The internationalisation of liability regimes for offshore petroleum exploration and production

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wawryk ◽  
Katelijn van Hende
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The pollution caused by the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Montara blowout in the Timor Sea, put the call for an international regulatory framework for oil pollution liability on the global agenda. Although international law regulates the prevention of offshore oil pollution and protection of the marine environment, certain activities do not fall inside the ambit of international regulations. For example, while new technology has made it possible for companies to drill to deeper depths and explore further away from the coastline, existing international conventions generally do not extend to liability for, and restoration of, damage caused by oil pollution from offshore installations. These issues are regulated by the national laws of the country that governs the continental shelf where the petroleum activities are conducted. Thus, from an international perspective, the legal regime is disperse and complex. The amount and complexity of claims arising from large-scale incidents has raised interest in creating a consistent international liability regime. This could be done through a multilateral treaty. Alternatively, the development and application of common principles across national and regional jurisdictions can lead to the increased internationalisation of liability regimes. This paper compares the laws of Australia, the USA and the UK to identify common principles for liability and environmental restoration. The authors argue that as the legal framework becomes internationalised, increasing pressure will be placed on companies to accept the highest standards of liability, rather than the lowest national standard.

scholarly journals Copyright

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (03) ◽  
pp. 162-164
Author(s):  
P Smart
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Copyright Transfer ◽  
Right To Copy ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

‘Talent is always conscious of its own abundance, and does not object to sharing.’ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle When authors submit an article for publication, most publishers will ask for a signature from the author on a copyright form. The relationship between an author and the publisher is then a partnership but one that many authors are reluctant to enter into. After all, why should a publisher take copyright from an author of an article when the author had the idea and has done all the hard work for the content of the article? In response to this question, publishers will generally claim that copyright transfer agreements protect authors from copyright infringements such as plagiarism, libel and unauthorised uses as well as protecting the integrity of the article. Copyright in the UK was originally concerned with preventing the unlawful copying of printed material in the 17th century in response to the then new technology of book printing. The first copyright act in the UK, the Statute of Anne in 1710, was subtitled ‘An Act for the Encouragement of Learning’, and granted privileges and monopolies to book printers. Since then, copyright law has evolved to incorporate many forms of communication, including photography, film, music, computers, engraving, designs on t-shirts and digital technology among other forms of media. The most recent act in the UK is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. While copyright covers an author’s right to copy, distribute and revise the work, it does not protect ideas – just their fixation or expression. The moment that an idea is fixed or expressed physically, copyright starts and does not have to be registered. In this article, Pippa Smart provides an overview of the legal framework that protects authors and publishers. Jyoti Shah, Commissioning Editor

scholarly journals New Directions in Mental Health Care Evaluation

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
Isaac Marks ◽  
Joseph Connolly ◽  
Matthijs Muijen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Care Evaluation ◽  
Evaluative Research ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Care Evaluation

Mental health care evaluation is a priority area as mental health care services are changing rapidly, more than are most other medical services. Budgets are finite, and there is concern for value for money in meeting the needs of patients and families. A one-day workshop brought together leading figures in the USA and Europe to discuss how a unit and consortium might be established to give cohesion and catalyse evaluative research in this fragmented field in the UK. Sound scientific data are available which have not yet been widely disseminated or used in policy making. There are rich opportunities for cross-national projects. The USA has intriguing innovations in evaluative research in mental health, some on a large scale, and these are relevant to the UK.

Shared-operation models for institutional repositories

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-221
Author(s):  
Jane Cho
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Host Institution ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Operation Model ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Institutional Repositories ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Library Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

The institutional repositories of most university libraries in Korea are not activated due to the lack of finance, operation ability, technology, etc., and this phenomenon is especially noticeable in small–medium sized university libraries. Thus, as in other countries, a shared repository that multiple libraries share, based on a library network, is required. This study categorizes the typology of shared repositories, after analyzing the operational methods of managing roles, expenses and system sharing among participants in shared repositories in Japan, the UK and the USA. Based on the findings, two models that could be applied in Korea are suggested. The first is a centralized-operation model that involves a shared-system infrastructure in which the host institution takes full charge of the digitization and registration of contents, etc. This model has the potential to be developed into a regional archive center. The second model is a decentralized-operation model that also features a shared-system infrastructure but the participating institutions customize the system individually. Here, the individual institutions perform digitization of all content, daily registration, etc., which can be applied as a test bed for the creation of new technology, considering the potential for independent operation in the future.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Development of Doctoral Education: The Landscape of Doctoral Students' Experience Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
S. V. Zhuchkova
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Doctoral Education ◽  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Education Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
The Uk

Regular surveys of doctoral students on their career trajectories, satisfaction with the program and the learning process, with the organization of supervision, etc. are widespread in leading foreign universities. The results of such surveys are used to improve programs and assess the effect of the introduced measures. In Russia, however, there is a lack of empirical data on the doctoral students’ experience, which makes it impossible to identify and address the reasons for the low performance of the Russian doctoral education observed over the past few years. To support the discussion about the need for such monitoring surveys in Russia, this article presents the results of an analysis of open information from the websites of about 150 foreign institutions that organize doctoral student surveys at the national, cross-university, and institutional levels. The presented review shows how actively doctoral education data collection takes place in the USA, Canada, Australia, and the UK, where there are one or more large-scale projects stimulating the collection of data from several universities, and how the results of such research are used by universities, employers, and applicants. On the example of topics related to the motivation for entering doctoral programs, to the career trajectories of doctoral students, and to the organization of supervision, it is discussed how the described research practices can be used for the evidence-based development of Russian doctoral education.

