Grain nitrogen concentration differences among three sorghum hybrids with similar grain yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

The differences in grain nitrogen (N) concentration among 3 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids with similar grain yield were examined under N-limiting conditions in relation to the availability of assimilate and N to grain. Several manipulation treatments [N fertiliser application, lower leaves shading, thinning (reduced plant population), whole canopy shading, canopy opening, spikelet removal] were imposed to alter the relative N and assimilate availability to grain under full irrigation supply. Grain N concentration increased by either increased grain N availability or yield reduction while maintaining N uptake. Grain N concentration, however, did not decrease in the treatments where relative abundance of N compared with assimilate was intended to be reduced. The minimum levels of grain N concentration differed from 0.95% (ATx623/RTx430) to 1.14% (DK55plus) in these treatments. Regardless of the extent of variation in assimilate and N supply to grain, the ranking of hybrids on grain N concentration was consistent across the manipulation treatments. For the 3 hybrids examined, higher grain N concentration was associated with higher N uptake during grain filling and, to a lesser extent, with higher N mobilisation. Hybrids with larger grain N accumulation had a larger number of grains. There was no tradeoff between grain N concentration and yield, suggesting that grain protein concentration can be improved without sacrificing yield potential.

Sorghum hybrid differences in grain yield and nitrogen concentration under low soil nitrogen availability. I. Hybrids with similar phenology

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates

In Australia, grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids are often grown under conditions of low soil nitrogen (N) availability with suboptimal levels of N fertiliser supplied. However, little is known about the traits that contribute to sorghum hybrid performance in environments with low available N. We examined plant traits that may contribute to adaptation of sorghum to low soil N conditions, and the influence of genotype × N environment interactions on yield and grain N concentration. Two experiments were conducted using 3–6 hybrids with similar phenology. Three N fertiliser application rates (0, 60, and 240 kg/ha) were used in Expt 1, and 2 application rates (0 and 60 kg/ha) were used in Expt 2. Hybrid yield was associated with plant N content at maturity. The ability of a hybrid to take up N continuously during grain filling, under N limiting conditions, was identified as an important component contributing to high yield. In the non-fertilised treatment of Expt 2, where plants suffered the most severe N limitation before anthesis (e.g. total plant N content at anthesis <3 g/m2), hybrid yield was associated with biomass production and duration of effective grain filling. The dependence of the expression of the higher N uptake trait on N availability and other environmental factors resulted in genotype × environment interactions for yield. Differences among hybrids in leaf senescence and grain growth rate had little effect on yield. Genotypic variation for grain N concentration was consistent across experiments for hybrids with and without the staygreen attribute. In Expt 2 the magnitude of leaf senescence and amount of N mobilised from leaf to grain were greater at 60 kg N/ha than in the non-fertilised treatment. In addition, the staygreen hybrid 72389–1-1–3/QL36 had a slower rate of leaf senescence, took up larger amounts of N after anthesis, and had higher grain N concentration (1·07%) than the senescent hybrids ATx623/RTx430 (0·95%) and QL41/69264–2-2–2 (0·90%).

How does temperature affect C and N allocation to the seeds during the seed-filling period in pea? Effect on seed nitrogen concentration

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabelle Larmure ◽  
Christophe Salon ◽  
Nathalie G. Munier-Jolain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
C And N ◽  
Lower Temperature

The effect of moderate temperature on seed N concentration during the seed-filling period was evaluated in pea (Pisum sativum L.) kept in growth cabinets and the relation between plant assimilate availability and the variation of seed N concentration with temperature was investigated. Seed N concentration of pea was significantly lowered when temperature during the seed-filling period decreased from a day / night temperature of 25 / 20°C to 15 / 10°C. Our results demonstrate that during the seed-filling period mechanisms linked with assimilate availability can modify seed N accumulation rate and / or seed-filling duration between 25 / 20°C and 15 / 10°C. At the lower temperature (15 / 10°C), an increased C availability resulting from an enhanced carbon fixation per degree-day allowed new competing vegetative sinks to grow as pea is an indeterminate plant. Consequently N availability to filling seeds was reduced. Because the rate of seed N accumulation per degree-day mainly depends on N availability to filling seeds, the rate of seed N accumulation was lower at the low temperature of our study (15 / 10°C) than at 25 / 20°C while seed growth rate per degree-day remains unaffected, consequently seed N concentration was reduced. Concomitantly, the increased C availability at the lower temperature prolonged the duration of the seed-filling period.

