Use of n-alkanes for determination of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) intake in free-range broilers

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Singh ◽  
T. Durali ◽  
A. J. Cowieson
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Feed Premix ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin ◽  
Experimental Treatments

N-alkanes, long-chained saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles, were used for estimating grass intake in fast-growing, free-range broilers. A total of 1440 as hatched mixed sex Cobb 500 broilers were equally divided between one of four experimental treatments in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement involving conventional (barn) or free-range (barn and range access) production systems and diets (crude protein: 21%, metabolisable energy: 13 MJ/K) with or without in-feed antibiotic (Zinc Bacitracin: Albac® G 150 antibiotic feed premix, Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia). Day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 48 pens (12 replicates/treatment) with 30 birds in each pen. Chicks were assigned to treatment diets on Day 1 while free-range access was available to birds from Day 21 onwards. Alkane concentrations in litter were measured and compared with alkane profiles of the intake components (grass, diet pellets and woodchip). Correction for incomplete recovery followed by estimation using a non-negative least square procedure resulted in calculation of total grass intake from the range area. Kikuyu grass consumption was estimated to be 13.5–14.7% of total ‘as-fed’ intake, equating to 6.34–6.78 g of grass per bird per hour of range access in this study. Taking into account grass consumption, this resulted in a significant increase in feed intake by 8.7–8.9% (P < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio from 2.30 to 2.54 points (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that broilers reared under free-range conditions eat a substantial quantity of grass. However, the nutrient profile of grass is not complementary to the formulated ration and its consumption is likely to lead to an array of nutritional changes for the bird, thus affecting performance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of three fast- and slow-growing chicken strains reared in two production environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-388
Author(s):  
A. Ghayas ◽  
J. Hussain ◽  
A. Mahmud ◽  
M.H. Jaspal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Intensive System

The present study evaluated performance, physiological response and economics of commercial fast growing (CFG), commercial slow growing (CSG), and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens under intensive and free-range rearing environments. After 21 days of rearing under the same intensive environment 240 birds from each strain were subjected to free-range and intensive rearing until they were 56 days old. Each treatment was replicated six times with 20 birds in each replicate. Body surface and cloacal temperatures, respiration and heart rates, feed intake, bodyweight and weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, growth efficiency, and liveability were recorded. Significant differences among strains were detected in physiological response and growth performance (except liveability). Rearing environment also caused significant differences in physiological parameters (except body surface temperature) and growth performance (except liveability). Significant interactions of the strains and production systems were detected. The CFG strain grew most rapidly under the intensive system with differences between strains being reduced in the free-range system. The RSG and CSG strains had similar respiration rates under the two production systems but differed significantly from each other. However, the CFG strain had a significantly elevated respiration rate in the free-range system. Total input cost of rearing CFG under the intensive system was highest ($3.54) among the treatments, whereas CSG under a free-range environment generated the highest profit ($0.37 per bird). In conclusion, rearing CSG under free range was the most economic farming strategy in today’s scenario.Keywords: economics, fast-growing, free range, growth, intensive system, physiology, slow-growing rural chickens

scholarly journals Effect of Production System and Age on the Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-229
Author(s):  
Umut Sami Yamak ◽  
Musa Sarica ◽  
Mehmet Akif Boz ◽  
Ahmet Ucar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Slaughter Age

AbstractA total of 211 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were reared using two different production systems (free range and intensive) to determine the effect of production system and slaughter age on growth performance and carcass traits. Birds were slaughtered at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age. Production system did not significantly affect body weight until 18 weeks; at this age, pheasants reared in free range exhibited a higher average weight (1149 g vs. 1012 g). Total feed consumption and feed conversion ratios did not differ among production systems. The most in-demand portions of the carcass (breast and leg) were not affected by differences in production system. The leg and breast proportions which were the most edible parts of the carcass were around 26% and 35%, respectively, in both free-range and intensive systems.