scholarly journals Working-Class Literature(s) Volume II. Historical and International Perspectives

10.16993/bbf ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Working Class ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Working Class Literature ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk

The aim of this collection is to contribute to the forging of a more robust, politically useful, and theoretically elaborate understanding of working-class literature(s). These essays map a substantial terrain: the history of working-class literature(s) in Argentina, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Singapore, South Africa and Ireland. Together with the essays in a previous volume – which cover Russia/The Soviet Union, The USA, Finland, Sweden, The UK, and Mexico – they give a complex picture of working-class literature(s) from an international perspective, without losing sight of national specificities. By capturing a wide range of definitions and literatures, the two volumes give a broad and rich picture of the many-facetted phenomenon of working-class literature(s), disrupt narrow understandings of the concept and phenomenon, as well as identify and discuss some of the most important theoretical and historical questions brought to the fore by the study of this literature.If read as stand-alone chapters, each contribution gives an overview of the history and research of a particular nation’s working-class literature. If read as a whole (which we hope you do), they contribute toward a more complex understanding of the global phenomenon of working-class literature(s).

3. Prudential Regulation II: Structural Reform, Deposit Insurance, Corporate Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Cranston ◽  
Emilios Avgouleas ◽  
Kristin van Zweiten ◽  
Theodor van Sante ◽  
Christoper Hare
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Deposit Insurance ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Structural Reform ◽  
Reform Legislation ◽  
Clearing And Settlement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This chapter discusses bank structural reform. Most structural reform initiatives that have been undertaken since 2008 were aimed at reversing the effects of the repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act in the late 1990s and of the EU legislation that promoted universal banking. The chapter first considers the financial stability concerns and the mechanics of contemporary structural reform legislation in the USA, the UK, and the EU, and the actual legal framework underpinning these reforms. It then covers the regulation of bank involvement in derivatives markets. Today, derivatives regulation is a clear part of macroprudential regulation to the extent that centralized clearing and settlement and increased transparency battle opacity and interconnectedness and limit systemic risk. The remainder of the chapter covers deposit insurance, bank corporate governance, risk control, and executive remuneration.

UK Upstream Oil Policy

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-505
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Recent Statement ◽  
Oil Policy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Regulatory Powers

UK oil petroleum exploration and production policy is becoming more transparent and relying more and more on market forces. This article is based on the UK Government's detailed directions to petroleum exploration and production companies, together with the existing regulatory powers, prefaced by a recent statement by the UK Minister for Energy.

scholarly journals Awareness and Attitudes of Student Dietitians in Lebanon, UK and USA towards Food Safety

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Ellen W. Evans ◽  
Elizabeth C. Redmond ◽  
Nisreen Alwan ◽  
Sanja Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vulnerable Consumers ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
The Uk

Allied health professionals such as dietitians can play a critical role in providing food safety advice to vulnerable consumers. To maximize food-related health and wellbeing, food needs to be safe and nutritious; consequently, food safety is referred to in international curricula for the training of dietitians. The purpose of this study was to explore the awareness and attitudes of student dietitians from three international institutions towards food safety. A total of 207 student dietitians participated in the study from Columbus, OH, USA (n = 99), Cardiff, Wales, UK (n = 78) and Beirut, Lebanon (n = 30). Completion of the study established that the students in three dietetic training programs lacked awareness of key food safety concepts. Close to half (43%) were not familiar with Campylobacter, with the USA students being significantly less knowledgeable (p < 0.001) with 58% being unaware of the pathogen. Understanding of safe handling of leftovers was the lowest for the students in all institutions; only 46% described appropriate reheating practices, with significantly lower (p < 0.001) understanding in Lebanon (28%). The students reported a good understanding of vulnerable populations and perceived food safety to be important for these groups. However, the knowledge of certain high-risk foods was lacking. For instance, 69% of students thought that fresh squeezed juices and smoothies made with raw fruits and vegetables were safe for vulnerable patients, with the UK students being the least familiar with this risk (16%). This is the first study of its kind to take an international perspective of student dietitian food safety awareness and attitudes; the findings are important to dietetic food safety educators and recommendations are made to further explore the interpretation of food safety requirements in international dietetic curricula. Future studies should extend student dietetic research to address attitudes, self-efficacy and the overall readiness to deliver food safety advice to the patients and the community.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE FORMATION OF HIGH-DENSITY LOW-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
O. A. Kryzhantovska ◽  
◽  
T. S. Rumilec ◽  
T. T. Morozova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
High Density ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Small House ◽  
The Uk

The article discusses key issues related to the historical prerequisites for the formation of a high-density low-rise residential development. This is a complex and long process, the stages of which took place at different times and in different countries of the world. Today, such a building is very promising for modern rapidly growing cities, so it is important to track the history of its formation and the features of such planning decisions at different times. Such architecture can become a new vector in the development of modern cities, because low-rise residential buildings are much more comfortable than high-rise buildings. The article gives examples of low-rise city houses in different histories and in different countries. The aim of this work is to review the historical background of the formation of modern high-density low-rise buildings. The following historical examples of low-rise high-density buildings are considered: early single-family residential buildings of the ancient settlements of Mesopotamia and Egypt, residential buildings in Ancient Greece and Rome, blocked residential buildings for workers in the 19th century. In the UK, townhouses of the 1920s and 30s. In the USA, etc. The article shows the planning decisions and the appearance of low-rise high-density residential buildings. The main features of such houses are quarterly development, large-scale man, blocked development and the presence of a small house area.

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