Genotypic variation for grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration among sorghum hybrids under different levels of nitrogen fertiliser and water supply

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
High Input ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Maturity Date ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is often grown under nitrogen- or water-limited conditions, but there is little information on genotypic variation for grain yield and grain nitrogen (N) concentration under these conditions. This study examined the expression of specific adaptation of hybrids to these stress conditions and, secondly, the effect of N fertiliser application on yield and grain N concentration of the hybrids. Two experiments, one irrigated and the other under rainfed conditions, were conducted in 2 seasons to examine 14 hybrids grown under 3 levels of fertiliser N supply (0, 60, and 240 kg/ha). Genotypic variation for yield and grain N concentration was generally larger than the in˚uence of genotype environment (predominantly N and water) interactions. Genotypic variation for phenology was important in determining variation for yield and grain N concentration in high-input and rainfed conditions when N was not the limiting factor, but not under N-limiting conditions. Under high-input conditions (240 kg/ha of N fertiliser and irrigated), maturity date accounted for about 50% of the genotypic variation for grain yield (798-1049 g/m2), with later maturing hybrids having a higher yield. Maturity date had little effect on plant N content at maturity or N harvest index, and hence grain N concentration (1·67-2·01%) was negatively correlated with grain yield. Under N-limiting conditions, N fertiliser application had large effects on yield and/or grain N concentration in both well-watered and pre-anthesis water stress conditions. In the irrigated experiment, when N was limiting (0 and 60 kg/ha of N fertiliser), genotypic variation for grain yield (225-729 g/m2) was not related to that for maturity date. It was, however, related to the variation in N uptake and dry matter growth by anthesis in the non-fertilised treatment. There was significant genotypic variation for grain N concentration (0·94-1·26%), which was not explained by variation for grain yield. Under rainfed conditions, where severe pre-anthesis water stress occurred, phenology was important in determining about 40% of the genotypic variation for yield (69-286 g/m2). The late-flowering hybrids escaped the major impact of the pre-anthesis water stress, had reduced damage to panicle development, and had higher N utilisation, consequently producing higher grain yield. Grain N concentration (1·09-2·85%) was again negatively related with grain yield. Genetic improvement of N uptake is identified as a possible breeding strategy for raising productivity and quality of grain sorghum under N-limiting conditions.

Epidemics of stem rust and their effects on grain yield in the wheat WW15 and some of its derivatives

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Rees ◽  
JR Syme
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Slow Rusting ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Field Plots

The progress of epidemics of Puccinia graminis tvitici strain 343-Anz-1,2,3,5,6 was examined in field plots of the wheat WW15, its hard-grained derivatives Condor, Oxley and Banks, the slow-rusting cv. Celebration and the fully resistant cv. Timgalen. Additional rust-free treatments were maintained to provide yield and quality comparisons. Severe epidemics developed in WW15, Condor and Oxley, and reduced grain yield in each cultivar by approximately 50 %. Epidemics in Celebration and Banks developed more slowly, and no significant loss in yield occurred. Reduced grain size accounted for most of the yield reduction in WW15, Condor and Oxley. Grain nitrogen concentration was higher in rusted Condor and Oxley than in rust-free treatments. WW15, Condor and Oxley possess little slow-rusting ability and the dependence on Condor and Oxley in the eastern wheat-belt of Australia should be decreased. Banks has effective stem rust resistance and offers potential as a replacement for Condor.

scholarly journals Ethephon Reduces Maize Nitrogen Uptake but Improves Nitrogen Utilization in Zea mays L.