scholarly journals Kapalı ve Serbest Gezinmeli Üretim Sistemlerinde Doğal ve Yapay Kuluçka ile Üretilen Kazların Ekonomik Değerlendirmesi

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akif Boz ◽  
Musa Sarıca ◽  
Umut Sami YAMAK
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Animal Material ◽  
Relative Profit

This study executed the economic return of naturally and artificially hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems at different fattening periods. The animal material was consisted of 216 goslings which were naturally and artificially hatched from the eggs collected from back-yard. Goslings and feed was the highest share of variable expenses. Highest net profit from live and carcass sales was obtained from geese which were artificially hatched and reared in intensive (YK) and free-range (YSG) systems until 14, 16 and 18 weeks of age. Live sale relative profit was found higher at 14 weeks in YK and YSG groups. Relative profit of carcass sales in YSG and YK groups at 14 and 16 weeks; and YK group at 18 weeks. As a conclusion, when we consider feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and probable mortality at older ages-related to metabolic problems; 14 weeks seemed as the optimal slaughter age and economic return for the naturally and artificially hatched geese which were reared in intensive and free-range systems.

scholarly journals Effects of sex and genotype on performance and yield characteristics of free range broiler chickens

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1483-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Del Castilho ◽  
T.T Santos ◽  
C.A.F. Rodrigues ◽  
R.A. Torres Filho
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of genotype and sex on the performance characteristics (weight gain, feed conversion and livability) and yields (carcass, breast and legs) of six free-range genotypes: Pesadão Vermelho (GEN1), Carijó (GEN2), Pescoço Pelado 1 (GEN3), Pescoço Pelado 2 (GEN4), Pescoço Pelado 3 (GEN5) and Pescoço Pelado 4 (GEN6). A total of 1584 sexed one day old chicks (792 males and 792 females) were housed in 48 pens, 33 birds per pen. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial 2 x 6 (six genotypes and two sexes) design, with four replicates each. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal (no animal protein) provided in a feeding program in four phases: pre-starter (1 to 21 days), starter (22 to 42 days), growth (43 to 77 days) and finisher (78 to 91 days). Feed intake, feed conversion and livability were measured at 21, 42, 77 and 91 days of age. There was no genotype x sex interaction. The effect of sex was observed in all ages regarding weight gain, feed conversion (except at 21 days) and yields. For all these characteristics, males performed better than females, except in breast yield, which was higher in females. For the livability and feed conversion at 21 days no effect of sex was found. The effect of genotype was observed only in carcass and breast yields. The fast (GEN1) and intermediate (GEN2, GEN5 and GEN6) growing genotypes showed higher weight gain than the slow growing genotypes (GEN4 and GEN3). Carcass and breast yields of naked neck genotypes (GEN3, GEN4, GEN5 and GEN6) did not differ among themselves, and were higher than the Carijó genotype (GEN2) and are therefore recommended for production systems that sell industrialized birds.

Least-square refinement of structure parameters from CBED integrated intensities: application to determination of temperature factors in Y BA2CU3O7

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1456-1457
Author(s):  
Kjersti Gjønnes ◽  
Jon Gjønnes
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Accurate Temperature ◽  
Least Square Fit ◽  
Case Application ◽  
Integrated Intensities ◽  
Temperature Factors ◽  
Narrow Bands

Electron diffraction intensities can be obtained at large scattering angles (sinθ/λ ≥ 2.0), and thus structure information can be collected in regions of reciprocal space that are not accessable with other diffraction methods. LACBED intensities in this range can be utilized for determination of accurate temperature factors or for refinement of coordinates. Such high index reflections can usually be treated kinematically or as a pertubed two-beam case. Application to Y Ba2Cu3O7 shows that a least square refinememt based on integrated intensities can determine temperature factors or coordinates.LACBED patterns taken in the (00l) systematic row show an easily recognisable pattern of narrow bands from reflections in the range 15 < l < 40 (figure 1). Integrated intensities obtained from measured intensity profiles after subtraction of inelastic background (figure 2) were used in the least square fit for determination of temperature factors and refinement of z-coordinates for the Ba- and Cu-atoms.

