◽  
Christof Kluß ◽  
Thorsten Reinsch ◽  
Ralf Loges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Plant Functional Traits ◽  
N Application ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
N Application Rate

High doses of nitrogen (N) fertiliser input on permanent pastures are crucial in terms of N surplus and N losses. Quantitative analyses of the response of plant functional traits (PFT) driving crop growth rate (CGR) under low N input are lacking in frequently defoliated pastures. This study aimed to understand the significance of PFTs for productivity and N uptake in permanent grasslands by measuring dynamics in tiller density (TD), tiller weight (TW), leaf weight ratio (LWR), leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), as well as leaf N content per unit mass (LNCm) and per unit area (LNCa) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-dominated pastures, in a simulated rotational grazing approach over two consecutive growing seasons. Annual N application rates were 0, 140 and 280 kg N ha−1. The phenological development of perennial ryegrass was the main driver of CGR, N uptake and most PFTs. The effect of N application rate on PFTs varied during the season. N application rate showed the greatest effect on TD, LAI and, to a lesser extent, on SLA and LNCm. The results of this study highlight the importance of TD and its role in driving CGR and N uptake in frequently defoliated permanent pastures.

scholarly journals Modified split application of nitrogen with biochar improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rainfed maize grown in Vertisols of India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Prakash Meena ◽  
Pramod Jha ◽  
K. Ramesh ◽  
A.K. Biswas ◽  
R. Elanchezhian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Application ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
N Rates

AbstractConventionally, non-judicious and blanket fertilizer nitrogen (N) used in rainfed maize lead to higher N losses, low N use efficiency (NUEs) and poor yields due to substandard agronomic management practices. To avoid such N losses, fertilizer additions are synchronized with plant uptake requirements. In this context, agronomic based management focused on optimizing N rates and biochar application is essential for improved NUEs and crop productivity. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted during 2014, 2015 and 2016 in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) grown in Vertisols of India. In this study, twelve treatments that comprised of N omission plot (N0), skipping of basal rate, multi-split topdressing at varying time as broadcast and band placement, soil test crop response (STCR) based NPK with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 in maize and biochar application (10 t ha−1) were investigated. The experiment was conducted following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) set up with three replications. Pooled analysis of three years data revealed that the application of N rates (120 kg Nha−1) in 2 equal splits (60 kg Nha−1) at knee high (V8) and tasseling (VT) stages with skipped basal N rate, achieved higher maize grain yield (5.29 t ha−1) ascribed to the greater growth parameters, yield components and N uptake compared to the recommended practices. Biochar application (10 t ha−1) as soil amendments along with multi top dressed N (120 kg N ha−1) into 3 splits also increased the grain yield. Delayed N application at V8 and VT growth stages, resulted in higher N uptake, agronomy efficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP), physiology efficiency (PE) and recovery efficiency (RE). Biochar along with N fertilizer also improved the soil organic carbon (5.47g kg−1), ammonium-N (2.40 mg kg−1) and nitrate-N (0.52 mg kg−1) concentration in soil (P<0.05) as compared to non-biochar treatments. Application of biochar along with chemical fertilizer (120 kg Nha−1) significantly increased the concentration of ammonium (2.40 mg kg−1) and nitrate (0.52 mg kg−1) in soil (P<0.05) as compared to non-biochar treatments. The perfect positive linear relationship illustrated that the grain yield of rainfed maize was highly dependent (R2=0.99 at p<0.0001) on N availability, as indicated by the fitted regression line of maize grain yield on N uptake. On the other hand, factor analysis revealed, the one to one positive function relationship of biomass with N uptake at V8 and VT growth stages. Principal Component Regression (PCR) analysis showed that PC1 acted as a major predictor variable for total dry matter yield (TDMY) and dominated by LAI and N uptake. Consequently, these results expressed that the agronomic management based multi-top dressed N application and biochar application to achieve higher yield and greater NUEs in rainfed maize is strongly linked with N application into splits.

Responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Nitrogen Status Indicators to Nitrogen Rates during the Different Rice Growth Stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4411-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wen Zhang ◽  
Zheng Li Yang ◽  
Ai Ping Zhang ◽  
Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The SPAD was shown as a diagnostic tool to assess the nitrogen (N) nutrition status. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of SPAD as N nutrition status for rice. We conducted two years field experiment in the Ningxia irrigation area. Five N application rates were applied to rice to obtain contrasting conditions of N availability. The leaves N concentrations, SPAD and N uptake by rice were assessed. The results showed that response of SPAD to N uptake rate depends on the developmental stage of the rice. The peak periods for N uptake by rice were the jointing-booting stage to the flowering stage. Significant regression equations were established between SPAD and N uptake. The SPAD meter was demonstrated to be a useful nondestructive system to aid in the evaluation of N nutrition status in rice. However, consistency in sample seasonal timing may necessitate to correlate SPAD values.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen availability on dry matter production, nitrogen uptake and light interception of Brussels sprouts and leeks