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Zhang ◽  
Yubin Wang ◽  
Churong Liu ◽  
Delian Ye ◽  
Danyang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
N Use

Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha−1), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m−2 and 7.5 plants m−2) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.

Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high-rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne M. Lilley ◽  
Lindsay W. Bell ◽  
John A. Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement ◽  
Crop Density

Recent expansion of cropping into Australia’s high-rainfall zone (HRZ) has involved dual-purpose crops suited to long growing seasons that produce both forage and grain. Early adoption of dual-purpose cropping involved cereals; however, dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) can provide grazing and grain and a break crop for cereals and grass-based pastures. Grain yield and grazing potential of canola (up until bud-visible stage) were simulated, using APSIM, for four canola cultivars at 13 locations across Australia’s HRZ over 50 years. The influence of sowing date (2-weekly sowing dates from early March to late June), nitrogen (N) availability at sowing (50, 150 and 250 kg N/ha), and crop density (20, 40, 60, 80 plants/m2) on forage and grain production was explored in a factorial combination with the four canola cultivars. The cultivars represented winter, winter × spring intermediate, slow spring, and fast spring cultivars, which differed in response to vernalisation and photoperiod. Overall, there was significant potential for dual-purpose use of winter and winter × spring cultivars in all regions across Australia’s HRZ. Mean simulated potential yields exceeded 4.0 t/ha at most locations, with highest mean simulated grain yields (4.5–5.0 t/ha) in southern Victoria and lower yields (3.3–4.0 t/ha) in central and northern New South Wales. Winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April) provided most forage (>2000 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) grazing days/ha) at most locations because of the extended vegetative stage linked to the high vernalisation requirement. At locations with Mediterranean climates, the low frequency (<30% of years) of early sowing opportunities before mid-April limited the utility of winter cultivars. Winter × spring cultivars (not yet commercially available), which have an intermediate phenology, had a longer, more reliable sowing window, high grazing potential (up to 1800 DSE-days/ha) and high grain-yield potential. Spring cultivars provided less, but had commercially useful grazing opportunities (300–700 DSE-days/ha) and similar yields to early-sown cultivars. Significant unrealised potential for dual-purpose canola crops of winter × spring and slow spring cultivars was suggested in the south-west of Western Australia, on the Northern Tablelands and Slopes of New South Wales and in southern Queensland. The simulations emphasised the importance of early sowing, adequate N supply and sowing density to maximise grazing potential from dual-purpose crops.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Dynamics in Maize Leaves and Developing Ears in Response to Nitrogen Application

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Ning ◽  
Yunfeng Peng ◽  
Felix Fritschi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Carbohydrate Dynamics ◽  
Maize Ear

Maize grain yield is considered to be highly associated with ear and leaf carbohydrate dynamics during the critical period bracketing silking and during the fast grain filling phase. However, a full understanding of how differences in N availability/plant N status influence carbohydrate dynamics and processes underlying yield formation remains elusive. Two field experiments were conducted to examine maize ear development, grain yield and the dynamics of carbohydrates in maize ear leaves and developing ears in response to differences in N availability. Increasing N availability stimulated ear growth during the critical two weeks bracketing silking and during the fast grain-filling phase, consequently resulting in greater maize grain yield. In ear leaves, sucrose and starch concentrations exhibited an obvious diurnal pattern at both silking and 20 days after silking, and N fertilization led to more carbon flux to sucrose biosynthesis than to starch accumulation. The elevated transcript abundance of key genes involved in starch biosynthesis and maltose export, as well as the sugar transporters (SWEETs) important for phloem loading, indicated greater starch turnover and sucrose export from leaves under N-fertilized conditions. In developing ears, N fertilization likely enhanced the cleavage of sucrose to glucose and fructose in the cob prior to and at silking and the synthesis from glucose and fructose to sucrose in the kernels after silking, and thus increasing kernel setting and filling. At the end, we propose a source-sink carbon partitioning framework to illustrates how N application influences carbon assimilation in leaves, transport, and conversions in developing reproductive tissues, ultimately leading to greater yield.

