THE KYOTO PROTOCOL- THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
R. Beresford ◽  
S. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Early Investigation ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Greenhouse Emission

In 1997, Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol under which it had been assigned what will become a legally binding emissions cap of 108% of its 1990 emissions. This target may be appropriate for our national circumstances but will be challenging to meet. This paper examines the way Woodside Energy Ltd is addressing the threats and opportunities raised by the Kyoto Protocol.The major risk to Woodside's business arises from the division of the Protocol into Annex B and non-Annex B. Australia is in Annex B, which is composed primarily of developed countries that have assigned emission amounts that will be legally binding when the protocol comes into force and is ratified.Meeting the Australian target and the global greenhouse emission reduction objective will require increasing the substitution of gas into national fuel mixes. Natural gas, including LNG, has the lowest lifecycle emissions of any fossil fuel.The Australian LNG industry is the only major Annex B supplier of LNG to Japan and thus would be at a severe competitive disadvantage if the costs of unilaterally imposed abatement policies and measures were applied to the industry in Australia that were not applied to its international competitors. The LNG industry is seeking differential treatment to alleviate this risk. Woodside has proposed a solution, put forward in this paper, that a scheme be negotiated into the Protocol at CoP6, allowing for the repatriation of credits from the LNG fuel cycle to the exporting country. This would permit fair competition across all LNG exporters.Woodside is keen to undertake its fair share of emission reduction and has already implemented some projects that have been successful in this regard. Further implementation of beyond no regrets projects relies on the Commonwealth resolving the recognition for early action question. A trial framework for making decisions on early abatement projects is described.Woodside is also investigating potential opportunities arising from the Protocol. Progress is reported on early investigation into clean development mechanism (CDM) projects and greenhouse abatement research and development (R&D). Sink enhancement studies are nearly complete and a detailed business case is under preparation.

scholarly journals Present at the Creation

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The Creation

In this chapter, India’s lead negotiator for the framework convention recalls that the negotiations were marked by deep differences between developed and developing countries (though there were also significant divergences within these groups). Developing countries pressed for an equity-based agreement, maintaining that developed countries should accept their responsibility for precipitating climate change. They called on industrialized countries to accept time-bound emission reduction obligations and to transfer finance and technology to support voluntary mitigation actions by developing countries. The Convention recognized that voluntary obligations agreed upon by developing countries were conditional on receipt of financial resources to cover all incremental costs. However, developed countries accepted only an ambiguously worded emission stabilization commitment. This deficiency was rectified by the Kyoto Protocol 1997, which prescribed time-bound emission reduction targets for each developed country. The Paris Agreement 2015 halted this line of progress, marking a reversal to the ‘pledge and review’ approach rejected in 1991.

scholarly journals India’s Evolving Role in Addressing Climate Change Concerns

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Niti Bhasin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Change Concerns

The concerns surrounding climate change have grown manifold in recent times. It has been observed that some developed countries have been shying away from playing their part in milestone agreements on climate change. The recent withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement of 2015 and an abysmal performance post the formalization of the Kyoto Protocol of 2002 has shifted the onus of battling this catastrophic global issue on emerging economies, especially China and India. In this context, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of India’s evolving role in addressing climate change concerns. From the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement, India has made positive and sincere strides towards the issue of global warming and climate change, embracing a number of policies and measures in its hope for a sustainable tomorrow. The article also highlights the environmental challenges faced by India in its economic development. Finally, it lists out the key recommendations that can be implemented by India for improving its environmental performance.

scholarly journals THE NEED FOR STATE INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY AND IN PARTICULAR IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR - ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 440-444
Author(s):  
Darina Stoyanova
Keyword(s):  
Imperfect Competition ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Made In

THE PURPOSE of the present research is to examine the main author's opinions regarding the state policy and its intervention in the economy and in particular in the agricultural sector, and on this basis to draw out, systematize and summarize the main directions and arguments for and against the intervention of the state in the economy. METHODS: Based on a literature review should be grouped the different opinions of the authors studied this problem. We should make a comparative analysis of the negative and positive aspects of state intervention on the economy and taking into account the specifics of the agricultural sector. RESULTS: As a result of the research are summarized and analyzed the main tendencies and opinions about the need for state intervention in the economy. CONCLUSIONS: From the analysis made in the study, there is no unambiguous vision in the economic literature regarding the need of state intervention in the economy and agricultural sector. Despite all the arguments that are drawn against the state support, the state through its policies and measures intervenes in the financial and credit markets. Factors have been put forward to support the need of state intervention to prevent market failures such as monopolization of production, imperfect competition and others. Highlighted are examples of highly developed countries where the mixed type of governance and adequate state intervention positively affect the economy.