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
R. Booij ◽  
A.D.H. Kreuzer ◽  
A.L. Smit ◽  
A. Van Der Werf
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
The Relationship

In field experiments with Brussels sprouts (cv. Kundry) and leeks (cv. Arcona) on a sandy soil, DM production and N uptake during crop growth were studied at different N application rates. N fertilizer application rate affected DM production, leaf area expansion and N uptake more strongly in Brussels sprouts than in leeks. When all N was applied before transplanting, Brussels sprouts showed a higher recovery of N fertilizer than leeks. This was explained by a higher rate of DM production in Brussels sprouts, a consequence of faster leaf area expansion. Late N application, whether as a part of a split application or not, increased N uptake more than DM production, so that tissue N concentrations increased. The relationship between N uptake and DM production depended on N availability and crop growth stage, and if all N was applied before transplanting, the relationship could be described by an asymptotic function. Plant plasticity allowed 'luxury consumption' of N to take place when availability was ample and 'dilution' of N when shortages developed during later growth stages. This implied an increasing tissue N concentration with increasing N application and a decreasing N concentration with increasing age. To achieve near-maximum DM production at any time, tissue N concentration should be kept at 2.8-3.1% DW during the whole growing period for Brussels sprouts as well as for leeks. However, in Brussels sprouts a minimum concentration of 1.2-1.5% DW still allowed growth. In both crops N uptake increased linearly with LAI until maximum leaf area (LAI = 4-5) was reached and this relationship was not affected by N application rate or by experimental year. Irrespective of N application rate or species, 2.3 g above ground biomass per MJ intercepted radiation was produced. Therefore, measurement of radiation interception by the canopy can be used as a tool to estimate the N status of the crop.

Effect of post-emergence nitrogen application on the yield and protein content of wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
N. A. Flore ◽  
J. T. Harapiak
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Application ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
N Deficiency

Post-emergence application of N with wheat is contemplated as a practice for managing risk and reducing fertilizer N costs. An attempt was made to develop a comprehensive agronomic package relating to the practice of post-emergence applications by examining aspects relating to the rates of N, timing of post-emergence applications and products that might be used for that purpose. An extensive database of 49 trials conducted between 1995 and 1998 separated in five experimental plans was utilized to address the above issues. Nitrogen rates of up to 100 kg N ha-1 were employed as soil applied at seeding by side banding (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N ha-1) plus topdressed (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1) as post-emergence applications between Feekes growth stages 10.4 and 10.5. The effect of timing was explored in three different experimental designs that included rates up to 100 kg ha-1 applied at seeding or split, so that a post-emergence application of 20 kg N ha-1 was applied at Feekes growth stages 10 and 10.5, or up to 60 kg N ha-1, applied either all at seeding time or 20 or 40 kg N ha-1 at seeding time accompanied by 20 or 40 kg N ha-1 in a post-emergence application at Feekes growth stages 3–4, 6, 10.5 or 11. A number of products (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea, urea ammonium nitrate, Pro N and N serve) were also evaluated for their effectiveness in post-emergence applications. Two distinct trends emerged from all experiments depending on whether application of N at seeding corrected an N deficiency. If N deficiency was corrected by the application rate at seeding then the post-emergence N application increased grain protein concentrations; however, this practice was shown to result in no economic advantage. If N deficiency was not corrected by the N application at seeding, post-emergence applications at late growth stages increased grain protein of wheat at the expense of grain yield. This increase was greater in soils containing soil organic matter (SOM) concentrations less than 5% than those over 5%. Increases in grain protein ranged from 0.7 to 1.5% depending on initial fertilization regime, but they were not sufficient in any of the circumstances to economically compensate for the loss in grain yield caused by insufficient application of N at seeding. The performance of a number of products used for post-emergence application on the protein of hard red spring wheat was mixed with none proving to be consistently superior. Post-emergence application of N to enhance either the grain yield or protein of hard red spring wheat could be effective under high moisture or irrigated conditions; however, this practice represents a relatively high-risk practice under dryland conditions in the western Canadian prairies. Key words: Economics, growth stage, N rates, N products, timing

scholarly journals The effect of cutting frequency and nitrogen fertilizer rates on dry matter production, nitrogen uptake and herbage nitrate content.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
L. Sibma ◽  
T. Alberda
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

In 3 trials with perennial ryegrass given N in the range 0-1000 kg/ha and from 3 to 28 times/yr, DM production, N uptake and NO3 content in relation to N application rates and cutting frequencies of herbage were compared. Higher N application rates increased the herbage yield more at longer growing periods than at higher cutting frequencies. N uptake was positively affected by the application rate and not or only slightly by the cutting frequency. Consistent with this, appreciably high N conc. (max. 5.4%) were found on av. in the herbage at high fertilizer N rates and frequent cutting than at lower rates and less frequent cutting (1.6%). NO3 content increased during the growing season, especially as the N application rate was higher and the growing periods longer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document