Influence of the concentration and volume of saline water on the food intake of sheep, and on their excretion of sodium and water in urine and faeces

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The intake of food and the excretion of urine and faeces by 15 Merino sheep were recorded while they were given fixed volumes of fresh or saline (1 -5 and 2.0% sodium chloride) drinking water. The food intakes of the sheep increased as the volumes of either fresh or saline water were increased from 0.5 to 6.0 l/day. The addition of sodium chloride to the water decreased the food intake, but the decrease was restored by an increase in the volume of water given of c. 50 % for 1.5 % sodium chloride, and c. 100% for 2.0% sodium chloride. However, on 2.0% sodium chloride, no further increase in the intake of food occurred with volumes above 3.0 l/day, and maximum intakes were only 6045% of the maximum intakes on fresh water. When the lower volumes of saline water were given, the amount of food eaten for a given volume of water was decreased at higher temperatures and slightly decreased by a higher potassium content of the diet. High volumes (4.0-6.0 l/day) of 2.0% sodium chloride depressed food intake when the ration was oaten chaff, but not when it was lucerne chaff. The increased intake of sodium arising from the addition of sodium chloride to the water was excreted in the urine, and there was no change in the sodium content of the faeces. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the urine declined as the amount to be excreted was increased. The volume of urine excreted was related to the amount of sodium and potassium to be excreted, while the amount of water lost in the faeces was related to the quantity of faecal dry matter excreted and the type of diet.

The tolerance of sheep to sodium chloride in food or drinking water

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Intake Water

Sodium chloride was added in different amounts to the diet or drinking water of Merino sheep. The food intake declined at the higher concentrations (10–20% in food, 1.5–2.0% in water) but the decline was not related solely to the amount of sodium chloride ingested. The water intake increased in relation to the amount of sodium chloride ingested, irrespective of diet or means of ingestion (food or water). It is suggested that the acceptability or taste of food or water containing high levels of salt is a factor in determining the salt tolerance of sheep. The salt intake–water intake relationship is used to estimate the possible saving of fresh water to be derived from diluting it with saline bore water.

Observations on the adaptation by sheep to saline drinking water

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
Micro Organisms

The extent of adaptation by sheep and rumen micro-organisms to saline drinking water was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, eleven sheep were introduced suddenly to drinking water containing 2 per cent NaCl. Food intakes fell sharply for three days, but then increased again, and by five to seven days reached a stable level 160 g below the food intake on fresh water. In the second experiment, rumen liquor for in vitro digestion studies was taken from sheep conditioned to saline drinking water (2 per cent NaCl) and from sheep with no experience of saline drinking water. The amount of dry-matter (ryegrass) digested decreased with increasing concentration of the medium, but there was no evidence of adaptation by the rumen micro-organisms to this increased concentration. When the concentration was increased by the addition of NaCl alone, the decrease in amount digested was less than when the concentration of all ions was increased.

The intake and excretion of sodium by sheep fed on species of Atriplex (Saltbush) and Kochia (Bluebush)

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake ◽  
Total Water Intake

Penned sheep were fed ad libitum on the fresh leaves of various species of Atriplex and Kochia,and records were made of the intake and excretion of sodium by these sheep. The sodium content of the diets varied from 3.2 to 8.2% of the dry weight, the higher values being recorded in summer and the lower values in winter. The sodium intakes of the sheep varied from 25 to 97 g/day. Most of this sodium was excreted in the urine at concentrations up to 500 m-equiv./l. The voluntary water consumption of these sheep was related to the sodium intake, such that the ratio of sodium chloride intake to total water intake was within the range 1.82 to 2.17%. Voluntary water intakes varied up to 11.3 l./day. The food intake of A. nummularia decreased to less than half when the drinking water was replaced by water containing 0.9 or 1.2% sodium chloride.