scholarly journals Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) in the global atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 10335-10359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Mühle ◽  
Cathy M. Trudinger ◽  
Luke M. Western ◽  
Matthew Rigby ◽  
Martin K. Vollmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. We reconstruct atmospheric abundances of the potent greenhouse gas c-C4F8 (perfluorocyclobutane, perfluorocarbon PFC-318) from measurements of in situ, archived, firn, and aircraft air samples with precisions of ∼1 %–2 % reported on the SIO-14 gravimetric calibration scale. Combined with inverse methods, we found near-zero atmospheric abundances from the early 1900s to the early 1960s, after which they rose sharply, reaching 1.66 ppt (parts per trillion dry-air mole fraction) in 2017. Global c-C4F8 emissions rose from near zero in the 1960s to 1.2±0.1 (1σ) Gg yr−1 in the late 1970s to late 1980s, then declined to 0.77±0.03 Gg yr−1 in the mid-1990s to early 2000s, followed by a rise since the early 2000s to 2.20±0.05 Gg yr−1 in 2017. These emissions are significantly larger than inventory-based emission estimates. Estimated emissions from eastern Asia rose from 0.36 Gg yr−1 in 2010 to 0.73 Gg yr−1 in 2016 and 2017, 31 % of global emissions, mostly from eastern China. We estimate emissions of 0.14 Gg yr−1 from northern and central India in 2016 and find evidence for significant emissions from Russia. In contrast, recent emissions from northwestern Europe and Australia are estimated to be small (≤1 % each). We suggest that emissions from China, India, and Russia are likely related to production of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, “Teflon”) and other fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals that are based on the pyrolysis of hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2) in which c-C4F8 is a known by-product. The semiconductor sector, where c-C4F8 is used, is estimated to be a small source, at least in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Europe. Without an obvious correlation with population density, incineration of waste-containing fluoropolymers is probably a minor source, and we find no evidence of emissions from electrolytic production of aluminum in Australia. While many possible emissive uses of c-C4F8 are known and though we cannot categorically exclude unknown sources, the start of significant emissions may well be related to the advent of commercial PTFE production in 1947. Process controls or abatement to reduce the c-C4F8 by-product were probably not in place in the early decades, explaining the increase in emissions in the 1960s and 1970s. With the advent of by-product reporting requirements to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the 1990s, concern about climate change and product stewardship, abatement, and perhaps the collection of c-C4F8 by-product for use in the semiconductor industry where it can be easily abated, it is conceivable that emissions in developed countries were stabilized and then reduced, explaining the observed emission reduction in the 1980s and 1990s. Concurrently, production of PTFE in China began to increase rapidly. Without emission reduction requirements, it is plausible that global emissions today are dominated by China and other developing countries. We predict that c-C4F8 emissions will continue to rise and that c-C4F8 will become the second most important emitted PFC in terms of CO2-equivalent emissions within a year or two. The 2017 radiative forcing of c-C4F8 (0.52 mW m−2) is small but emissions of c-C4F8 and other PFCs, due to their very long atmospheric lifetimes, essentially permanently alter Earth's radiative budget and should be reduced. Significant emissions inferred outside of the investigated regions clearly show that observational capabilities and reporting requirements need to be improved to understand global and country-scale emissions of PFCs and other synthetic greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances.

scholarly journals The risk of carbon leakage in global climate agreements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Nielsen ◽  
Nicolai Baumert ◽  
Astrid Kander ◽  
Magnus Jiborn ◽  
Viktoras Kulionis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Climate Agreements ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions

Abstract Although climate change and international trade are interdependent, policy-makers often address the two topics separately. This may inhibit progress at the intersection of climate change and trade and could present a serious constraint for global climate action. One key risk is carbon leakage through emission outsourcing, i.e. reductions in emissions in countries with rigorous climate policies being offset by increased emissions in countries with less stringent policies. We first analyze the Paris Agreement’s nationally determined contributions (NDC) and investigate how carbon leakage is addressed. We find that the risk of carbon leakage is insufficiently accounted for in these documents. Then, we apply a novel quantitative approach (Jiborn et al., 2018; Baumert et al., 2019) to analyze trends in carbon outsourcing related to a previous international climate regime—the Kyoto Protocol—in order to assess whether reported emission reductions were offset by carbon outsourcing in the past. Our results for 2000–2014 show a more nuanced picture of carbon leakage during the Kyoto Protocol than previous studies have reported. Carbon outsourcing from developed to developing countries was dominated by the USA outsourcing to China, while the evidence for other developed countries was mixed. Against conventional wisdom, we find that, in general, countries that stayed committed to their Kyoto Protocol emission targets were either only minor carbon outsourcers or actually even insourcers—although the trend was slightly negative—indicating that binding emissions targets do not necessarily lead to carbon outsourcing. We argue that multiple carbon monitoring approaches are needed to reduce the risk of carbon leakage.