scholarly journals Subsoiling and Sowing Time Influence Soil Water Content, Nitrogen Translocation and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liang ◽  
Shahbaz Khan ◽  
Ai-xia Ren ◽  
Wen Lin ◽  
Sumera Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
N Accumulation

Dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau is facing a yield reduction due to a shortage of soil moisture and delayed sowing time. The field experiment was conducted at Loess Plateau in Shanxi, China from 2012 to 2015, to study the effect of subsoiling and conventional tillage and different sowing dates on the soil water storage, Nitrogen (N) accumulation, and remobilization and yield of winter wheat. The results showed that subsoiling significantly improved the soil water storage (0–300 cm soil depth) and increased the contribution of N translocation to grain N and grain yield (17–36%). Delaying sowing time had reduced the soil water storage at sowing and winter accumulated growing degree days by about 180 °C. The contribution of N translocation to grain yield was maximum in glume + spike followed by in leaves and minimum by stem + sheath. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the N accumulation and translocation and the soil moisture in the 20–300 cm range. Subsoiling during the fallow period and the medium sowing date was beneficial for improving the soil water storage and increased the N translocation to grain, thereby increasing the yield of wheat, especially in a dry year.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Drought, Heat and Combined Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance in Early Maturing Maize Landraces

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelimor ◽  
Badu-Apraku ◽  
Tetteh ◽  
N’guetta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Drought And Heat Stress

Climate change is expected to aggravate the effects of drought, heat and combined drought and heat stresses. An important step in developing ‘climate smart’ maize varieties is to identify germplasm with good levels of tolerance to the abiotic stresses. The primary objective of this study was to identify landraces with combined high yield potential and desirable secondary traits under drought, heat and combined drought and heat stresses. Thirty-three landraces from Burkina Faso (6), Ghana (6) and Togo (21), and three drought-tolerant populations/varieties from the Maize Improvement Program at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were evaluated under three conditions, namely managed drought stress, heat stress and combined drought and heat stress, with optimal growing conditions as control, for two years. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between grain yield of the different treatments were very weak, suggesting the presence of independent genetic control of yield to these stresses. However, grain yield under heat and combined drought and heat stresses were highly and positively correlated, indicating that heat-tolerant genotypes would most likely tolerate combined drought and stress. Yield reduction averaged 46% under managed drought stress, 55% under heat stress, and 66% under combined drought and heat stress, which reflected hypo-additive effect of drought and heat stress on grain yield of the maize accessions. Accession GH-3505 was highly tolerant to drought, while GH-4859 and TZm-1353 were tolerant to the three stresses. These landrace accessions can be invaluable sources of genes/alleles for breeding for adaptation of maize to climate change.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Actual Functions of Awns in Grasses: From Yield Potential to Quality Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7593
Author(s):  
Fabrice Ntakirutimana ◽  
Wengang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Awns, which are either bristles or hair-like outgrowths of lemmas in the florets, are one of the typical morphological characteristics of grass species. These stiff structures contribute to grain dispersal and burial and fend off animal predators. However, their phenotypic and genetic associations with traits deciding potential yield and quality are not fully understood. Awns appear to improve photosynthesis, provide assimilates for grain filling, thus contributing to the final grain yield, especially under temperature- and water-stress conditions. Long awns, however, represent a competing sink with developing kernels for photosynthates, which can reduce grain yield under favorable conditions. In addition, long awns can hamper postharvest handling, storage, and processing activities. Overall, little is known about the elusive role of awns, thus, this review summarizes what is known about the effect of awns on grain yield and biomass yield, grain nutritional value, and forage-quality attributes. The influence of awns on the agronomic performance of grasses seems to be associated with environmental and genetic factors and varies in different stages of plant development. The contribution of awns to yield traits and quality features previously documented in major cereal crops, such as rice, barley, and wheat, emphasizes that awns can be targeted for yield and quality improvement and may advance research aimed at identifying the phenotypic effects of morphological traits in grasses.

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