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

The effect of diet on the secretion of parotid saliva by sheep. I. The daily secretion of saliva by caged sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Fine Grinding

Two sheep with unilateral parotid fistulae were used to record the effect of individual dietary factors on parotid salivary secretions. The volume of saliva secreted was not affected by the addition of urea and molasses to a straw diet, by the drying of pasture containing 20% dry matter, or by restricting or increasing the water intake. Parotid secretion was increased by increasing the dry matter intake. With a constant food intake, the secretion was increased by 25% when the hay ration was ground through a 1/16 in. screen, but was decreased by 61% when ground through a finer screen. The intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva or 1%sodium chloride decreased the secretion by a mean of 59%. Food intake was of greater importance than other dietary factors, excluding fine grinding, in determining the volume of parotid saliva secreted.

scholarly journals Rate of passage of digesta in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Grovum ◽  
V. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. Three groups of sheep receiving 400, 800 and 1200 g lucerne chaff/d in equal hourly meals were killed. The large intestines were removed and divided into segments 15 cm long to provide information on the amounts and dry-matter contents of digesta and on the rates of passage of digesta and absorption of water along the large intestine.2. With increasing intakes of food, increases were observed along the entire large intestine in the amounts of wet digesta present, in the transit rates of digesta and in the rates of absorption of water. The mean retention time of digesta in the large intestine decreased with increasing food intake, being 1737, 1056 and 692 min respectively.3. Four patterns of sodium and potassium concentrations in digesta water along the large intestine were found.

Effect of salt water ingestion on pregnancy in the ewe and on lamb survival

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Potter ◽  
GH McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Pregnant State ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

The addition ot sodium chloride, to provide concentrations of 1.0 and 1.3?, to the drinking water of pregnant ewes caused distress at parturition to some of the ewes and neonatal mortalities in their lambs. The effects were more evident in older sheep (aged 7 years) than in younger (3-year-old) animals and were associated, in general, with ewes which carried twin lambs. Progesterone levels in the blood plasma of sheep were higher in twin-bearing ewes than in ewes with single lambs, both for control ewes drinking fresh water and for ewes drinking saline. Drinking 1.3% saline augmented the increase in progesterone levels in older ewes bearing twins. Cortisol levels were normal in all ewes.Plasma levels of potassium and chloride were significantly higher and calcium and magnesium levels lower in pregnant ewes which received saline.It is suggested that the adverse effects of salt water ingestion in twin-bearing pregnant ewes could be due to an excessive retention of potassium and chloride, brought about by a disturbance of normal sodium homeostatic mechanisms associated with the pregnant state of the animals.

Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

The effect of saline water on kidney tubular function and electrolyte excretion in sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Potter
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Urinary Ph ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Low Salt

The function of the kidney tubules of sheep which, for periods of 6 months or more, have been confined solely to saline water (1.3% sodium chloride) for drinking, has been compared with that of sheep on identical fodder but receiving drinking water with a low salt content (rain-water). As no consistent difference was observed between the maximal rates of excretion and reabsorption in the kidneys of the two groups, it is probable that prolonged ingestion of sodium chloride by the sheep does not induce an increase in the number of active tubules in its kidneys. The sodium content of the plasma remained unchanged, but slight increases in potassium and chloride were observed in the plasma of those sheep confined to saline water. Urinary excretion of sodium and chloride was greatly increased, and potassium to a lesser extent. Reabsorption of each of these electrolytes, after filtration at the glomerulus, was found to be reduced during transit through the renal tubules. In the sheep which drank saline water, urinary pH was increased and osmolarity reduced. Clearance of total free water, however, was negative, and the osmotic concentration of body fluids was maintained by the production and excretion of urine which was hyperosmotic with blood plasma. The findings illuminate the manner in which renal adjustments assist the sheep to tolerate water relatively high in salt.

The effect of sodium chloride supplementation of a sodium adequate hay on digestion, production and mineral nutrition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moseley ◽  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYFour groups of six 18-month-old wethers were fed a diet of hay ad libitum with a pelleted ground barley supplement for 70 days. The control group received no further dietary supplements and the sodium content (0·46%) was above that recommended by published standards. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received supplements of sodium chloride, mixed and pelleted with the barley, to provide a final dietary concentration of 1·7, 2·5 and 3·1% sodium respectively.Dry-matter intake, dry organic-matter intake and digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) were significantly reduced (P < 0·01) at the highest sodium intake. There was a reduction in live-weight gain and efficiency of utilization of digestible organic matter with increasing sodium chloride supplementation, with significant differences (P < 0·05) between the highest and lowest sodium intake groups.There were no consistent or significant changes in the serum concentrations of sodium or potassium following sodium chloride supplementation, but serum calcium and magnesium levels were significantly lowered as a result of sodium chloride supplementation.Sodium chloride supplementation improved the apparent availability of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium but reduced that of phosphorus and nitrogen. The retention of Na, K, Mg, P and N was lower at the highest sodium intake but Ca retention was higher. Urine volume and excretion of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P and N increased with sodium chloride intake.

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