scholarly journals Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Chien-Ho Wang ◽  
Ming-Hui Ko ◽  
Wan-Jiun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rolling Regression ◽  
The Impact

The current study illustrated the time variance of turning points in the relationship between carbon emissions and income to resolve heated debate on the different responsibility to climate change with 1950–2010 data of five development diversity countries—three developed countries (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and one developing country (India) and one newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). The article also examines the impact of the crisis on emission. The time-varying patterns in the turning points on environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) were observed by a rolling regression technique with 1950–2010 data regarding the per capita CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel combustion and the incomes of the countries. Several empirical findings were revealed from this analysis. Per capita CO2 emissions commonly decreased with varying magnitudes in the five countries over time. The EKC hypothesis regarding the CO2 emissions is affirmed again in this study. The announcement effects associated with the Kyoto Protocol was evidenced. As indicated by the occurring GDP of the turning point, there is a strong reduction trend in the income level of the turning points right before the years of Kyoto Protocol; and this decreasing trend nearly ended as the Kyoto protocol approached its end, except in Germany, where the occurring income of the turning points continued to have a decreasing trend. Although the global financial crisis had its effects in the world, the impacts on carbon dioxide emissions vary across countries.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission Efficiencies of World Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8771
Author(s):  
Levent Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Greenhouse Emission ◽  
Global Surface

Greenhouse gas emissions have increased rapidly since the industrial revolution. This has led to an unnatural increase in the global surface temperature, and to other changes in our environment. Acknowledging this observation, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change started an international environmental treaty. This treaty was extended by Kyoto protocol, which was adopted on 11 December 1997. Using the stochastic frontier analysis, we analyze the efficiencies of countries in terms of achieving the lowest greenhouse gas emission levels per GDP output in the years between 1990–2015. We find that the average greenhouse gas emission efficiencies of world countries for the time periods 1990–1997, 1998–2007, 2008–2012, and 2013–2015 are 82.40%, 90.37%, 89.54%, and 84.81%, respectively. Moreover, compared to the 1990–1997 period, 92.50%, 79.51%, and 59.84% of the countries improved their greenhouse gas emission efficiencies in the 1998–2007, 2008–2012, and 2013–2015 periods, respectively. Hence, the Kyoto protocol helped in increasing greenhouse emission efficiency. However, this efficiency-boosting effect faded away over time.

scholarly journals CARBON TRADING ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinta Wahyu Purnama Sari ◽  
Widya Krulinasari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Law ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Trading Mechanisms ◽  
The Government

This research aims to describe the carbon trading according to international law and its implementation in Indonesia. It uses juridical-normative research methods. Climate change is one of the major environmental issues in the world, it causes an adverse effect to human life. Basically it comes from human activities. To follow up the issue, then countries try to solve it by taking an action to reduce the emissions. Through the first Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro-Brazil in 1992, which produces the Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); one of the achievements of the UNFCCC is the Kyoto Protocol, wherein the Protocol contains two important things, namely the commitment of developed countries to reduce the rate of emissions compared to 1990, and the possibility of carbon trading mechanisms. Indonesia is one of the countries that have ratified both the UNFCCC through Law No. 6 of 1994, and the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17 of 2004. There are also some related regulations. However, of all existing laws, the government has not put out implementing regulations or instructions about carbon trading specifically. Keywords: Carbon Trading, International Law, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Pricing of grid electricity of reservoir power plants based on quantification of the values of positive externality factors

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-395
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Shijun Chen ◽  
Weibin Huang ◽  
Guangwen Ma ◽  
Yanlong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Pricing Mechanism ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Positive Externality

Abstract Hydropower is a clean, low-carbon renewable energy source with the merits of mature technology and flexible operation. Moreover, hydropower plants provide comprehensive utilization functions in many areas, including flood control, shipping, and emission reduction. In the current contradictive situation between power supply and demand, China's hydropower grid pricing mechanism does not reflect the positive externality of hydropower, which is not conducive to fair competition between hydropower and other power sources. This study proposed the concept of the positive external electricity price (PEEP) and a pricing mechanism that considered, for the first time, the values of hydropower positive externality factors by using the positive externality theory. A representative quasi-public welfare power plant of the Sichuan power grid was used to empirically evaluate the model. The pricing mechanism of reservoir power plants proposed in this paper considered the power grid benefits, flood control benefits, shipping benefits, and emission reduction benefits of hydropower, and allowed for the internalization of the positive externality. The hydropower grid prices based on our recommendations did not cause a dramatic impact on the local power grid; furthermore, the model helped promote the social responsibility of power companies through the pricing guidance for improving economic benefits by increasing positive externalities.

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