Determination of Pyridostigmine Bromide in Presence of its Related Impurities by Four Modified Classical Least Square Based Models: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. Naguib ◽  
Fatma F. Abdallah ◽  
Aml A. Emam ◽  
Eglal A. Abdelaleem
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Orthogonal Projection ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Projection To Latent Structures ◽  
Preprocessing Method ◽  
Spectral Residual ◽  
Latent Structures

: Quantitative determination of pyridostigmine bromide in the presence of its two related substances; impurity A and impurity B was considered as a case study to construct the comparison. Introduction: Novel manipulations of the well-known classical least squares multivariate calibration model were explained in detail as a comparative analytical study in this research work. In addition to the application of plain classical least squares model, two preprocessing steps were tried, where prior to modeling with classical least squares, first derivatization and orthogonal projection to latent structures were applied to produce two novel manipulations of the classical least square-based model. Moreover, spectral residual augmented classical least squares model is included in the present comparative study. Methods: 3 factor 4 level design was implemented constructing a training set of 16 mixtures with different concentrations of the studied components. To investigate the predictive ability of the studied models; a test set consisting of 9 mixtures was constructed. Results: The key performance indicator of this comparative study was the root mean square error of prediction for the independent test set mixtures, where it was found 1.367 when classical least squares applied with no preprocessing method, 1.352 when first derivative data was implemented, 0.2100 when orthogonal projection to latent structures preprocessing method was applied and 0.2747 when spectral residual augmented classical least squares was performed. Conclusion: Coupling of classical least squares model with orthogonal projection to latent structures preprocessing method produced significant improvement of the predictive ability of it.

scholarly journals Evolution in Configuration and Productivity of New Zealand Hill Country Sheep and Beef Cattle Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Januarius Gobilik ◽  
Stephen Todd Morris ◽  
Cory Matthew
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Cattle Systems

Metabolic energy budgeting (MEB) was used to evaluate evolution over 30 years (1980–1981 to 2010–2011) in New Zealand southern North Island ‘hill country’ sheep and beef cattle systems. MEB calculates energy required by animals for body weight maintenance, weight gain or loss, pregnancy, and lactation to estimate the system feed demand and thereby provide a basis for calculating feed conversion efficiency. Historic production systems were reconstructed and modeled using averaged data from industry surveys and data from owners’ diaries of three case-study farms and reviewed for patterns of change over time. The modeling indicated that pasture productivity was 11% lower and herbage harvested was 14% lower in 2010–2011 than in the early 1980s. This productivity decline is attributable to warmer, drier summer weather in recent years. However, primarily through increased lambing percentage, feed conversion efficiency based on industry data improved over the study period from 25 to 19 kg feed consumed per kg lamb weaned, while meat production rose from 137 to 147 kg per ha per year. Similar improvements were observed for the three case farms. The New Zealand MEB model was found effective for analysis of tropical beef production systems in Sabah, Malaysia.

Behavioral traits of artificially and naturally hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 105273
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akif Boz ◽  
Musa Sarıca ◽  
Umut Sami Yamak ◽  
Kadir Erensoy
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Free Range

A least squares method for earthquake mechanism determination using S-wave data

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (6A) ◽  
pp. 2037-2047
Author(s):  
Agustin Udias
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Focal Mechanisms ◽  
Least Square ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Double Couple ◽  
Earthquake Mechanism

abstract In this paper a numerical approach to the determination of focal mechanisms based on the observation of the polarization of the S wave at N stations is presented. Least-square methods are developed for the determination of the orientation of the single and double couple sources. The methods allow a statistical evaluation of the data and of the accuracy of the solutions.

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